Edward Aveling

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Edward Aveling. Photograph after 1893 by the Photographic Co-Operative Society, Ld. / Miss EF Field Manager .

Edward Bibbins Aveling (born November 29, 1849 in Stock Newington, Borough of Hackney , London , † August 2, 1898 in Battersea , London) was an English socialist, zoologist , free thinker and, from 1884 to 1898, until her death, Life partner of Eleanor Marx .

Life

Youth and Studies

Edward Aveling was born the fifth of eight children in the house "6 Nelson Terrace". His father the Reverend Thomas William Baxter Aveling (* 1815, † 1884) and his mother Mary Ann († 1877), was the daughter of Thomas Goodall , a farmer and innkeeper from Wisbech .

From 1863 he attended the " Proprietary School in Taunton " with his brother Frederick Wilkins Aveling and in 1867 he began to study medicine at University College London . He received his Bachelor of Science in zoology in 1870. In 1869 he moved to the Philosophical Faculty and he held a grant of £ 40 and a three-year grant of £ 50 for the study of zoology. From 1870 to 1872 he worked as an assistant to Michael Foster in Cambridge . In 1876 he received his doctorate in natural sciences and was elected a member of the Linnaeus Society . Aveling taught at King's College London until 1882. On July 30, 1872, Aveling married Isabel Campbell Frank called Bell (* 1849? † September 12, 1892), the daughter of a poultry dealer and heir to her father, who died in 1868. After about two years, Aveling's wife separated , but there was no divorce . As early as 1872 or 1873, Aveling had briefly met Karl Marx during a lecture at a school in Hampstead .

The free thinker

After Aveling's mother died of the Schlagfluss in 1877 , he professed atheism . Through one of his students he met Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh of the National Secular Society in 1879 and he soon took on a leading role in this society. Together with them he published numerous brochures. In September 1881, Aveling and Ludwig Büchner visited Charles Darwin in his house in Downe . They discussed atheism and Darwin preferred to be considered an agnostic . Aveling defended the editor of " Freethinker " George William Foote when he was dragged to court by the conservative MP Sir Henry Tyler for blasphemy . Aveling not only published numerous brochures on behalf of the National Secular Society , but also came into contact with workers as an agitator at hundreds of meetings.

In 1882 Foote founded Progress magazine . A monthly magazine of advanced thought and Aveling was the editor of that magazine. He asked Eleanor Marx for an article about her late father Aveling, who published poems in this magazine that read like love poems. Even Friedrich Engels wrote for this magazine.

Aveling was not only an admirer of Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution , but he also tried to establish personal contact with Darwin. On October 12, 1880, he wrote a letter to him, asking if he could dedicate a book to him. Darwin replied on October 13th that he did not want to comply with his request. The book, The Student's Darwin is still in the Darwin estate today. Darwin's letter ended up in the Marx estate as part of Eleanor Marx's estate with Darwin's letter to Karl Marx of October 1, 1873, and was therefore treated for a long time as a negative opinion by Darwin against Karl Marx. On September 28, 1881, Aveling and Ernst Haeckel visited Darwin at his home in Downe . In 1897 Aveling wrote about it: “He greeted us on the threshold of his house. [...] We had breakfast with him and several family members. [...] We learned later that Ms. Darwin adhered to the Orthodox church faith in every respect. Darwin told us in the course of our conversation that the publication of the results of his scientific researches and discoveries was extremely painful for him because he knew that some of them would have to injure those closest to him. ”Aveling also conveyed a correspondence with Haeckel the publication of some of Haeckel's essays in England under the title The Pedigree of Man. And Other Essays were printed in 1883.

With the socialists

Wilhelm Liebknecht, Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx during their agitation trip in North America in 1886.

On March 17, Aveling attended the funeral of Karl Marx at Highgate Cemetery in London together with Eleanor, Charles Longuet , Paul Lafargue , Friedrich Engels, Helena Demuth , Georg Lochner , Friedrich Leßner , Wilhelm Liebknecht , Carl Schorlemmer , Ernest Radford, Gustav Lembke and Sir Ray Lankester .

In August 1884 Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling became members of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), which was founded in 1881 by Henry Mayers Hyndman . Because of political differences, the SDF split and Eleanor and Edward founded the Socialist League on December 27, 1885, along with William Morris and Ernest Belfort Bax and others . On January 16, 1885, the founders issued a circular letter setting out the reasons for the split. In September, Eleanor and Edward attended the meeting on Dodd Street that sparked a wave of struggles for free speech in England.

Since Laura Lafargue was unable to translate the part intended for her on English translation of the first volume of Capital , Edward Aveling was entrusted with it in April 1884. On behalf of Friedrich Engels he translated Chapter X (The Working Day), Chapter XI (Rate and Mass of Added Value), Section (Wages), the last part of Chapter XXIV, Chapter XXV, Section VIII (Chapters XXVI-XXXIII) and the prefaces by Marx.

On August 31, 1886, Eleanor and Edward Aveling traveled to New York . Wilhelm Liebknecht arrived in New York a little later. The two were supposed to promote the Socialist Labor Party of America in the United States , and Liebknecht raised money for the German Social Democrats who suffered under the Socialist Law . On September 20, 1866, the three spoke on the subject of The Social Democratic Workers Movement . All three defended the innocent justice victims of the Haymarket Riot who were about to be hanged. Between September and December 1886 they performed in New York, St. Louis , Baltimore , Detroit , Milwaukee , Kansas City , Cincinnati , Pittsburgh, and many other cities. On January 4, 1887, they returned to London. Edward wrote the book An American Journey about the trip and, together with Eleanor, The Working-Class Movement in America.

