Spandau Fortress

The Spandau Fortress was a Prussian fortification that was built in the 19th century to protect the then independent city of Spandau and the local armaments industry. Its development began during the French occupation in the Napoleonic Wars and ended with the abandonment of the fortress status in 1903. The medieval city ​​wall and the Spandau citadel , built in the 16th century, were included in the Spandau fortress. The development of Spandau was severely restricted by the fortress status and the use of large areas by the military treasury until 1903. Besides the citadel and the partially blown up Fort Hahneberg , only a few remains have survived. If the term fortress Spandau is used in connection with the history of the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spandau citadel is meant.

Lynar plan of the Spandau Citadel , 1578

prehistory

middle Ages

Spandau Fortress, around 1685

Site plan, 1812

Plan of Spandau , 1859

The origins of Spandau can be traced back to a Slavic settlement that was built at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers. From this unfortified complex a fortified castle was built by the end of the 10th century, the Slavic name of which has not been passed down and which is therefore referred to in research as the Spandau castle wall . The settlement soon spread to the nearby bank, where the island was reached via a wooden bridge. The settlement was abandoned in the 12th century. During this time, the population moved to the nearby and newly founded Spandau.

The oldest city fortifications of Spandau from the 13th century consisted of a wood-earth wall and roughly encompassed the area between Mönchstrasse, Havelufer, Mauerstrasse and Viktoriaufer. The construction of the stone city ​​wall began in the 14th century. The wall enclosed the area of ​​today's old town. It consisted of a field stone base with a crenellated brick wall above it, which reached a height of six meters. On the Havel side there were four round towers that secured doors in the city wall. The wall on the west side was regularly reinforced by rectangular Wiek houses . The city wall at Mühlengraben was only demolished after 1880. Only two short sections on Viktoriaufer and on Hohen Steinweg have been preserved.

At the site of today's Spandau Citadel, its predecessor buildings had been located since the early Middle Ages to secure the Havel crossing. These structures were much smaller than the citadel and were located under its southwestern courtyard area. Remnants of the foundations of a wood-earth wall from a Slavic fortification from around 1050 were excavated under the western curtain wall . The Juliusturm was built at the beginning of the 13th century and served as a keep. Next to it is the 14th century Palas . Also under the west curtain are the excavated stone foundations of the castle wall from the 15th century.

Construction of the citadel (1557–1584)

Spandau continued to grow as a normal city until around 1560, when Elector Joachim II ordered the castle to be replaced by a state fortress. The called builder Rochus zu Lynar built the citadel. In 1557 preparatory work for building the citadel began. The actual start of construction and the reinforcement design took place in 1560. The symmetrically constructed fortress has four bastions that are connected by curtains. The edge length of the square curtain wall is 208 meters × 195 meters. It is completely surrounded by a moat. In 1580 the first crews were occupied. In 1594 the fortress was completed.

→ Main article : Spandau Citadel

Expansion of the city wall (1600-1790)

The fortification of the city was reinforced in the first half of the 17th century. A wall with three bastions, a half bastion and a moat were built on the west side outside the mill ditch. The old city wall remained standing. The suburb on the Stresow on the other bank of the Havel had no fortifications at the time.

In 1691 the powder magazine of the Kronprinz bastion exploded in the citadel and destroyed the bastion considerably. The bastion was rebuilt in the following years. In 1704 the Ravelin pig head was built in front of the western curtain of the citadel.

With the establishment of the Royal Prussian Rifle Factory in 1722 on the orders of King Friedrich Wilhelm I , Spandau developed into one of the most important locations for arms production in Prussia. This had a significant impact on the development of the city and the fortress for the next 200 years. The only possible location for an arms factory was a militarily secured place, which also had to be easily accessible by water, since the poor roads were not a quick and easy route to transport. The gun factory was built east of the citadel. In addition to Spandau, there was a second production site in Potsdam until 1852 .

Two powder magazines were built after 1750 between Oranienburger Vorstadt and Havel at the level of today's Lynarstrasse in order to eliminate the danger of a powder explosion within the city wall. The western magazine was only demolished after the Second World War .

