Ferdinand Kramer (architect)

Ferdinand Kramer (born January 22, 1898 in Frankfurt am Main ; † November 4, 1985 there ) was a German architect and designer of functionalism . He mainly worked in Frankfurt am Main, where he was involved in the design of the New Frankfurt in the 1920s as an employee of Ernst May . Reviled as "degenerate" by the National Socialists, he emigrated to the USA in 1938 . After the war he returned to Frankfurt, where he was construction director of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University between 1952 and 1964 . 23 new university buildings were built under his leadership.

Life

Kramer's parents were Gustav Theophil Kramer (1859–1928) and Anna Maria Kramer, geb. Leux ​​(1868–1947), they ran a renowned hat shop in Frankfurt, which was also known nationwide. One of Ferdinand Kramer's works was the new design and probably also the furnishing of his parents' shop "Hutlager G. Kramer" in downtown Frankfurt in the Hotel Schwan, Steinweg 12. In 1916, immediately after finishing school, Kramer was drafted into military service and remained a soldier until the end of the First World War . The following year he began his three-year architecture degree in Munich with Theodor Fischer . In 1919 he went to the Bauhaus and left after a few months disappointed because there was no regular architecture education at the time. He graduated from the TH Munich in 1922.

During the inflation period with no orders in Frankfurt, Kramer initially designed small pieces of furniture and utensils made of metal, including a. the well-known "Kramer oven", an all-rounder that has been produced by the Buderus company since 1925 .

He was married for thirty years to Beate Kramer, b. Feith. He refused a divorce under pressure from the Nazis, and after being expelled from the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts and banned from working in 1937, he followed her in 1938 to emigrate to the USA. At the request of Horkheimer to rebuild the university, he returned to Frankfurt in 1952 and nine years later married Lore Kramer , b. Koehn, lecturer at the Offenbach am Main University of Design . There were three children from this marriage.

New Frankfurt

Door handles from Kramer

Arcade house in the Westhausen settlement

In 1925, Ernst May arranged for Kramer to be employed in the typing department of the municipal building construction office in Frankfurt am Main, which he retained until May's departure from Frankfurt in 1930. During this time, Kramer mainly designed furniture that could be combined and adapted to the smaller apartment floor plans, as well as objects of use: lights , hip bathtubs , door handles , standardized plywood doors, window sills, etc. a. which, because of the low production costs, were affordable even for low-income earners.

As an architect, Kramer was only involved in one settlement project in the New Frankfurt : the arcade houses, heating plant and laundry room in the Westhausen settlement were built according to his plans in collaboration with Eugen Blanck . In addition to his work in the building construction department, Kramer Möbel u. a. for the Thonet company , whose mass industrial production methods fascinated him. He shared his admiration for the simple, sensibly constructed Thonet furniture with the great architect Adolf Loos , whom he visited in Vienna as well as in Frankfurt and whose famous text “Ornament und Verbrechen” was first published in Germany on Kramer's initiative.

In 1927 Ferdinand Kramer was responsible for the interior of two model apartments - in the building by Mies van der Rohe and a row house by JJP Oud - as well as for monitoring the prefabricated building planned by Ernst May in the Weißenhofsiedlung Stuttgart.

emigration

Unlike most of his Frankfurt colleagues, Kramer did not go to the Soviet Union with Ernst May; he stayed as a freelance architect in Frankfurt. In 1931, the construction site of the Erlenbach house that he planned and still exists today in Hans-Sachs-Straße 6 was shut down by the responsible authorities during the work due to “defacing the area” with the flat roof and modern shape, so that construction only took place after a year-long break on the intervention of the district president of Hessen-Nassau could be completed. In 1992 the house in Erlenbach was placed under monument protection.

In 1933 Kramer left the German Werkbund , to which he had been a member since 1924, to protest against the willingly enforced conformity . Until his emigration at the beginning of 1938 he mainly occupied himself with the renovation and furnishing of private apartments, the Café Bauer and shop fittings. After being expelled from the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts , banned from professions (see above) and an exhibition of his work as “ Degenerate Architecture ”, Kramer decided to emigrate to the USA , where he settled in New York .