Since anarchists won the majority (17:11) at the 3rd annual conference of the Socialist League on May 29, 1887 , the Avelings leave the Socialist League . On April 11, Edward and Eleanor speak for Irish independence at a demonstration in front of over 100,000 people in Hyde Park .

On November 13, 1887, a protest demonstration by 100,000 socialists and workers took place in Trafalgar Square against unemployment, which was brutally suppressed by the police and went down in history as Bloody Sunday .

Aveling has been a sought-after speaker over the years. He made his living mainly from his publications and speeches. He supported Eleanor in her union activities, became a member of the Independent Labor Party , in whose executive committee he was elected.

Aveling was represented as a delegate at the International Socialist Workers' Congress of the Second International in Paris in 1889 , in Brussels in 1891 and in Zurich in 1893 .

Edward and Eleanor

Edward and Eleanor met in 1883. In July 1884 they went on their “honeymoon”. From then on she called herself “Eleanor Marx Aveling” . The connection excited some of their two acquaintances, so Hyndman, Annie Besant, Charles Broadlaugh, while others like Olive Schreiner or Havelock Ellis stuck to the unusual couple. The free cohabitation was initially positive for both sides. Again and again both had financial problems because they lived beyond their means.

After a summer stay in Stratfort-on-Avon , Eleanor and Edward visit America again in August 1888 at the invitation of Friedrich Engels, together with Carl Schorlemmer .

Literature and theater

By 1884, Scandinavian literature gained influence in certain circles in London. Aveling met Anne Charlotte Edgren and Eleanor promoted her to her sister Laura.

Various translations of Henrik Ibsen's " Nora " were made, which Aveling reviewed in "Our Corner" magazine. The Aveling were also friends with George Bernhard Shaw . Aveling wrote for the "Dramatic Rewiew" by the critic William Archer under the pseudonym Alec Nelson . After much preparation, Ibsen's Nora gave a reading on January 15, 1886 in the Avelings' apartment. Eleanor spoke the " Nora Helmer ", Edward the " Helmer ", Shaw the "Nora or A Doll's House" and May Morris the Mrs. Linde . He and Eleanor were friends with George Moore as his review of his novel "Esther Walters" shows. His play “By the Sea” is a free adaptation of André Theuriet's French play “Jean-Marie” . In a review of Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (September 1883), he praised her novel very much. In 1891 he reviewed Thomas Hardy's novel " Tess von den d'Urbervilles ".

Aveling's attempts to establish himself as a dramatist were limited to a few performances of his plays, in which he also participated as an actor in some cases. The pieces themselves have not survived, but have only come down to us through reviews and statements in letters from the contemporaries mentioned here. Friedrich Engels' judgment of "Edward's remarkable success in the dramatic field so far" was wishful thinking rather than reality.

Dramatic ending

In her will of October 16, 1895 and in the codicil of November 28, 1896, Eleanor appointed her partner Edward Avling as her heir. At the end of 1896, the two taught in the "Social Hall" in Wandsworth on behalf of the SDF . For the benefit of the teaching fund, the operetta by The Landlady was performed by Alec Nelson, in which Eva Frye also participated. Aveling fell ill and had to be operated on on June 19, 1897 because of an abscess in the lumbar region .

It was agreed between Eleanor and Edward that they could not marry because Edward Aveling's marriage was not divorced. Under the name Alec Nelson , Aveling married the 22-year-old actress Eva Frye on June 8, 1897, without informing Eleanor, and then led a double life. Edward often stayed with his new wife and Eleanor suffered from it, also because she felt lonely and abandoned. In August 1897 he was elected to the SDF board by a large majority at the SDF's annual conference in Northampton . Shortly after speaking at a mass meeting in London in Trafalgar Square, he left Eleanor. Eleanor also wrote to Frederick Demuth about this: “I wrote to Edward again this morning. No doubt it's weak. But you can't erase fourteen years of your life as if they weren't there. I think anyone with the slightest sense of honor - not to mention kindness and gratitude - would answer this letter. Will he do it? I'm almost afraid he won't. ”On September 1st he returned to Eleanor without apologizing. At the end of September both traveled to Paris to see Laura and Paul Lafargue. After an agitation tour in Burnley in January 1897, Edward fell ill with pneumonia . He was operated on again in February. And his condition got worse. Fifteen days later, Eleanor and Edward wrote a joint letter to Wilhelm Liebknecht in which they looked forward to Liebknecht's upcoming visit to London.

Eleanor committed suicide on March 31, 1898 . There were and are different representations of the course of the day.

After the judicial investigation was over, Aveling and Frederick Demuth sat down. On July 21, 1898 Aveling made his will ("Edward Aveling professionally known as Alec Nelson") and put his wife Eva as sole heir . Returning from a trip to Ireland , Edward Aveling died on August 2, 1898 in his apartment on Abert Bridge Road , London, of liver disease ( fatty liver ), leaving “ £ 852 7 s . 3 d . “On August 5, his body was cremated in Woking . Hardly six people were present at the funeral. His urn was buried in Brookwood Cemetery .