Expansion to a fortress city

During the Napoleonic Wars (1800–1814)

During the Napoleonic Wars there were two military clashes in Spandau. From October 24th to 25th, 1806, the citadel was besieged by the French, which moved the Prussians to surrender. During the Wars of Liberation in March 1813, the French-occupied Spandau was besieged by Russian troops. Prussian troops replaced the Russians and began to bombard Spandau and the Spandau Citadel. The powder magazine on the Queen's bastion exploded due to an artillery hit by the Prussians. On April 26, 1813, the occupation handed the fortress over to Prussia against free withdrawal.

During the time of the French occupation, the fortifications around the city were expanded. The city ramparts received four additional ravelins . The glacis lay in front of the ramparts . Around the Oranienburger Vorstadt, which was outside the ramparts, nine earth entrenchments were built (from south to north: flank, woodpecker, corn, hill, bush, corner, long, school mountain and Havel hill). There was no connecting rampart. Another ski jump was built on the island of Eiswerder . A horn factory was built east of the rifle factory and the Spreeschanze to the south of the citadel. In order to protect the Stresow, four entrenchments were built here (from south to north: garden, castle wall, bridge and Vorderschanze).

Expansion of the fortress 1814–1872

By the middle of the 19th century, Spandau's importance as an armaments location increased considerably. Between 1829 and 1868 the royal powder factory and a gas factory were built in what is now Haselhorst , the fireworks laboratories on Eiswerder, the gun foundry, the artillery workshop and the primer factory in Stresow. In addition, the second location of the rifle factory in Potsdam was closed and relocated to Spandau.

At the same time the fortifications were expanded considerably. The new facilities were built according to the "New Prussian Fortress Manner". The Queen's Bastion was restored from 1832 to 1842. At the same time, the retranchement was built around the powder mill with seven bastions. The fortifications around the old town were completely renewed between 1841 and 1859, and the Batardeau, which still exists today, also originates from this construction phase . In 1855–1856 the Stresow fortifications were expanded. The Burgwall and Vorderschanze were expanded and equipped with a reduit made of bricks. In 1856 the canal lunette on the arch of the Berlin-Spandau shipping canal was completed. In 1855–1866 the Teltower and Ruhlebener Schanze were built as external works at Elsgraben and the Spreeschanze was rebuilt.

The concentration of armaments production and the city fortifications had considerable effects on Spandau. The state-owned companies did not pay taxes. Because of the fortress, large areas in front of the ramparts should not be built up to a distance of over 1300 meters due to the current rayon laws . Many of the workers who needed housing in Spandau were poorly paid. This meant that there was little tax revenue for the city. At the same time, the infrastructure costs of a growing population had to be borne. Additional areas of the city were required for barracks. So the Stresow-Kaserne I in the Grenadierstrasse 13-16 was built in 1860–1862. Outside the city, between Tiefwerder and Ruhleben, was the Royal Military Shooting School Spandau with its shooting ranges .

Expansion of the fortress 1873–1903

With the Reich Fortress Act of May 30, 1873, the fortification status of Spandau was continued and funds were made available for the modern expansion. The money comes from the French contribution payments to the German Reich after the end of the Franco-Prussian War . In order to be able to enlarge the urban area, new ramparts with a moat in front were built around the Oranienburger suburb. They ran in the area that is now between the Hohenzollern and Askanierring. The old ramparts around the city, the medieval city wall and the old entrenchments were demolished after the new fortress line was completed.

The range of the artillery was increased by new production methods. Therefore, plans were made to build four outer forts around Spandau at a distance of three to four kilometers. In 1882, however, the construction of Fort Hahneberg in Staaken began. The fort had to be reinforced during the six years of construction work, as the development of the explosive shell had meanwhile rendered this type of fortification ineffective. The three other forts were then not built.

In the considerably expanded urban area, not only residential buildings but also military facilities were built, such as the student mountain barracks (around 1880), garrison bakery and garrison washing facility (around 1880), clothing office of the III. Army Corps (around 1888), the garrison lazarett in Lynarstrasse (1880–1883) and the artillery wagon houses in Neue Bergstrasse (around 1875–1880). A connecting line was built there in 1890 , which branched off from the Berlin – Hamburg line at Galenstrasse and ran along the ramparts. A branch to the Haveltor made it possible to transport powder, which could then be brought by ship from a loading point on the Havel to the large powder magazine in Hohen Neuendorf . In 1907 the connecting line was shut down and the artillery car houses were connected to the Bötzowbahn, which opened in 1908, via Johannesstift station .

