Frankfurterisch

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Frankfurterisch

Spoken in

Free City of Frankfurt ,
City of Frankfurt am Main
Linguistic
classification

Frankfurter is the dialect spoken in the city of Frankfurt am Main . Frankfurterisch is a Rhine Franconian dialect and belongs to the group of Hessian dialects . Up until the Second World War, the Frankfurt city dialect was the preferred colloquial language of all social classes in the city. It clearly distinguished itself from the southern Hessian and central Hessian dialects spoken in the surrounding area .

Well-known poets in Frankfurt dialect were Friedrich Karl Ludwig Textor , Carl Malß , Johann Wilhelm Sauerwein , Friedrich Stoltze , Adolf Stoltze and Karl Ettlinger . The vocabulary of the Frankfurt dialect is documented in the Frankfurt dictionary published from 1971 to 1985 , which is essentially based on the research of Johann Joseph Oppel and Hans Ludwig Rauh and covers the period from 1839 to 1945.

Today there is no longer a sharp language border between the city of Frankfurt and its surroundings. Frankfurterisch is used today in the Rhein-Main area , after 1945 developed New Hessian Regiolekt .

history

The oldest surviving play in Frankfurt dialect is the comedy Der Prorector from 1794 . The author Friedrich Karl Ludwig Textor caricatured his teacher, the prorector of the Frankfurt grammar school Johann Jacob Gottlieb Scherbius . Textor was a cousin of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . This described in his autobiography From my life. Poetry and truth , what a difficult position his Frankfurt dialect gave him in the university city of Leipzig:

“I was born and raised in the Upper German dialect, and although my father always diligently used a certain purity of language and made us children aware of what can really be called deficiencies in that idiom from our youth and prepared us to speak better I still had some deeper-lying peculiarities that I, because I liked them because of their naivety, emphasized them with relish and thus always gave me a severe reprimand from my new fellow citizens ... Every province loves its dialect: because it really is the element in which the soul draws its breath. But the stubbornness with which the Meißnian dialect was able to dominate the others, indeed to exclude them for a while, is known to everyone. We have suffered for many years under this pedantic regime, and it is only through multiple conflicts that all the provinces have regained their old rights. What a young, lively person has endured under this constant court master can easily be measured by those who consider that with the pronunciation, in the change of which one would finally surrender, at the same time the way of thinking, imagination, feeling, and patriotic character should be sacrificed. "

Even educated Frankfurt citizens spoke dialect quite naturally at the time. Numerous twists and turns in Goethe's works are taken from the Frankfurt dialect. Verses like “How heavenly forces rise and fall / And the golden buckets reach each other” only rhyme in dialect pronunciation, Faust's sentence “Here I stand, poor fool, and am as clever as before” is only correct in Frankfurt grammar , and Mephistus' question “The Grasaff! Is he gone? ”Can only be understood by those who know the Frankfurt word for a vain young girl. Goethe's fragmentary farce Hanswursts Hochzeit from 1774 is a source of strongly dialectic swear words and profanity, which have also flowed into the Frankfurt dictionary .

In 1821 Carl Malß published "The kidnapping or the old citizen-Capitain, a Frankfurt heroic-Borjerlich comedy in two acts". It premiered in 1821 with Samuel Friedrich Hassel in the title role, who played the role at the Frankfurt Theater for 45 years. Already in the first appearance the sentence "Geb emohl der Schawell en Stumper " is mentioned, which has since been considered a typical Frankfurt shibboleth . In addition to the citizen captain , the Frankfurt restaurant sketch from 1832 is occasionally shown in four pictures "Mr. Hampelmann or The Landpartie nach Königstein" until today.

Three figures introduced by Malß - Millerche, Citizen Captain and Mr. Hampelmann - became so popular that the writer Friedrich Stoltze repeatedly had them appear in his works, especially the Frankfurter Latern , as symbolic representatives of society in the Free City of Frankfurt . Many of Stoltze's poems and stories, for example “Die Blutblas”, “Verzeh Döchter” or “Von Frankfurts Macht und Größe” are popular to this day because of their wit and irony and are often recited.

While Friedrich Stoltze did not leave any dramatic works, his son Adolf Stoltze created 20 theater pieces in Frankfurt dialect between 1884 and 1928, as well as numerous poems and prose writings, sometimes on very trivial occasions. He achieved his greatest success in 1887 with Alt-Frankfurt , which is still performed to this day. Like no other, it represented the lifestyle of the Frankfurt citizenship; even in the 1920s was the Stoltze in a survey Frankfurter General-Anzeiger to popular Frankfurter selected.