Contemporaries about Edward Aveling

“Aveling, Edward. Very good. Has too many irons in the fire. Newbie. Literary man. Innocent lamb. Very good Irishman. Quite well-behaved, intelligent and sincere. Strong need for tutoring. Impractical. 'Educated'. Poor E. Useful. Stupid enough. Easy to bounce. Melodramatic generosity. Shame. Total ignorance of the world. Penchant for poetic reverie. Talented and useful. Well-behaved, but gushing like a fried fish . Disorder of literary bohemian . Strolling. Colossal stupidity. Absolutely naive. Green. Incredibly stupid. "

- quoted from Hans Magnus Enzensberger

“I haven't heard much about the criminal lately. After all, he's not in New Zealand yet , he's enjoying his life in London. A friend of Motteler saw him having a festive dinner with a woman in a chic restaurant and joking. And he makes no secret of the fact that he lives with a woman. I do not know if I wrote to you at the time that London was rumored Aveling have to Tussy lifetime secretly legally a marriage concluded and that the Tussy had driven to death. "

- Eduard Bernstein to Laura Lafargue. April 1898

“It was kind of weird. Her friends asked me for advice on Aveling being suicidal. I investigated the matter and obtained additional evidence, but had to give them the advice to let the matter rest in the absence of evidence. "

- Alexander Karley Donald to John Lincoln Mahon . June 4, 1898.

“It is strange that although he looked almost like Quasimodo, he wielded remarkable spell on women, and the impact of his lecture tours in the provinces was often marred by the stories of the victims he left behind. The fact that these offenses were known only to a few people who could not speak for fear of harming an innocent person is the explanation for the position he occupied in the political world. "

- Renold's Newspaper of August 7, 1898.

“ Tussy came to congratulate, and with her Aveling, whom I saw for the first time. It is strange that the first impression one gets of a person is sometimes the right one. Aveling looked repulsive to me at the time. When I got to know him better, not only as a witty cause, but also as a zealous party member, passionate speaker and tireless worker, I overcame my reluctance, and yet later developments have shown that the first impression was the right one and the one gained later a wrong one . "

- Karl Kautsky 1935

Writings and works

  • Botanical tables. For the use of students . Hamilton, Adams & Co., London 1874 (5th ed. Freethought Publishing Company, London 1882)
  • The value of this earthly life. "A reply to Is life worth living?" By WH Mallock . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1879.
  • Science and Religion . (1880) (digitized version)
  • Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881.
  • Irreligion of Science . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881.
  • The Wickedness of God . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881.
  • The Creed of an Atheist . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881.
  • The Student's Darwin . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881 [i. e. 1880] ( International library of science and free thought , 2)
  • The Plays of Shakespeare . The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science, London . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881 (Hall of Science Thursday lectures)
  • Biological Discoveries and Problems . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881 (digitized version)
  • God Dies, Nature Remains . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1881.
  • The creed of an atheist . London 1881.
  • Science and Secularism . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1882.
  • Comparative physiology. For London University matriculation and science and art examinations . W. Stewart & Co., and Edinburgh and J. Menzies & Co., London 1882 (Stewart's educational series)
  • Macbeth . The substance of four lectures delivered at the Hall of Science, London . FreeThought Publishing Company, London 1882 (Hall of Science Thursday lectures)
  • Darwinism and small families . Printed by A. Besant and C. Bradlaugh, London 1882.
  • A Godless Life the happiest and most useful . Printed by A. Besant and C. Bradlaugh, London 1882.
  • Science and Religion. Printed by A. Besant and C. Bradlaugh, London 1882.
  • On superstition . Printed by A. Besant and C. Bradlaugh, London 1882.
  • The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things: A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society, on Sunday Afternoon, November 5, 1882 ... London: Sunday Lecture Society, 1882.
  • General Biology. Theoretical and Practical Freethought Publishing Co., London 1882. (digitized version) ( Hall of Science Manuals )
  • Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation. Dealing with all required subjects, and containing one hundred and fifty examples worked out in full, and some hundreds of exercises for solution by the student . W. Stewart & Co., London 1882 (revised edition 1886)
  • The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . Freethought Publishing Company, London 1883 facsimile (digitized version) ; (Digitized Darwin online)
  • The borderland between living and non-living things. A lecture delivered before the Sunday Lecture Society, on Sunday afternoon, November 5th, 1882 . Sunday Lecture Society, London 1883
  • A notable book . In: Progress. London September 1883.
  • The Darwinian Theory. Its meaning, difficulties, evidence, history . Progressive Publishing Company, London 1884
  • The atheistic platform . Freethought Publishing, London 1884
  • Hamlet at the Princess's . (From To-Day). London 1884
  • Christianity and capitalism. An article by Edward Aveling, D.Sc. A reply by the Rev. CL Marson. A note by the Rev. SD Headlam, and a rejoinder by Edward Aveling . Modern Press, London 1884 ( "Reprinted from, To-day '')
  • The Curse of Capital . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1884 ( Atheistic platform . No. 11)
  • The Gospel of Evolution. In: The Atheistic Platform. London 1884. No. 3 (digitized)
  • The origin of man . Progressive Publishing Company, London 1884
  • The Darwinian theory. Its meaning, difficulties, evidence, history . Progressive Publishing Co., London 1884.
  • The Origin of Man . Progressive Publishing Co., London 1884.
  • The Atheistic Platform. Six Lectures . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1884
  • Monkeys, Apes and Men . Progressive Publishing Co., London 1885.
  • Chemistry of the non-metallics . J. Hughes, London 1886 (Hughes's Matriculation Manuals)
  • An explation. In: The Commenweal. May 1, 1886.
  • Darwin Made Easy . Progressive Publishing Co., London 1887.
  • To the editors of the 'NY People's Newspaper'. In: New Yorker People's Newspaper. March 2, 1887.
  • To the editors of the NY People's Newspaper. In: New Yorker People's Newspaper. March 30, 1887.
  • Mechanics and experimental science as required for the matriculation examination of the University of London . 4 volumes Chapman and Hall, London: 1887–1889
  • An American journey. Lovell, Gestefeld & Company (1887) (digitized)
  • To the Section Socialist Labor Party, America . Leaflet
  • Key to Mechanics . Chapman and Hall, London 1888.
  • Key to Chemistry . Chapman and Hall, London 1888.
  • Heat and light. (Mechanics and experimental science as required for the matric. Exam of the University of London) . London 1888.
  • Mechanics, and Light and Heat: For London University Matriculation. London: W. Stewart & Co., n. D. [1888]
  • Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. Magnetism and Electricity. London: Chapman and Hall, 1889.
  • The peoples Darwin or Darwin made easy . R. Ford, London (1889) (digitized version)
  • A revolution in printing. In: Time. April 1890, pp. 412-418 (digitized Marxist org)
  • The Eight Hours Working Day. Report of a demonstration, Sunday May, 4 th, 1890 held in Hyde Park . Time, London 1890 ( Time article ) (digitized Marxist org)
  • The new era in German socialism. In: The Daily Chronicle. September 25, 1890.
  • Germany flooded with papers from Kentish Town - A talk with the editor. In: The Star. September 29, 1890.
  • At the Old Bailey. In: Time. October 1890, pp. 1098–1107 (digitized Marxist org)
  • Type-Writers And Writers. In: Time. December 1890, pp. 1322-1329 (digitized Marxist org)
  • An Introduction to the Study of Botany. Specially adapted for the use of candidates for the science and art department examination in botany . Swan Sunshine & Co., London 1891.
  • The cholera and the Hamburg socialists. In: The Pall Mall Gazette. September 16, 1892.
  • Discord in 'The International'. Continental opinion on the British Trade Unionists. In: The Pall Mall Gazette. October 11, 1892.
  • The proposed Eight Hours Congress. Boycott by foreign workers. In: The Workmans' Times. dated October 15, 1892.
  • An Introduction to the Study of Geology, Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc. and the Science and Art Department Examinations. London: Swan Sunshine & Co., 1893.
  • Death of F. Engels. A great socialist. In: Reynolds's Newspaper , London August 11, 1895
  • Engels at home. In: The Labor Prophet and Labor Church Record . Vol. VI., London 1895, No. 45 September and 46 October, pp. 140-142 and 149
  • Les sans-travail en Angleterre. In: Le Devenir social. April 1895.
  • Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany. On behalf of the Zürich Committee, for the International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London, July 26 to August 1, 1896 . Twentieth Century Press, London 1896.
  • Socialism and radicalism . Twentieth Century Press, London undated
  • The Students' Marx. An introduction to the study of Karl Marx 'Capital, London . Swan Sunshine & Co., London 1897 (digitized version)
  • Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. A Comparison . Twentieth Century Press, London 1897 (Reprinted by permission from 'The New Century Review', March and April, 1897)
  • Preface. In: Karl Marx: Value, price, and profit. Addressed to working men . Ed. by Eleanor Marx Aveling. S. Sonnenschein & Co., London 1898 (digitized version)