There he initially worked for renowned architecture and design firms until he was approved as an architect in 1940. The previously emigrated Institute for Social Research appointed Kramer as head of two settlement societies (Kramer had been friends with Theodor W. Adorno since his youth ). The institute owned extensive properties near New York (Port Chester, Westchester County), for which Kramer planned and marketed two single-family housing estates (one simple, the other somewhat more complex). Above all, Kramer worked as a designer in the USA: he designed so-called "knock down" furniture, combinable, variable furniture that users could assemble themselves, like the principle behind today's IKEA furniture. He also designed garden furniture, e.g. B. liked Eleanor Roosevelt (she used it in the White House garden); a mobile mini-kitchen as well as a new sales system, which enabled an improved visual presentation of the goods through new department store equipment. He became famous (if not rich) with "Rainbelle", a disposable umbrella that consisted of a cleverly folded sheet of paper and was available in several colors.

University of Frankfurt

Building of the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, formerly the Institute for Pharmacy of the Goethe University in Georg-Voigt-Straße

In 1952 Kramer returned to Frankfurt (as it is said, at the request of Max Horkheimer ) and took over the office of building director at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , which he held until 1964.

During this time, he and his dedicated staff designed 23 university buildings. Kramer also planned the interior design down to the smallest detail: in addition to the furniture that he designed himself, he specified all other furnishings and fittings (e.g. the font similar to the Futura , with which the labels were made). In doing so, Kramer also used objects from his collaboration on “New Frankfurt” (e.g. the plywood doors with steel frames already mentioned ). The straight lines and the use of comparatively simple materials are typical of Kramer's architecture: almost all buildings at the university consist of a reinforced concrete skeleton that is filled with clinker bricks. The skeleton construction means that there are no load-bearing walls inside the building, so that the room layout can be handled flexibly. The usual equipment of the Kramer buildings includes guest rooms or lecturer apartments, which today are mostly used as offices.

At the beginning of his work for the university he worked out a general development plan in 1952/53, which was revised annually in 1955, 1958 and until 1963. Various revisions of the plans were necessary because land or financial resources were not available as planned. After his retirement as a private architect, Kramer completed the construction of the university library. Kramer began his work at the university with a programmatic bang: in order to enlarge the entrance to the Jügelhaus (the main building of the university), which was much too narrow at the time it was built (1914) , he had the neo-baroque portal with its columns and allegorical figures knocked off (with which he quickly acquired the reputation of being a “smoothing agent”) and expanded to a width of seven meters. As if that weren't enough, he also moved the rector's office to the ground floor, so to speak “at the height of the people”, and separated from it by a wall made of glass blocks . This new entrance should symbolize the opening of the university to all classes of the population. The design language introduced by Kramer was also followed by Paul Friedrich Posenenske in his buildings for the University of Kassel (then Kassel University of Applied Sciences).

Future of University Buildings

The future of the buildings designed by Kramer, some of which are listed buildings, is uncertain as the university will give up the Bockenheim campus in the coming years. So far, the plans include selling the space in Bockenheim and using the proceeds to finance new buildings at the other locations ( Westend / Riedberg ). The former pharmacy / food chemistry in the south of the site has been renovated in an exemplary manner by the architecture firm SSP SchürmannSpannel and will be preserved.

The buildings that are being sold include almost all of the others designed by Kramer. So far, only the preservation of the old main building with the foyer / entrance area designed by Kramer is certain. The building was "restored to the shell" by Peter Kulka and was rebuilt by 2018 for the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research. The inscription “Johann Wolfgang Goethe University”, designed by Kramer and inserted flush above the new, wide main portal designed by him in 1953, was removed in 2015.