The armaments factories were further expanded. A cartridge factory was built on Zitadellenweg (from 1883), an ammunition factory, also on Zitadellenweg (from 1890), and a chemical factory (from 1890) on the Salzhof for the acid required for powder production. The Spandau military railway was built in 1892 to connect all factories on the eastern bank of the Havel . It branched off east of what was then Spandau station on the Berlin – Hamburg railway, crossed the Spree and led via Zitadellenweg and Daumstraße to the Salzhof with a branch to the Eiswerder island. It was used until the 1990s, but it was connected to the Siemens freight railway because of the Spree bridge destroyed in 1945.

New buildings were also erected outside the fortress, such as the army canning factory on Gartenfelder Strasse, the pioneer land exercise area at the end of Pionierstrasse, the pioneer water exercise area on Mertensstrasse and the fortress detention facility (from 1878) on Wilhelmstrasse. The Train barracks (1885–1886) were built right next to it.

On January 27, 1903, the fortification of Spandau was abandoned with the exclusion of the citadel and Fort Hahneberg.

After the fortress status was lifted

Demolition and re-use

However, some areas of the fortress had already been demolished beforehand, for example the three northern lunettes on Grützmachergraben, which were probably needed for an expansion of the armaments factories. From 1908, the demolition work on the Neustadt ramparts began . The demolition of the Stresow fortification began with the elevation of the Spandau railway systems from 1910 and was only completed after the end of the First World War as part of emergency work. The canal lunette disappeared when the Reichsforschungssiedlung Haselhorst was built in the early 1930s. The two southern lunettes on Grützmachergraben were only leveled at the end of the 1950s. The Ruhlebener Schanze was torn down in the 1970s for an expansion of the Ruhleben sewage treatment plant .

The capacities of the armaments industry were considerably expanded during the First World War. After the end of the war, production had to be stopped and the factories were converted for civil industry. There is still a large industrial area here today.

Still existing fortifications

List of monuments	location	Official name	description	image
09085827	Spandau , Viktoria-Ufer Jüdenstrasse ( location )	old citywall	First half of the 14th century. Only the lower part of the wall has been preserved in the original. The roof and the adjoining round tower are extensions from the 1920s.
09085611	Spandau , Hoher Steinweg (parcel 178) ( location )	City wall with remains of the Wiekhaus.	1st half of the 14th century
09085439	Haselhorst , Am Juliusturm ( location )	Spandau Citadel	Citadel with bastions (from 1560), curtains , ravelin , gate construction (after 1578 and 1839), glacis with open spaces, 1557–1597 by C. Römer, Francesco Chiaramella de Gandino , Rochus Guerini Graf zu Lynar ; Ostkurtine magazine, 16. – 17. Century; Barracks of the Northern Kurtine, 1860–1861, modified in 1959; Zeughaus der Südkurtine, 1857 by Carl Ferdinand Busse ; Officer's House, 1886–1888; Nordbau, 1860–1861; Exercise shed, around 1890
		Juliusturm and Palas	Juliusturm around 1200, pinnacle crown renewed in 1838 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel ; Palas around 1521–1523
		Predecessor of the Spandau Citadel	Remnants of the foundations of a wood-earth wall (around 1050) and stone foundations of the castle wall (15th century).
09085812	Spandau , Stabholzgarten Am Wall ( location )	Batardeau	1841-1847
09085585	Haselhorst , Grützmachergraben ( location )	Part of the powder factory retranchement	1832-1837
09085768	Spandau , Ruhlebener Straße 5 ( location )	Reduit of the Burgwall ski jump	The Burgwallschanze was built in 1855–1862 to protect the armaments industry on the Stresow and in 1903 it was re-solidified. The reduit is still preserved today. In the 1920s, it was converted into a large Fritz Haak coffee roastery. Today a private cultural institution is operated in the building.
09085596	Wilhelmstadt , Havelchaussee Elsgrabenweg ( location )	Teltower Schanze	Jump with hollow traverse and ditch, completed in 1866. Only a third of the walls are preserved. The reduit was demolished.
09085593	Staaken , Hahnebergweg ( location )	Fort Hahneberg , fortifications	The fort was built from 1882 to 1886 as a fortress. The Spandau Citadel was to be defended with this fortress . During the Second World War the fort was an anti-aircraft position. The fort is now used as a museum.
	Hakenfelde , Havelschanze ( location )	Moat of the new town fortifications	The moat between Bastion VIII and IX was not filled in, but was used as the northern port of Spandau after 1908 . The shoreline is still preserved in its old form.
	Wilhelmstadt , Pichelsdorfer Straße 89 location	Residential building	Residential building in framework construction in the former second Rayon District

Existing military buildings

This list only contains structures that were erected before 1903.