Stories and plays

  • The bookworm, and other sketches . Hamilton, Adams & Co., London 1878 or 1879.
  • "The Cenci". Progress. Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1886, pp. 260-265.
  • Alec Nelson, Philip Bourke Marston : A Test . London 15th December 1885
  • Alec Nelson: As in a Locking Glass . London 1887.
  • Alec Nelson: By the Sea London November 25, 1887.
  • Alec Nelson: The Love Philtre . Torquay January 1888.
  • Alec Nelson: Scarlett Letter . London 5th June 1888.
  • Alec Nelson: The Landlady . London 4th April 1889.
  • Alec Nelson: Dregs . London May 16, 1889.
  • Alec Nelson: The Jackal . London November 28th 1889.
  • Alec Nelson: Madcap . London 17th October 1890.
  • Alec Nelson: The Frog . London October 1893.
  • Alec Nelson: Judith Shakespeare . London February 1894.

editor

  • Full report of the trial of GW Foote and WD Ramsey before Lord Chief Justice Coleriodge April 1883 . Progressive Publishing Company, London (1883) (digitized)
  • Karl Marx: The Eastern question. A Reprint of Letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War . Ed. by Eleanor Marx Aveling and Edward Aveling. S. Sonnenschein & C., London 1897 (digitized)

Together with Eleanor Marx-Aveling

  • The Factory Hell . Socialist League Office, London 1885 (digitized Marxist org)
  • The woman question . Swan Sonnenschein, London 1886 (The Socialist Platform. No. 3) (Digitized Marxist org)
  • To the members of the St. Paul Section, SLP In: Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung. No. 240 of February 17, 1887.
  • The Chicago Anarchists. A statement of facts. Reprinted from 'To-day', November 1887 . W. Reeves, London 1888.
  • Shelly´s Socialism and Popular Songs wholly political, and destined to awaken & direct the imagination of the reformers by Percy Bysshe Shelley . Self-published, London 1888
  • The Working Class Movement in America. Swan Sunshine & Co., 1888. (digitized 1888)
  • Alec Nelson, E [leanor]. M [arx]. A [veling] .: Dramatic Notes. In: Time. December 1890, pp. 1333-1338.
    • The working-class movement in America . Second edition, enlarged. Swan Sunshine & Co., London 1891. (digitized version)