In 2007 the buildings Senckenberganlage 32-36 (Geological-Paleontological Institute from 1954, Geographical Institute from 1964, and the Geoscientific Lecture Hall from 1967) were demolished, as the neighboring credit institution for reconstruction expanded on this area . The Philosophical Seminar Building (Philosophicum) was rebuilt according to plans by the architect Stefan Forster and provided with a front annex, it contains student apartments.

The five buildings of the biological institutes, which were built from 1954/1955, are still standing as a larger coherent complex. With the integrated botanical garden of the university , they form the approximately 8 hectare biology campus at the end of Siesmayerstrasse. Architects, scientists and critics from all over the world protested several times against decay and demolition plans.

Appreciation

In November 1954 Kramer's designs for the America Institute of the University of Frankfurt in Kettenhofweg 130 and the gardener's cottage in were Botanic Garden Frankfurt , Siesmayerstraße, by a jury, which the German Federal Government architect and the Finance Hessian Minister was convened as "exemplary buildings in State of Hesse ”. The jury included the following architects: Werner Hebebrand , Konrad Rühl , Sep Ruf and Ernst Zinsser .

Kramer only received public recognition in the early 1980s, when two universities awarded him an honorary doctorate almost at the same time and the Bauhaus Archive in Berlin documented his life's work in an exhibition - which almost would not have been shown in Frankfurt, as the magistrate was responsible for a long time was pushed forward and therefore no urban space was available. The exhibition was finally shown in the Amerika-Haus on a private initiative. He received the Wilhelm Leuschner Medal of the State of Hesse, and shortly after his death a street in Frankfurt (Westhausen) was named after him on the initiative of the residents.

Awards

• 1958: Goethe badge from the state of Hesse
• 1963: Plaque of honor from the city of Frankfurt am Main
• 1965: Honorary citizen of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
• 1965: Medal from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
• 1975: Honorary award from the Hessen Chamber of Architects (catalog of works)
• 1975: Honorary member of the Association of German Industrial Designers (VDID)
• 1979: Medal BAUHAUS, Weimar University of Architecture and Building
• 1981: Dr. Ing. E. h. of the University of Stuttgart
• 1981: Wilhelm Leuschner Medal of the State of Hesse
• 1981: Dr. Ing. E. h. of the Technical University of Munich
• 1984: Honorary member of the German Werkbund (DWB)
• 1986: City council resolution: "Ferdinand-Kramer-Straße" in Frankfurt-Westhausen

Design drafts

• Furniture for the Thonet company , approx. 1925 to 1930
• Lights for the company Bünte & Remmler , Frankfurt, approx. 1925 to 1930
• Door handles for the Ernst Schönau company in 1925 (today reproduced by companies such as Tecnoline, P.Bisschop and fittings from Hamburg)
• Establishment of two apartments and row houses in the Weißenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, 1927
• Pictogram of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 1952

Buildings (selection)

Green = preserved; yellow = preserved changed; red = threatened with demolition; gray = torn off; white = status unknown