List of monuments	location	Official name	description	image
09085690	Spandau , Neue Bergstrasse 7-11 ( location )	Artillery car houses
	Spandau , Askanierring ( location )	Schülerberg barracks	Built in the 1870s and 1880s. Stationing of the Queen Elisabeth Guard Grenadier Regiment No. 3, until 1914 Pioneer Battalion v. Rauch No. 3 , Pioneer Replacement Battalion No. 3, 1919 Reichswehr Pioneer Battalion No. 3, 1924–1935 Police School for Physical Exercise, 1935–1939 Air Force Sports School. 1945–1994 Berlin Infantry Brigade.
09085030	Wilhelmstadt , Wilhelmstrasse 22-24 ( location )	Official residence of the former fortress prison	1878-1881
09085841	Wilhelmstadt , Wilhelmstrasse 25-30 ( location )	Train barracks (Smuts Barracks)	1885–1886 and later extensions
09085583	Spandau , Grenadierstrasse 13-16 Grunewaldstrasse 8 ( location )	Stresow barracks I.	1860–1862 by Ferdinand Fleischinger (?), Converted into a residential building in 1920 Parts of the Guard Grenadier Regiment No. 5 were stationed in Stresow Barracks I (after the Stresow location ) . A second, smaller barracks (Stresow-Kaserne II) was located at today's Stresowplatz. After the First World War, the barracks building was converted into a hospital and later (from 1940) into a tenement house. A special feature are the arcades to the outside access to the residential units.
09080545	Spandau , Moritzstraße 10 Altstädter Ring, Falkenseer Damm 1 ( location )	Riding hall and stables of the Moritzstrasse barracks	around 1892 and around 1910
09080549	Spandau , Lynarstrasse 12 ( location )	Garrison hospital	Garrison hospital: 1880–1883 ​​from the military treasury, with houses 14, 15, 17, 18
09080550	Spandau , Neuendorfer Straße 1–3 ( location )	Garrison laundromat, army provisions office, garrison bakery	Garrison bakery and garrison laundry facility with surrounding wall 1880; Official residence and bakery, 1896–1897; House of the laundry facility, 1915–1916
09085052	Spandau , Fehrbelliner Straße 29–29c ( location )	Clothing Office of the III. Army Corps	1888 by the military building authority. Of the original four buildings, the three northern buildings were demolished in spring 2015.
09085460	Spandau , Behnitz 3 ( location )	Service building of the fortification authority with ancillary building	1868

Existing arms industry buildings

This list only contains structures that were erected before 1903.