German language works

Darwin's theory , Stuttgart 1891 (double title page)
  • The drama in England. In: The new time . Review of intellectual and public life . 3 (1885), issue 4, pp. 170–176 (digitized version )
  • Political correspondence. England. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 3 (1885), issue 4, pp. 189–192 (digitized version )
  • Dr. Koch and the cholera barillus . In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 3 (1885), issue 7, pp. 297–304 (digitized version )
  • Explosions in coal mines. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 3 (1885), issue 10, pp. 473–479 (digitized version )
  • The progress of the natural sciences in 1885. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 4 (1886), issue 5, pp. 226–236 (digitized version )
  • Theories of Inheritance. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 4 (1886), issue 9, pp. 399-405 (digitized version )
  • Edward Aveling, Eleon. Marx-Aveling: The Situation of the Working Class in America. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 5 (1887), issue 6, pp. 241–246 (digitized version )
  • Edward Aveling, Eleon. Marx-Aveling: The Situation of the Working Class in America. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 5 (1887), issue 7, pp. 307-313 (digitized version )
  • Darwinian theory. I. The theory of evolution. II. Human descent. III. Monkey and human. JHW Dietz, Stuttgart 1887 ( International Library. 1). (Digitized first edition 1887)
    • 2nd, increased edition. 1891.
    • 3. Edition. 1894.
    • 4th edition. 1899.
    • 5th edition. 1901.
    • 6th edition. 1902.
    • 7th edition. 1907.
    • 8th edition. 1908.
  • with Eleanor Marx-Aveling: Shelley as a socialist. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 6 (1888), issue 12, pp. 540-550 (digitized version )
  • with Eleanor Marx-Aveling: The cow boys. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 7 (1889), issue 1, pp. 35–39 (digitized version )
  • with Eleanor Marx-Aveling: Shelley and Socialism. II. Part. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 10.1891-92, Volume 2 (1892), Issue 45, pp. 581-588 (digitized version )
  • with Eleanor Marx-Aveling: The elections in Great Britain. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 10.1891-92, Volume 2 (1892), Issue 45, pp. 596–603 (digitized version )
  • with Eleanor Marx-Aveling: Shelley and Socialism. Enough. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 10.1891-92, Volume 2 (1892), Issue 46, pp. 609–618 (digitized version )
  • The British Trades Unions Congress. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 11.1892-93, Volume 1 (1893), Issue 1, pp. 20-28 (digitized version )
  • An English novel. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 11.1892-93, Volume 2 (1893), Issue 51, pp. 747-758 (digitized version )
  • Science from England and Germany. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 12.1893-94, Volume 1 (1894), Issue 15, pp. 461-467 (digitized version )
  • Some of the New Unionism in England. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 12.1893-94, 2nd Vol. (1894), No. 37, pp 344-347 (digitized)
  • Esther Walters. An English novel by George Moore . In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 13.1894-95, Volume 1 (1895), Issue 13, pp. 405-411 (digitized version )
  • The battle of the microbes . In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 13.1894-95, Volume 1 (1895), Issue 15, pp. 476-480 (digitized version )
  • The battle of the microbes. Continuation . In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 13.1894-95, Volume 1 (1895), Issue 16, pp. 509-512 (digitized version )
  • The battle of the microbes. End . In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 13.1894-95, Volume 1 (1895), Issue 17, pp. 541-544 (digitized version )
  • A strange island people. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 13.1894-95, Volume 2 (1895), Issue 46, pp. 631–636 (digitized version )
  • Thomas Henry Huxley , Darwin's friend and explainer. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 14.1895-96, Volume 1 (1896), Issue 3, pp. 85-90 (digitized version )
  • On the history of the May demonstration for the legal eight-hour day in England. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 14.1895-96, 2nd volume (1896), issue 31, pp. 137-143 (digitized version )
  • Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. A parallel. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 15.1896-97, Volume 2 (1897), Issue 50, pp. 745-757 (digitized version )
  • The filibusters Cecil Rhodes and his Chartered Company in the novel. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 16.1897-98, Volume 1 (1898), Issue 6, pp. 182-188 Digilasisat
  • Eleanor Marx Aveling. Edward Aveling. The women question. (The woman question). In the appendix, contributions by Laura Lafargue and Louise Kautsky . Publishing house for the study of the labor movement, Berlin 1973 (archive prints 3) ISBN 3-87975-008-4 .
  • Ingeborg Nödinger (ed.): Eleanor Marx Aveling, Edward Aveling. The question of women. Eleanor Marx-Aveling, a sketch of her life and work . Verlag Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Main 1982 (Marxismus aktuell 169) ISBN 3-88012-684-4 .
  • Joachim Müller, Edith Schotte (Ed.): Eleanor Marx Aveling. Edward Aveling: The women question. The woman question . Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig 1986, ISBN 3-7304-0002-9 .

Translations

  • Ernst Haeckel : The Pedigree of Man. And other essays. Translated, with the Authors permission, from the German . Freethought Publishing Co., London 1883 ( International Library of Science and Freethought . 6) (digitized version)
  • Karl Marx: Capital. A critical analysis of capitalist production. Translated from the third edition, by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling and edited by Frederick Engels. Vol. I. (2 vol.) Swan Sunshine, Lowrey & Co. London 1887 (digital copy)
  • Lev Aleksandrovitch Tikhomirov: Russia, political and social. Translated from the French . 2 volumes Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London 1888 Volume 1 (digitized version) ; Volume 2 (digitized version)
  • Friedrich Engels: Socialism utopian and scientific. Translated by Edward Aveling. With a special introduction by the author . Swan Sunshine & Co., London 1892 (digitized edition: Charles H. Kerr, Chicago 1908)