country	city	Coordinates	draft Construction year	Description / usage	Illustration	Remarks
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 5 ′ 54 "N, 8 ° 38 ′ 56" E	1926-27	Large garage of the Frankfurt Automobildroschkengesellschaft
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1929-30	Westhausen settlement - arcade houses (type MEFAGANG) , district heating plant, central laundry		Overall planning: Ernst May , Herbert Boehm , Wolfgang Bangert The lower row houses in the Westhausen settlement were designed by Otto Fucker and Franz Schuster , while the arcade houses were designed by Kramer and Eugen Blanck .
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1928-30	Henry-and-Emma-Budge-Altenheim (today: Senior Citizens' Residence Grünhof im Park)		Design: Erika Habermann , Ferdinand Kramer, Werner Max Moser , Mart Stam Execution: Werner Moser, Mart Stam
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1930	Clubhouse of the Frankfurt Canoe Club		Topped up in 1933 by Kramer
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 33 "N, 8 ° 38 ′ 57" E	1931	Ella Erlenbach house
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 23 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 7 ″ E	1935	Double house for Friedrich Sommerlad / Schneider		Due to the National Socialist building regulations, Kramer was unable to design the building according to his aesthetic ideas. Later he distanced himself from the buildings from this time. A semi-detached house was clad with insulation in the 2010s
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 43 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 16" E	1935	Carl Niemeyer house		See note on the double house for Friedrich Sommerlad / Schneider
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 6 ′ 37 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 29" E	1936	Administration building of the German United Shoe Machinery Society		The building was rebuilt, possibly before the war, so that the original, modern character has been lost.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 47 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 6" E	1936	House Dipl.-Ing. nail		See note on the double house for Friedrich Sommerlad / Schneider
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 50 "N, 8 ° 38 ′ 53" E	1937	Residential house groom		See note on the double house for Friedrich Sommerlad / Schneider
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 29 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 50 ″ E	1937	Double house in Ceelen / Bütow		See note on the double house for Friedrich Sommerlad / Schneider
United States	Port Chester		1939-40	Housing developments in Greyrock Park on Sound and Alden Estates
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 5 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 6 ″ E	1952-53	Reconstruction of the Jügelhaus and portal - redesign of the main and side entrance, renovation and extension of the Rectorate Prof. Dr. Max Horkheimer	State 1959	Horkheimer replaced the Rector's furniture with neo-baroque furniture. The renovation work was reversed or changed in the 1980s and renovations in the 2010s.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 3 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 0 ″ E	1953	District heating plant, Bockenheim campus		Collaboration with Walter Dunkl
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 1 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 12 ″ E	1953-54	English Seminar and American Institute		Collaboration with Helmut Adler Since 2003, the left cultural center "Institute for Comparative Irrelevance" has been in the building. The university sold the building to Franconofurt AG in 2012 for around one million euros. After being vacated in 2013, it was resold for twice the price. After being gutted by the new owner, it was resold to an unknown buyer for 2.9 million euros. The building is still empty (as of July 2018)
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 8 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 14 ″ E	1953-54	Geological-Paleontological Institute		Collaboration with Helmut Adler Demolished in 2007 and replaced by the new KfW building
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 34 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 27" E	1954-56	Biological Camp - institute building for anthropology, botany, zoology, microbiology; Lecture hall building, connecting corridor, gardener's house		Collaboration with Walther Dunkl and Helmut Adler vacant