List of monuments	location	Official name	description	image
09080544	Hakenfelde , Eiswerderstrasse 14, 16–19 ( location )	Production building of the former fireworks laboratory	around 1870 to before 1918
09080557	Hakenfelde , Eiswerderstrasse 13 ( location )	Administration building for the fireworks laboratories, Gottlob Münsinger School	The building was built in 1893/1894 as a crew accommodation for pioneer troops and later used as an administration building.
09080543	Hakenfelde , Neuendorfer Strasse 31–37 Eiswerderstrasse 1–5, 9 ( location )	Military Fiscal Settlement	Houses and coach house of the former fireworks laboratory, around 1874–1876
09085826	Haselhorst , Kleine Eiswerderstraße 14 ( location )	Expansion of the Royal Powder Factory Spandau with a water tower	Administration wing, around 1890; electrical center, around 1910
09085530	Haselhorst , Daumstrasse 25 / 25a ( location )	Powder Factory Building	Part of a dining room, 1888 (?); House, around 1917
09085817	Haselhorst , Telegrafenweg 21 ( location )	Charring building of the former Royal Powder Factory Spandau	before 1859
09085752	Haselhorst , Rhenaniastraße 35 ( location )	Machine house and screening plant 2 of the former powder factory	around 1890
09085704	Haselhorst , ( location )	Eastern ditch of the former Royal Powder Factory Spandau	1832-1837
09085839	Haselhorst , ( location )	Western ditch	1559–1583, before 1897
09085845	Haselhorst , Zitadellenweg 16 ( location )	Officers and officials residence of the Royal Rifle Factory	1872-1873
09012509	Haselhorst , Zitadellenweg 20–34 ( location )	Factory building of the rifle factory (Boschwerke) with hall 617	before 1897; Hall 600–603, before 1918; Hall 604, after 1918; Steel bridge; Part of the western ditch with an eastern, western and central weir
09085848	Haselhorst , Zitadellenweg 20g ( location )	Production buildings of the rifle factory	around 1900 and before 1918
09012508	Haselhorst , Zitadellenweg 15-17 ( location )	Cartridge factory (?)	around 1890 at the Juliusturm
09085441	Haselhorst , Am Juliusturm 51–53 ( location )	Bullet factory of the Royal Defense Factory	1901-1903
09085450	Spandau , Am Schlangengraben 9a – d ( location )	Artillery workshop buildings and timber houses	Artillery workshop building and timber house II 1862–1868, timber house II converted into a turning shop in 1917
09085703	Spandau , Obermeierweg 18 ( location )	Gun foundry Spandau	New drilling workshop with fencing 1871–1874; Hall II with portal and enclosure, 1914–1915 In 1828 the Prussian state decided to build a new gun foundry in Spandau. In 1855 the facilities were completed to the point where production could begin. Up until the First World War, the gun foundry was repeatedly rebuilt and expanded. Of the buildings, only the drilling workshop (built 1871–1874 in the style of the Berlin Schinkel architecture) and a workshop from the time of the First World War have been preserved.
09085552	Haselhorst , Feldzeugmeisterstraße 1/2 Gorgasring 1/2 Riensbergstraße 39-42 ( location )	Labor colony of the military treasury	from 1895–1896
09085825	Haselhorst , Kleine Eiswerderstrasse ( location )	Small Eiswerder Bridge	1890s, built as a combined rail and road bridge
	Haselhorst , Am Juliusturm ( location )	Military-fiscal connecting railway	Railway bridge over the Grützmachergraben

Street names

A series of street names, names of allotment garden colonies or names of localities remind of the city fortifications.

See also: List of streets and squares in Berlin-Spandau

• Old hill
• At the fort
• At the Juliusturm
• At the snake ditch
• On the wall
• At the bastion
• At the Spreeschanze
• Castle wall
• Corner hill
• Elsgrabenweg
• Falkenhagener Tor
• Grenadierstrasse
• Fehrbelliner Tor
• Flank jump
• Glacisweg
• Grüner Wall (Havel Island)
• Havelschanze
• Heath gate
• Hilltop
• Juliusturmbrücke
• Kasernenweg
• Colony new parade ground
• Colony old parade ground
• Burgwallschanze colony
• Snake Trench Colony
• Bezel
• Mauerstrasse
• Möllentordamm
• Oranienburger Tor
• Pulvermühlenweg
• Ruhleben ski jump
• Schanzenstrasse (formerly)
• Spandau castle wall
• Teltower Schanze
• Citadel Subway Station
• Wall bridge
• Citadel Bridge
• Citadel moat
• Citadel Path

Fortress commanders

• 1813–1817: Karl Friedrich Peter von Brockhausen
• 1817–1829: Johann Christian August von Boehler
• 1829–1834: Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel
• 1834–1843: Anton Ludwig von Petery
• 1843–1845: Gustav von Bennigsen
• 1845–1852: Johann Friedrich Weigand
• 1852–1854: Richter
• 1854: Albert August Wilhelm Deetz00000
• 1855–1859: Paul Maximilian von Roux
• 1859–1864: Ferdinand von Seckendorf
• 1865–1878: Guido Alexander von Streit
• 1878–1883: Barthold von Quistorp
• 1883–1885: Siegfried von Tietzen and Hennig
• 1885–1886: Ernst Eduard von Krause
• 1886–1888: Hermann von Schkopp
• 1888–1893: Schmidt von Knobelsdorf
• 1893–1895: Adolf von Michaelis
• 1895: Franz Anton Neubronn von Eisenburg00000
• 1895–1896: Hugo von Kotze
• 1896–1902: Karl von Funck
• 1902: Rudolf Pabst von Ohain00000