Editor or correspondent

  • Commenweal , London
  • Dramatic Review , London
  • Justice , London
  • The Labor Prophet . London
  • The Nienteeth Century , London
  • Our corner . London
  • The Pall Mall Gazette . London
  • Progress. A monthly magazine of advanced thought , London
  • Renolds's Newspaper , London
  • To-Day , London
  • Forward . Berlin
  • The Workmans' Times . London
  • The new time. Revue of intellectual and public life , Stuttgart

Archivals and letters

  • Eleanor Marx estate . IISG , Amsterdam, Collection ID ARCH01811
  • Socialist League (UK) Archives . IISG, Amsterdam, Collection ID ARCH01344
  • Small correspondence (from the archives of the SPD) . IISG, Amsterdam, Collection ID ARCH01738
  • Collection documentation and leaflets Great Britain . IISG, Amsterdam, Collection ID ARCH01732
  • Marx-Engels estate . IISG, Amsterdam Collection ID ARCH00860
  • Ernst-Haeckel-Haus Jena (four letters from Aveling to Haeckel from October 29, 1880; November 1, 1881; June 25, 1882; October 6, 1883)
  • Darwin House, Down: Aveling to Darwin September 23, 1878 (letter 11708); Darwin to Aveling after September 23, 1878 (letter 11709); Aveling to Darwin October 12, 1880 (letter 12754); Darwin to Aveling October 13, 1880 (letter 12757) ; Aveling to Darwin August 9, 1881 (letter 13283); Darwin to Aveling August 11, 1881 (letter 13287); Aveling to Darwin September 27, 1881 (letter 13357)
  • Aveling to Sydney E. Preston ( Shelley Society secretary ). A postcard [2?] April 1886 New York Public Library (digitized)
  • Correspondence Aveling to Charles Bradlaugh and Bradlaugh to Aveling [(4 letters (1880); 8 letters (1884); 25 letters (1885); 12 letters (1886); 27 letters (1887); 8 letters (1888); 2 letters ( 1889); 26 letters 1891)] (digitized "Bishopsgate Institute" , London)
  • RGASPI, Moscow (Aveling to Stepniak June 30, 1893)
  • Six letters on the death of Friedrich Engels.
  • Eleanor and Edward to Laura Lafargue August 30, 1887; Eleanor and Edward to Laura Lafargue September 25, 1891; Eleanor and Edward to Laura Lafargue November 22, 1894; Edward to Laura and Paul Lafargue December 25, 1894

literature

  • Humanitas (pseudonym): Socialism a curse. Being a reply to a lecture delivered by Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc., entitled: "The curse of capital" . Freethought Publishing Company, London 1884.
  • Caroline Fairfield Corbin: One Woman's Experience of Emancipation . Illinois Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women, Chicago 1886.
  • B: The labor movement in America by Edward & Eleanor Marx Aveling. London, Swan Sunshine, Lowrey & Comp. Price 1 shilling. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 7 (1889), issue 2, p. 96 (digitized version)
  • Eduard Bernstein: Eleanor Marx. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 16.1897-98, Volume 2 (1898), Issue 30, pp. 118–123 (digitized version )
  • Eduard Bernstein: What drove Eleanor Marx to death. In: The new time. Review of intellectual and public life. 16.1897-98, Volume 2 (1898), Issue 42, pp. 481-491 (digital copy )
  • Henry Mayers Hyndman: Further Reminiscences . MacMillan and Co., London 1912, pp. 141-149.
  • SC Cronwright-Schreiner (Ed.): Letters of Olive Schreiner 1876-1920 . Fisher Utwin, London 1924.
  • SC Cronwright-Schreiner (Ed.): The Life of Olive Schreiner . Fisher Utwin, London 1924.
  • Wm. Geddie, J. Liddell Geddie (Eds.): Chambers's Biographical Dictionary. The Great of all nations and all times . New Edition, London / Edinburgh / Philadelphia 1929, p. 54.
  • Henry Havelock Ellis. My life . Heinemann 1940.
  • Siegfried Bünger: Friedrich Engels and the British Socialist Movement 1881–1895 . Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1962 (series of publications by the Institute for General History at the Humboldt University Berlin . Ed. By Gerhard Schilfert. Volume 6)
  • Georg Eckert (Ed.): Wilhelm Liebknecht. Correspondence with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Mouton & Co., The Hague 1963 ( Sources and studies on the history of the German and Austrian labor movement, Volume V. International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam)
  • Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. 1855-1898 . Translated from English by Harry Maór. Colloquium Verlag, Berlin 1981, ISBN 3-7678-0437-9 , pp. 80-295.
  • Yvonne Kapp : Eleanor Marx. Family Life (1855-1883) . Volume 1. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , pp. 251-274.
  • LS Fire: Is the Darwin – Marx Correspondence Authentic? In: Annals of Science. 32, pp. 1-12 (1975).
  • Yvonne Kapp: Eleanor Marx. The Crowed Years (1884-1898) . Volume 2. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1976, ISBN 0-85315-370-1 .
  • Lewis Samuel Feuer, Carroll, P. Thomas Caroll; Ralph Colp: On the Darwin-Marx correspondence . Taylor & Francis, London 1976, pp. 383-394.
  • Käte Schwank: The Correspondence Between Marx and Darwin. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research. 1, Berlin 1977, pp. 133-142.
  • The daughters of Karl Marx. Unpublished letters. Translated from the French and English by Karin Kersten and Jutta Prasse. Edited by Olga Meier. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1981, ISBN 3-462-01432-3 , pp. 181, 184, 185 ff., 191, 192, 194, 198, 207, 209, 216 f., 220, 222, 223, 233, 238, 252, 258, 261, 265, 267, 271, 274, 279, 296 f., 308, 314, 318 f., 328, 329, 333
  • Their names live on through the centuries. Condolences and necrologists on the deaths of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983.
  • Harald Wessel : Tussy or thirty-two travel letters about the very eventful life of Eleanor Marx - Aveling written between 1973 and 1980 at various scenes in the events in Brighton, Straford, Derby and Manchester in Paris, New York and Scheveningen on Ufenau in Lake Zurich in Leipzig, Halle, Karlovy Vary on the Moselle and Spree in the North Sea regions but mostly on the banks of the Thames addressed to a woman of our day . 4th edited edition. Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig 1982.
  • Olga Vorobjowa, Irma Sinelnikowa: The daughters of Marx . 4th supplemented and revised edition. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1984.
  • Eva Weissweiler : Tussy Marx. The father's daughter drama. A biography . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-462-03139-2