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 11 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 3" E	1956	Bockenheimer Warte student residence		Collaboration with Helmut Adler Since 2004 there have been plans to demolish the building.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 6 ′ 58 "N, 8 ° 38 ′ 59" E	1954-57	Institute building for pharmacy, food chemistry and municipal food investigation office		Collaboration with Klaus Peter Heinrici The Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F) is now located in this building, which was completely renovated by the SchürmannSpannel architects . The building has received several awards for its exemplary renovation, including a. with recognition at the German Architecture Prize 2015.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	August-Euler-Strasse 6	1956-57	Institute for Nuclear Physics including research reactor		Collaboration with Walter Dunkl, Helmut Adler Demolished in 2006
Germany	Arnoldshain	50 ° 15 ′ 33 "N, 8 ° 26 ′ 50" E	1957	Weekend and holiday home Albert von Metzler
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 6 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 0 ″ E	1956-58	Lecture hall building I		Collaboration with Helmut Adler
Germany	bad Homburg	Heuchelheimer Strasse 19	1958-59	Gottlieb Ruth House
Germany	Dreieich	Kohlseeweg	1959-60	Walter Lippmann house
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 9 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 2 ″ E	1959-60	Philosophicum	State 2012	Collaboration with Walter Dunkl The building was converted into micro-apartments by Stefan Forster in 2017 . The green area in front of the building was built over by an extension that covers the west facade.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1960	Theodor Stern House		Demolished in 2010
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 1 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 1 ″ E	1959-61	Institute for Physics and Mathematics I		The Brise-Soleil, originally made of concrete, have been replaced by a fabric sun protection device.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 7 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 21 ″ E	1960-61	Walter Kolb student residence ("Sponti-Villa")
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1962	Extension of the Institute for Physical Chemistry		Collaboration with Walter Dunkl
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 10 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 11" E	1962-63	Cafeteria of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main ("Labsaal")	State 2016	Before the planned demolition, the facade was redesigned with graffiti by students.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1963	Institute building for therapeutic biochemistry		Demolished in 2010
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 9 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 15 ″ E	1964	Institute of Geography		Demolished in 2007 and replaced by the new KfW building
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 5 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 0 ″ E	1964	Lecture hall building II
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 14 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 11" E	1964	Central library of the Johann Christian Senckenberg university library		The university library will remain in the building until at least 2026.
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 34 "N, 8 ° 39 ′ 27" E	1966	Laboratory and farm building - addition to the biological camp
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 2 "N, 8 ° 38 ′ 59" E	1964-67	Institute Building for Mathematics II
Switzerland	Astano		1966-67	Gerold's house
Germany	bad Homburg	50 ° 14 ′ 9 ″ N, 8 ° 37 ′ 2 ″ E	1966-67	R. Maurer house
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1962-63 1963-68	Mertonstrasse underground car park
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 6 ′ 1 ″ N, 8 ° 40 ′ 10 ″ E	1968	Kramer residential and tenement house
Germany	Wiesbaden	50 ° 5 ′ 12 "N, 8 ° 12 ′ 27" E	1968-69	Residence Dr. U. Kollatz
Germany	Hanau-Kesselstadt		1969	Reconstruction of the Comoedienhaus Wilhelmsbad
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 7 ′ 7 ″ N, 8 ° 39 ′ 10 ″ E	1962-63 1963-70	Juridicum (Senckenberganlage 31–33)		Planning: Employees at the University Building Department Plans partially signed by Ferdinand Kramer Execution: Heinrich Nitschke
Germany	bad Homburg	50 ° 14 ′ 38 "N, 8 ° 37 ′ 0" E	1969-70	Residence Dr. R. Volhard
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 4 ′ 59 "N, 8 ° 40 ′ 54" E	1971	Dieter Christ's house
Germany	Frankfurt am Main		1958-63 1968-72	Institute for physical exercise		Planning: Employees at the University Building Department Execution: Heinrich Nitschke
Germany	Frankfurt am Main	50 ° 9 ′ 16 ″ N, 8 ° 45 ′ 39 ″ E	1971-62	Residence Dr. A. Dietz