The time of National Socialism and the Second World War marked the end of the traditional Frankfurt dialect. Over 10,000 Frankfurt Jews were deported from Frankfurt and murdered from 1941 onwards . In 1944, the densely populated old town of Frankfurt , the center of the old town, was drowned in the firestorm of the air raids on Frankfurt am Main . In the post-war period, numerous long-established Frankfurters left the city and moved to the surrounding area. Today more than 50 percent of Frankfurt's citizens have a migration background . Numerous words peculiar to Frankfurt are meanwhile uncommon or no longer easily understandable to native Frankfurters. In contrast, the linguistic differences between the city and the surrounding area have largely disappeared. The dialect has grown up in everyday life in a New Hessian Regiolekt , a dialect color of standard German that is common throughout the Rhine-Main area . The dialectal elements of this compensatory language are often taken from the high-level vocabulary and changed to the phonetic form of the Frankfurt dialect, for example with Kurt Sigel .

Significant for the spread of New Hesse , also mockingly known as TV Hessian or Äbbelwoihessisch , were among others productions by the Hessian broadcasting company like Zum Blauen Bock or Die Hesselbachs , but also successful music groups like Rodgau Monotones and Badesalz and cabaret artists like Bodo Bach and Matthias Beltz . The dialect tradition is still cultivated on stage, for example from 1971 to 2013 in the Volkstheater Frankfurt under the direction of Liesel Christ and Wolfgang Kaus , or in the summer theater festival Barock am Main , at which, under the direction of Michael Quast , pieces by Molière can be performed in the dialect version by Wolfgang Deichsel .

Geographical distribution

In the 19th century, Frankfurt was still a South Hessian language island in the Central Hessian dialect area. The rural villages around the city had not yet grown together with it, their language differed significantly from the urban dialect. The development of the town dialect was strongly influenced by the supra-regional trade relations, but also by the steady influx of new sections of the population. In the lute of the 19th century, Frankfurt's population increased tenfold. The numerous new citizens with a migrant background only gradually integrated into urban society. The word Fulder , originally a designation of origin ( from Fulda ), was used in the Frankfurt dialect until well into the middle of the 20th century to describe a rough, uncouth person with no manners . An example of the significant language differences between town and country is the word brother , the on frankfurterisch pruudä is, in the Hessian region contrast prǫurě .

The numerous French borrowings exerted a strong influence on the Frankfurt dialect . On the one hand, they were adopted into the dialect during the coalition wars between 1792 and 1813, when French troops often marched through the city, and on the other hand, French reformed religious refugees brought their language with them to Frankfurt. The Frankfurt dictionary lists numerous dialect vocabulary taken from French, for example casaquin ( house coat ), chemise (shirt), equipage (carriage), or expressions such as having cachet (wearing elegant clothes), mantenieren ( bringing about) or regaling (being amicable ) ). Among the Huguenots who moved to Frankfurt and the surrounding area, a kind of Creole language made up of dialect and French elements was in use until the First World War , which Friedrich Stoltze made fun of in a poem:

“Hélas! Martin! Hélas! Martin!
Chassez le Gickel from the jardin!
Il scratched merr, häst-tu le Steuve!
Toutes les nouveaux go to Reuwe! "

Another element of the Frankfurt dialect is the reception of Hebraisms. In the 19th century, around 10 percent of the population belonged to the Jewish community. It was not until 1806 that the centuries-long ghetto obligation, which had allocated the Jews to the Frankfurt Judengasse as the only residential area, was lifted . Some terms from Hebrew , but especially from Yiddish , were adopted in everyday vernacular, for example dalles (bankruptcy) or shammes (servant). Others were understood by every dialect speaker, even if they did not belong to the active vocabulary of the non-Jewish citizenry, for example Dalfen (curmudgeon, beggar) or Schickse (young girl).

Phonetics and Phonology

Compared to the standard German vocal inventory the Frankfurtian due to a lack Entlabialisierung the long umlauts Y and Ø . Instead, iː is always spoken (instead of cool ( kyːl ), for example ki: ːl ). An additional A-sound is the dark a , for example in sɑːxə ( say ). In the 19th century this was According slightly palatal pronounced than  what Friedrich Stoltze generally with §§ rewrote.

In the case of the short vowels, the differences to standard German phonetics are more pronounced. As with the long vowels, Frankfurt has no ʏ and no œ , but instead rounded i and e ; it also has a dark ɑ . The short E, I, O and U sounds are pronounced more closed and with more tension in Frankfurt than in standard German: e , i , o and u .