Literary representations

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition (1970–1979) erroneously stated that the year of birth was 1851.
  2. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/a/v.htm
  3. ↑ He was the fourth son. Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 80.
  4. ↑ Hence his pseudonym Alec Nelson . (Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Family life. P. 253.)
  5. ↑ Between 1848 and 1853 he was the editor of the newspaper The Jewish Herald (Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Family life. P. 254).
  6. ↑ Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Family life. P. 255.
  7. ^ Paul Henderson, "Edward Bibbens Aveling". In: A. Thomas Lane (ed.), Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders . 2 volumes Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 1995, p. 36.
  8. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 81.
  9. ↑ Harald Wessel, Tussy, p. 157.
  10. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 82.
  11. ↑ Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Family life. P. 256 ff.
  12. ↑ Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Family life. P. 256.
  13. ^ Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. P. 753.
  14. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 83.
  15. ^ Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. P. 754.
  16. ^ Full report of the trial of GW Foote and WD Ramsey before Lord Chief Justice Coleriodge April 1883 .
  17. ^ Eleanor Marx: Karl Marx. In: Progress. No. 5, 1883. Printed in: Their names live on through the centuries. Pp. 127-132.
  18. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 96.
  19. ^ The Book of Revelation. In: Progress. Vol. II, London 1883, pp. 112–116 (German: The Book of Revelation. In: Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 21, pp. 9–15).
  20. ^ First published as a letter from Darwin to Karl Marx in: Der Rote Aufbau . Berlin May 15, 1931, p. 357.
  21. ↑ Ralph Colp jr .: The contacts between Karl Marx and Charles Darwin. In: Journal of the History of Ideas. 35: 329-338 (1974); LS Fire: Is the Darwin – Marx Correspondence. Authentic? In: Annals of Science. 32: 1-12 (1975); Harald Wessel. In: Neues Deutschland 26./27. March 1977, p. 15; Käte Schwank: The Correspondence Between Marx and Darwin. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research. 1, Berlin 1977, pp. 133-142; Harald Wessel: Tussy. P. 179.
  22. ^ Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. A parallel. P. 754.
  23. ↑ Harald Wessel, p. 177.
  24. ↑ The funeral of Karl Marx. In: The Social Democrat . Zurich No. 13 of March 22, 1883 and Progress , April 1883, quoted from Harald Wessel: Tussy. P. 191.
  25. ↑ Siegfried Bünger, p. 75 f.
  26. ↑ Siegfried Bünger, p. 69 f.
  27. ↑ Joachim Müller, Edith Schotte (Edith.), P. 71 and Siegfried Bünger, p. 88 ff.
  28. ↑ Friedrich Engels to Laura Lafargue, June 24, 1883.
  29. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Section II. Volume 9. Karl Marx. Capital. A critical analysis of capitalist production. London 1887 , Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-320-00067-5 , p. 713.
  30. ↑ Harald Wessel: Tussy. P. 223 f.
  31. ↑ Harald Wessel, Tussy, p. 210 f .; The Chicago Anarchists. A statement of facts .
  32. ^ Friedrich Engels to Friedrich Adolf Sorge April 9, 1887 and Siegfried Bünger, p. 120.
  33. ↑ Friedrich Leßner : I brought the “Communist Manifesto” to the printer . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 354.
  34. ↑ "Tussy and Edward are, if not already back, on their honeymoon no. I, the big honeymoon should not start until next Thursday". (Friedrich Engels to Laura Lafargue July 22, 1884. Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 36, p. 181 f.)
  35. ↑ Eleanor to Laura June 18, 1884 quoted from Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 147 f.
  36. ↑ May 1, 1884.
  37. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 153.
  38. ↑ Esther Walters. An English novel by George Moore .
  39. ↑ Olive Schreiner Letters Online
  40. ^ Friedrich Engels to Laura Lafargue. May 9, 1888 (Marx-Engels-Werke. Volume 37, p. 61)
  41. ↑ Izumi Omura, Shunichi Kubo, Rolf Hecker, Valerij Fomičev (eds.): Karl Marx is my father. The documentation of Frederick Demuth's parentage. Karl Marx is my father. A documentation on the origins of Frederick Demuth . Far Eastern Booksellers, Tokyo 2011, ISBN 978-4-87394-004-5 , pp. 100-102.
  42. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 255.
  43. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 256.
  44. ↑ Facsimile of the marriage certificate in: Harald Wessel: Tussy , after p. 272.
  45. ↑ "Of the 296 days between [...] marriage [...] and Tussy's death [...] [he] was together with Eva Nelson alias Frye for a maximum of 49 days." (Harald Wessel: Tussy. P. 357).
  46. ↑ Eleanor Marx to Frederick Demuth August 30, 1897. (Eduard Bernstein: What Eleanor Marx drove to death. P. 484.)
  47. ^ Eleanor Marx to Natalie Liebknecht March 1, 1898. ( Wilhelm Liebknecht. Correspondence with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. P. 463).
  48. ^ Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling to Liebknecht March 16, 1898 ( Wilhelm Liebknecht. Correspondence with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. P. 465).