Solo exhibitions

Ferdinand Kramer: architecture and design

Berlin, Bauhaus Archive, Museum of Design, 1982/1983,

Frankfurt, America House, 1983

Stuttgart, design center,

Amsterdam, Stedelijk Museum

Ferdinand Kramer The charm of the systematic

Museum of Design Zurich, 1991,

Frankfurt, House of the German Werkbund,

Bauhaus Dessau 1991/1992,

Munich, Technical University

The modernization of the everyday - Ferdinand Kramer: An example from the 20s

Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Bremen State Museum for Art and Cultural History / Fockemuseum, 1993 (on the 95th birthday)

Homage to Kramer - Ferdinand Kramer architect / designer

Museum artist colony, Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt, 1998 (100th birthday)

Housing reform - Ferdinand Kramer and the new living of the 20s

Bergische Universität - GH Wuppertal, 2000/01, Chair of Art and Design History

The Kramer principle. Design for variable use

Museum of Applied Arts, Frankfurt am Main, 2014

Line form function. Ferdinand Kramer's architecture

German Architecture Museum , Frankfurt am Main, 2015/2016

literature

• Ferdinand Kramer catalog of works 1923–1974. Modifications made by Jochem Jourdan . Series 3 of the Hesse Chamber of Architects 1974.
• Ferdinand Kramer - architecture & design. Exhibition in the Bauhaus-Archiv Museum für Gestaltung Berlin. Berlin 1982.
• Fabian Wurm: Buildings for a second look - the architecture of Ferdinand Kramer. In: Die Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte. February 1989, pp. 142-147.
• Claude Lichtenstein (ed.): Ferdinand Kramer - The charm of the systematic. Catalog for the exhibition of the same name at the Museum für Gestaltung, Zurich, 1991.
• Claude Lichtenstein: Ferdinand Kramer - The charm of the systematic. In: Werkbund Archive. Vol. 23, 1991, Berlin, ISBN 3-87038-163-9 .
• Bernd Eichhorn: exposed concrete and steel skeleton. Ferdinand Kramer's University. In: diskus. Frankfurt student newspaper. No. 4, 1991, pp. 50-53.
• Astrid Hansen: Ferdinand Kramer's university buildings in Frankfurt. Thoughts on university building in the 1950s. Weimar 2001, ISBN 3-89739-190-2 .
• Christian Langhagen-Rohrbach / Geoprax: Senckenberganlage 36. Geographical Institute of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University 1964–2006. In: Special issue of the Frankfurter Geographische Hefte series. Frankfurt 2006, ISBN 3-9808888-2-7 .
• Thilo Hilpert: Ferdinand Kramer's high-rise building of the philosophers, Frankfurt 1961. Modernism before demolition. Buildings and furniture. (with Ard Bosenius and Anke Sablowski). bauhauspress, Wiesbaden 2007.
• Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (Eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings in Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 .
• Opus 77: Ferdinand Kramer / SSP SchürmannSpannel , Research Center BiK-F, Frankfurt am Main 2014, ISBN 978-3-932565-77-9 .

Web links

Commons : Ferdinand Kramer  - Collection of Images

• Website of the Ferdinand Kramer Archive
• Literature by and about Ferdinand Kramer in the catalog of the German National Library
• Ferdinand Kramer. In: arch INFORM .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The hour has struck for the Kramer buildings , FAZ, July 28, 2003, p. 41.
2. ^ Astrid Hansen: Ferdinand Kramer's university buildings in Frankfurt. Thoughts on university building in the 1950s. Weimar 2001, p. 17.
3. ^ Opus 77: Ferdinand Kramer / SSP SchurmannSpannel, BiK-F Research Center, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 978-3-932565-77-9 .
4. ↑ Award for exemplary buildings in the state of Hesse on November 6, 1954 . In: The Hessian Minister of Finance (Hrsg.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1955 no. 4 , p. 70 , point 75 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 3.6 MB ]).
5. ^ German Architecture Museum , accessed on November 26, 2015.
6. ↑ Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings. The Buildings of Ferdinand Kramer . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 , p. 120 .
7. ↑ Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings. The Buildings of Ferdinand Kramer . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 , p. 124 .
8. ↑ Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings. The Buildings of Ferdinand Kramer . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 , p. 21 .
9. ↑ Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings. The Buildings of Ferdinand Kramer . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 , p. 131 .
10. ↑ ^{a b} Wolfgang Voigt, Philipp Sturm, Peter Körner, Peter Cachola Schmal (eds.): Ferdinand Kramer. The buildings. The Buildings of Ferdinand Kramer . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8030-0797-1 , p. 138 .
11. ^ Frankfurt: Kramer building as a money machine . In: ModerneREGIONAL . May 30, 2017 ( moderne-regional.de [accessed July 26, 2018]).
12. ↑ German Architecture Prize 2015. In: bbr.bund.de. Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, accessed on November 7, 2016 . 
13. ↑ BAUWELT - Philosophicum in Frankfurt. Retrieved July 26, 2018 . 
14. ↑ Ferdinand Kramer Archives - page 2 of 3 - modernREGIONAL. Retrieved on July 26, 2018 (German). 
15. ^ Website of the German Architecture Museum
16. ↑ Ornament and Promise in FAZ of December 31, 2015, p. 14.