Vascular plants
| Vascular plants | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Tracheophyta | ||||||||||||
| Sinnott |
As vascular plants (Tracheophyta, including: vascular plants ) are plants referred to specialized vascular bundles have, where they in plants inside water and nutrients transport. They include the bear moss plants , the ferns and the seed plants . Although some mosses also have vascular bundles that show functional and structural similarities with the vascular bundles of vascular plants, the vascular bundles of mosses are built much more simply.
features
Vascular plants are plants with the organizational form of the corm . They are thus made up of the three organs root , stem axis and leaf .
The key feature is the presence of real tracheids . These water-conducting cells have at least ring-shaped or helical thickenings, which are provided with lignin on the inside of the recent representatives .
The generational change is heterophasic as with all plants. Thus, a diploid sporophyte , which reproduces vegetatively via haploid spores , is followed by a haploid gametophyte that germinates from these spores . This haploid gametophyte in turn reproduces sexually via haploid gametes , which fuse to form a diploid zygote (a new sporophyte). The spores of the sporophyte are formed by meiosis , while the gametes of the gametophyte are formed by mitosis . Furthermore, the generation change of the vascular plants is heteromorphic; The sporophyte and gametophyte are thus designed differently. In the (recent) representatives of the bear moss plants, ferns and seed plants, the sporophytes predominate as the decisive flora element, while in the mosses the gametophyte represents the dominant vegetation form and the sporophyte is dependent on it.
Systematics
External system
Among the recent plants, the hornworts are probably the closest relatives of the vascular plants (see also land plants ). If fossil representatives are also included in the analysis, Aglaophyton major is the sister group of all vascular plants.
Internal system
The vascular plants are divided into two groups in classical taxonomy, the seed plants and the vascular spore plants . However, the latter are paraphyletic , as the following cladogram shows:
| Vascular plants (tracheophyta) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Since the terms Euphyllophyta and Monilophyta, which are widely used today, are not properly described taxa, the classic structure is still used here:
- Subsection Bear Moss Plants (Lycopodiopsida)
-
Ferns
- Class Psilotopsida
- Class horsetail ( Equisetopsida )
- Class Marattiopsida
- Class True Ferns (Polypodiopsida)
- Subdivision Seed Plants (Spermatophytina)
- Class cycads (Cycadopsida)
- Class ginkgo plants (Ginkgoopsida)
- Class conifers (Coniferopsida) including Gnetales
- Class Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Systematics including fossil representatives
If fossil representatives are included in cladistic analyzes, the result is a somewhat more complicated picture, since there is a greater diversity, especially at the base of the vascular plants, than among the more recent representatives. Kenrick and Crane created the following cladogram for the basal vascular plants († denotes extinct taxa):
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
The most basic group are the Rhyniopsida , which the eutracheophytes face.
Eutrachophytes
The clade of the eutrachophytes (3) within the vascular plants is characterized by thick, lignified ( lignin-containing ) wall layers in their tracheids . Another feature are the tiny dots between the wall thickenings or between the dots . The thickness of the lignified, rot-resistant wall layer is peculiar to the eutrachophytes. Other plants have no such wall layer or - like the Rhyniophyta - only a thin one. As another characteristic feature of which is Eutracheophyten Sterom cited: thick-walled, recalcitrant cell walls in the peripheral layer of the stem axis. The Rhyniopsida lack this feature. The opening mechanism of the sporangium is reduced to a single, well-defined slit.
This group contains all recent representatives of the vascular plants and also most of the fossil representatives. It contains two larger clades: the lycophytes and the euphyllophytes.
Lycophytes
The lycophytes (clade 2) represent an extensive fossil and rich group, but only represent around one percent of the more recent plant species. They are characterized by laterally standing, often kidney-shaped sporangia. In the basal representatives, the sporangium opens into two equal halves by tearing the distal spore wall. Along this line there are cells with special cell wall thickenings. The xylem differentiation occurs exarch (from outside to inside), the xylem cord is often elliptical in cross section. The stem group outside of the Lycophytina is formed by some genera that used to belong to the Rhyniophyta: Cooksonia cambrensis , Renalia , Uskiella , Yunia and Sartilmania . Within the lycophytes there are two large groups: the zosterophyllopsida and bear moss plants (Lycopodiopsida). The latter also include the only recent taxa.
Some genera that cannot be assigned to either of these two groups are: Hicklingia , Huia , Gumuia , Zosterophyllum myrtonianum and Adoketophyton . The club moss plants are related to Nothia and Zosterophyllum deciduum . For a detailed cladogram of the Lycophytina, see Zosterophyllophyta .
Euphyllophytes
The Euphyllophyten make up the majority of the vascular plants with the ferns and seed plants. They are characterized by pseudomonopidial or monopodial branching. The side branches sit essentially spirally on the main axis. They have small, leaflet-like vegetative branches that are not in one plane in the basal taxa. The shoot tips are rolled up. The cells of the meta xylem are at least ladder tracheids . The sporangia are paired and are usually in terminal bundles. The sporangia open on the side with a slit. The xylem in the major axes is often arranged radially. These characteristics are often strongly derived from the recent representatives. In the recent members are Spermatozoiden originally vielgeißelig and they possess chloroplasts - genome greater inversion . The recent representatives form a natural family group, so are monophyletic .
The parent group of the Euphyllophyten form the two fossil genera Psilophyton and Eophyllophyton . The remaining representatives are divided into two large clades: the ferns and the clade leading to the lignophytes. Its sister group is the genus Pertica .
Lignophytes
The lignophytes are characterized by secondary growth in thickness : they have a bifacial cambium , which forms secondary xylem , phloem and wood rays. Some aspects of the growth in thickness are similar to those of the Isoetales , the Sphenopsida and some Cladoxylopsida . With the genus Pertica they share the four-line position of the side branches and the special ontogeny of the protoxylem . The lignophytes comprise the extinct progymnosperms and the seed plants . The lignophytes are not generally recognized, since their characteristics occur in approaches also in other Euphyllophyten.
See also
literature
- Peter Sitte , Elmar Weiler , Joachim W. Kadereit , Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Körner : Textbook of botany for universities . Founded by Eduard Strasburger . 35th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1010-X .
- Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN 0040-0262 , pp. 705-731, abstract, PDF file .
- Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study . Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington / London 1997, ISBN 1-56098-729-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Yin-Long Qiu et al .: The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Volume 103, No. 42, pp. 15511-15516, DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.0603335103 .
- ^ A b Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study. 1997, Fig. 4.31.
- ↑ a b c Smith et al .: A classification for extant ferns 2006.
- ^ A b Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Körner , Joachim W. Kadereit , Gunther Neuhaus , Uwe Sonnewald : Textbook of Botany . Founded by Eduard Strasburger . 36th edition. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-1455-7 .
- ^ Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study. 1997, p. 134f.
- ^ Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study. 1997, pp. 135f., 175f.
- ^ Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study. 1997, p. 172.
- ^ A b Paul Kenrick, Peter R. Crane: The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study. 1997, pp. 240-242.