  49. ↑ Tragic Suiced of Mrs. Marx Aveling. In: Reynolds Newspaper. London April 3, 1898; Inquest. In: The Times . London April 4, 1898, p. 14; A Sydenham Lady's Suicide. In: Sydenham, Forest Hill & Penge Gazette . April 9, 1898, p. 7; London - Life & Death. In: The Labor Leader. Edited by Keir Hardie . London and Glasgow. April 9, 1898, title page; Lily Bell: Eleanor Marx Aveling. In: The Labor Leader . London and Glasgow. April 16, 1898, p. 122; Bob Banner: Eleanor Marx and Lily Bell. In: The Labor Leader . London and Glasgow. April 23, 1898, p. 131; Bob Banner: Eleanor Marx's Suicide. In: The Labor Leader . London and Glasgow. April 30, 1898, p. 139; Ann H. Snoden: Eleanor Marx. In: The Labor Leader . London and Glasgow. May 14, 1898, p. 163; Eduard Bernstein: What drove Eleanor Marx to death. In: Hamburger Echo. Hamburg July 16 and 17, 1898.
  50. ↑ "The inquest, of course, had disclosed nothing beyond the fact of the suicide; and as Eleanor's brothers-in-law did not see fit to rake up the facts, going off, in fact, to drink with Aveling after the inquest at an public-house, there was nothing to be done. "(Herny Mayers Hyndman: Future Reminiscences, p. 146).
  51. ^ Yvonne Kapp .: Eleanor Marx. The Crowded Years. P. 718.
  52. ^ Reynolds's Newspaper August 7, 1898 and Clarion August 13, 1898.
  53. ^ Yvonne Kapp .: Eleanor Marx. The Crowded Years. P. 721.
  54. ↑ (Ed.). Conversations with Marx and Engels. 2nd volume. InselVerlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973, p. 709 (Insel Taschenbuch 20).
  55. ↑ quoted from The Daughters of Karl Marx. Unpublished letters. P. 348.
  56. ↑ Quoted from Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 283.
  57. ↑ Quoted from Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 288 f.
  58. ↑ Quoted from: Friedrich Engels' correspondence with Karl Kautsky . Ed. U. edit by Benedikt Kautsky . Vienna 1955, p. 88.
  59. ^ In the library of Karl Marx. Marx-Engels Complete Edition . Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 120, number 46.
  60. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 120, number 47.
  61. ↑ Review of Olive Schreiner: The Story of an African Farm
  62. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 120, number 47.
  63. ↑ Contains twelve lectures by Annie Besant, C. Bradlaugh, A. Bradlaugh, and E. Aveling.
  64. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 121, number 50.
  65. ^ Contributions by Charles and Alice Bradlaugh, George Standring, Arthur B. Moss, Annie Besant, Charles C. Cattell and Edward.
  66. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 120, number 48.
  67. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 119, number 45.
  68. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department I. Volume 31. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003482-3 , pp. 456–462 and 1217–1226.
  69. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 120, number 48.
  70. ↑ Their names live on through the centuries. Pp. 368-369.
  71. ^ Marx and Engels through the eyes of their contemporaries . Progress Publishers, Moskow 1972, pp. 196-202.
  72. ↑ Mohr and General. Memories of Marx and Engels. Dietz Verlag 1965, pp. 548-563.
  73. ↑ The plays and the date of the first performance determined from Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. Chapter: wooing the dramatic muse. Pp. 146-171.
  74. ↑ Reprint: Republished, with a preface by Frank alum MP, by Leslie Preger . The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack 1975.
  75. ^ In the library of Friedrich Engels. Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department IV. Volume 32, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-05-003440-8 , p. 121, number 51.
  76. ^ Paul Le Blanc (Ed.): The Working Class Movement in America. / by Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling. With essays by Lisa Frank and Kim Moody. Humanity Books, Amherst, NY 2000, ISBN 1-57392-626-4 .
  77. ↑ A report on Aveling's stay in the Isles of Scilly in 1895.
  78. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition. Department II. Volume 9. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-320-00067-5 .
  79. ↑ Almost all letters deal with cash payments and repayments.
  80. ↑ Harald Wessel: Tussy. P. 337.
  81. ↑ Printed in: Their names live on through the centuries. Pp. 265, 266, 268 ff., 276, 279 and 280 f.
  82. ^ The daughters of Karl Marx, pp. 213 ff, 255 ff., 286 ff., 291 f.
  83. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: The Life of Eleanor Marx 1855–1898. A Socialist Tragedy . Oxford University Press 1967.
  84. ↑ Aveling is missing in the "Name Directory", p. 350!
  85. ↑ Eva Weissweiler, in contrast to the other biographers, did not develop any new sources.
  86. ↑ Chushichi Tsuzuki: Eleanor Marx. Story of her life. P. 290.
  87. ↑ "a man 'who was downright pathologically exact with his religious and political convictions ... But with regard to money and women he had no conscience at all: a shameless seducer and debt-maker'". Margret Shenfield: Shaw. A picture biography . Kindler, Munich 1964, p. 68.
personal data
SURNAME Aveling, Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Aveling, Edward Bibbins (full name); Alec Nelson (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English socialist, free thinker, biologist and zoologist. Life partner of Eleanor Marx
DATE OF BIRTH November 29, 1849
PLACE OF BIRTH Stock Newington
DATE OF DEATH August 2, 1898
Place of death Battersea , London