The pronunciation of the diphthongs aɪ and aʊ in Frankfurt is essentially the same as in standard German; standard German oɪ but corresponded entrundetes still at Carl Maiß aɪ .

The allophones and Schwa sounds in Frankfurt have a particular diversity , the pronunciation of which depends on the position in the word or on the following consonant. Particularly noticeable are the E-Schwa at the end of a word ( ə ) as in dangling ( baʊmələ ) and the A-Schwa after short vowels before R, as in Wurst ( vɔɐʃt ). A long A before N is always heavily nasalized , such as in Bein ( bãː ).

In the case of consonants , all clasps and fricatives are pronounced voiceless . The sounds weak F ( ṿ ), weak G ( ɣ ) and weak SCH ( ʒ ) are characteristic.

research

The Frankfurt school teacher Johann Joseph Oppel (1815–1894) collected materials on the Frankfurt dialect in a total of 88 fascicles of 16 pages each from 1839 onwards . He noted his notes in his own phonetic transcription , which he used to document the exact sound of the Frankfurt vowels as they were spoken around the middle of the 19th century. After the First World War, the linguist Hans Ludwig Rauh (1892-1945) wrote various works, including his dissertation The Phonics of the Frankfurter Mundart (1921), The Basics of the Frankfurter Stadtmundart (1921) and On the Rhythm and Melody of the Frankfurter Dialect (1925 ).

In 1968 the Frankfurt dictionary began to be published on behalf of the Frankfurt Historical Commission and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main , and it was published in 14 deliveries from 1971 to 1985. In 1988 a complete edition in 6 volumes followed. It complements the large scenic dialect dictionaries of the adjacent regions, at the University of Giessen published Südhessische dictionary and at the University of Marburg in-process Hesse-Nassau dictionary . Several more recent works were mainly done in the research institute Deutscher Sprachatlas at the Philipps University of Marburg.

A Frankfurt pronunciation dictionary based on the records of Oppels, Rauhs and others has been published as an online database since 2017 .

literature

About the Frankfurt dialect

  • Carsten Keil: The vocal hunter. A phonetic algorithmic method for studying vowels . Applied as an example to historical sound documents of the Frankfurt city dialect (=  German dialect geography . Volume 122 ). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2017, ISBN 978-3-487-15588-3 (Dissertation (2016) at the Department of German and Art Studies (FB09), German Language Atlas, Philipps University of Marburg).
  • Rosemarie Schanze: Language and Society in Frankfurt am Main . Studies on the Frankfurt dictionary (= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde e.V. [Hrsg.]: Studies on the Frankfurter Geschichte . Volume 21 ). Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-7829-0340-4 .
  • Hans Ludwig Rauh: The Frankfurt dialect presented in its main features . Moritz Diesterweg, Frankfurt am Main 1921 (printed in Frankfurt dictionary, volume I, introduction).

Frankfurt dictionary

Volume I: Introduction, A – Eva
Volume II: Gospel – up
Volume II: look up - lithographer
Volume IV: Litze – qui vive
Volume V: pounding - straw head
Volume VI: Straw Man Cylinder
Register tape

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ From my life. Poetry and Truth , Part Two, Book 6 Text based on the Hamburg edition, Vol. 9, pp. 249–250 at zeno.org
  2. ↑ a b Friedrich Stoltze: Selected poems and stories in Frankfurt dialect . Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1914, p. 157-168 ( digitized  - Internet Archive ).
  3. ↑ Rainer Alsheimer, Introduction to the Frankfurt Dictionary, Volume 1, page 17
  4. ^ Rosemarie Schanze: Language and Society in Frankfurt am Main . Studies on the Frankfurt dictionary (= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde e.V. [Hrsg.]: Studies on the Frankfurter Geschichte . Volume 21 ). Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-7829-0340-4 , p. 78-79 .
  5. ↑ Frankfurt dictionary
  6. ↑ Frankfurt pronunciation dictionary, A – E
  7. ^ Rosemarie Schanze: Language and Society in Frankfurt am Main . Studies on the Frankfurt dictionary (= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde e.V. [Hrsg.]: Studies on the Frankfurter Geschichte . Volume 21 ). Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-7829-0340-4 , p. 81-82 .
  8. ↑ Frankfurt dictionary
  9. ^ Rosemarie Schanze: Language and Society in Frankfurt am Main . Studies on the Frankfurt dictionary (= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde e.V. [Hrsg.]: Studies on the Frankfurter Geschichte . Volume 21 ). Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-7829-0340-4 , p. 83-84 .
  10. ↑ Carsten Keil: Frankfurt pronunciation dictionary. In: frankfurterisch.org. 2018, accessed August 20, 2018 .