See also

• List of fortresses in Germany

literature

• Spandau . In: Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon 1894–1896, Volume 15, p. 79.
• Fortress (New Prussian system) . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 6, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 183.
• Spandau measuring table card from 1939 . With citadel, Ruhlebener Schanze, powder factories, military railway and remnants of the ramparts at Grützmachergraben
• Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection (Ed.): The buildings and art monuments of Berlin. City and district of Spandau . 1971.
• Wolfgang Scharfe: Fortifications in Brandenburg - Küstrin, Peitz, Spandau . Series title: Historical hand atlas of Brandenburg and Berlin; Nachtr., H. 4. Publications of the Historical Commission in Berlin. Publishing house de Gruyter. Berlin / New York 1980. DNB 800219686
• Arne Hengsbach: The military railways in Spandau . In: Berliner Verkehrsblätter , 1974, pp. 20-23, 78-83, 1975, pp. 7-10, 26-29.
• Thomas Biller: The medieval city fortifications of Spandau . In: Mitteilungen des Verein für die Geschichte Berlins , 77 (1981), No. 4. pp. 349–373. Online version
• Thomas Biller: Social-historical aspects in fortress construction using the example of Spandau . In: Volker Schmidtchen (ed.): A future for our past . Series of publications fortress research, Volume 1. Wesel 1981, pp. 115-138. ( ub.uni-heidelberg.de ). Fig. 5: Plan of Spandau 1881.
• G. Fischer: Spandau. A New Prussian fortress . 1986. Series title: Historical floor plans, plans and views of Spandau, supplement to volume 2. 1986.
• Citadel Citadel Spandau (ed.): Plan of Spandau (reprint of a template from 1859). Series title: Historical floor plans, plans and views of Spandau , vol. 2. (facsimile). 1986.
• Otto Kuntzemüller: Documented history of the city and fortress Spandau , Spandau 1881 ( online at archive.org )
• Andrea Theissen (Ed.): Spandau military town. Center of Prussian arms production from 1722 to 1918 . Brandenburgisches Verl.-Haus, Berlin 1998.
• Daniel Burger : The state fortresses of the Hohenzollern in Franconia and Brandenburg in the Renaissance era (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history, vol. 128), Munich 2000.
• Manfred P. Schulze: The softening of Spandau. In: Spandauer Notes . Published by the group of friends and supporters of the Heimatmuseum Spandau, Heimatkundliche Vereinigung 1954 e. V. Annual edition 2002/2003, pp. 9–40.
• Manfred P. Schulze: Fort Hahneberg. The only outer fort of the Spandau Fortress. Research on the history of the city and fortress Spandau , Volume 1. Heimatkundliche Vereinigung Spandau 1954 e. V., 2004, ISBN 3-00-014624-5 .
• Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Ed.): The fortress plans of the Prussian War Ministry (finding aid of the Secret State Archive). 2008.
• District Office Spandau (Ed.): 777 years of Spandau in the map of the centuries . DVD with 52 cards from 1588 to 2009.
• Ludwig Klasen (Hrsg.): Ground plan models of buildings for military purposes . Series title: Ground plan models of all kinds of buildings, Vol. 12. 1890. P. 1599–1603. (Contains a description of the Prussian artillery workshop in Spandau).

Web links

Commons : Spandau Fortress  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Spandau Citadel
• ASG Fort Hahneberg e. V.
• List of monuments of the State of Berlin (PDF; 2.71 MB)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Illustration of the powder magazine 1953 in the photo archive Photo Marburg
2. ↑ Law on the funds for redesigning and equipping German fortresses . ( Wikisource ) Published in: Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt , Volume 1873, No. 14, pp. 123–125. Version dated May 30, 1873.
3. ^ Abandonment of fortifications announced in the Army Ordinance Gazette of January 27, 1903, p. 10, serial no. 14
4. ^ Military weekly paper. Vol. 36, April 17, 1852, p. 71.

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap