Georg Arnold Jacobi

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Georg Arnold Jacobi, around 1784

Johann Georg Arnold Jacobi , nickname George (* March 21,  1768 in Düsseldorf ; † March 20, 1845 ibid), was a German lawyer , administrative officer , author and landowner . His work was of particular importance for the urban development and planning of Düsseldorf at the beginning of the 19th century.

Life

Jacobi's garden at Pempelfort , 1776

Jacobi was the third of eight children of the Düsseldorf businessman and philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi from his second marriage to Helene Elisabeth "Betty" von Clermont (1743–1784). The family had lived in Düsseldorf since 1736, after Jacobi's grandfather, the merchant Johann Konrad Jacobi , settled there and started a sugar factory in 1766 . Jacobi spent his childhood in his parents' house in Düsseldorf- Pempelfort , a stately estate with extensive baroque gardens in front of the city gates, not far from the old court garden , acquired by his grandfather in 1747 .

Through the parents interested in education and their social circles, to which the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe belonged, Jacobi enjoyed an education in the spirit of the Enlightenment . He was considered a difficult child to raise. Together with his older brother Johann Friedrich , he lived for a long time in the house of the poet Matthias Claudius , a friend of his father's, in Darmstadt and Wandsbek . Between 1780 and 1784 he lived with Princess Amalie von Gallitzin , a close friend of his parents and his aunts, in Münster . The princess herself, who was inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's ideal of education , taught him, her son Demetrius and her daughter Marianne (later wife of Jacobi's house friend Franz Wilhelm zu Salm-Reifferscheidt ) in Latin, Greek, English, French, German, history, Geography and math. He also attended the Paulinum grammar school . In 1785 he began to study law . To this end, he enrolled at the Georg August University in Göttingen , where Wilhelm von Humboldt was his fellow student from 1788 , and at the Ruprecht Karls University in Heidelberg . In 1791 and 1792 he traveled to Switzerland and Italy as the companion of Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg and Georg Heinrich Ludwig Nicolovius . He published reports about this in the years 1796 to 1797.

At the instigation of his father, whom Goethe reluctantly followed, Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar awarded Jacobi the title of ducal Saxon-Weimar government councilor in 1793 . From 1793 to 1794 he worked as a bailiff of the imperial county Wickrath and represented their interests as a deputy at the district council in Cologne . On May 1, 1794, in Vaals near Aachen , he married Caroline von Clermont (1772–1795), his cousin and sister of the wife of his brother Johann Friedrich, who died after a year of marriage. From this marriage, which the couple spent in Wickrath and Aachen, a son emerged. His second marriage was on July 29, 1796 in Düsseldorf, Luise Brinckmann (1776-1845), the daughter of the court councilor and personal physician Johann Peter Brinckmann , who until 1819 bore twelve children. In 1799 Jacobi took over the estate in Pempelfort from his father. This was made possible by his in-laws, who bought the property from Jacobi's father. Jacobi's father had fled from the approaching French military in 1794 and settled permanently in Eutin in 1797/1798.

From 1797 Jacobi worked in Aachen for the northern general management of the areas on the left bank of the Rhine , from which the Département de la Roer emerged in 1798 . His brother Johann Friedrich held higher positions in these authorities. In 1798 he became a member of the central administration of the Meuse-Inférieure department in Maastricht . In 1802 Jacobi entered the service of the Palatinate as a councilor for the regional management and took over the management of the “Commission for the management of building affairs” in Düsseldorf, which was convened by Elector Maximilian Joseph on January 28, 1802. He also took care of commercial matters and recruiting teachers for the Düsseldorf Lyceum . In 1804 he was promoted to a member of the Secret Council of the Duchy of Berg . In the same year he, a free trade advocate , began to represent his country in the negotiations on the Rheinoctroi . In 1805 he became a commissioner of the "State Agency", the forerunner of a chamber of commerce . When the Grand Duchy of Berg was established in 1806 , he became a State Councilor in its government. Under Joachim Murat , Jean Antoine Michel Agar and Jacques Claude Beugnot , he took over responsibility for road and hydraulic engineering in the Grand Duchy. The building commission headed by Jacobi during these times had the task of planning the redesign of the fortifications demolished in the First Coalition War as well as the urban expansion and beautification of Düsseldorf.

Düsseldorf with its surroundings after looped fortifications , plan drawing for the redesign of Düsseldorf from 1809

To over-plan Düsseldorf, Jacobi had the architect Adolph von Vagedes , who had come from Münster in 1806, and the landscape gardener Maximilian Friedrich Weyhe , whom he had already brought to Düsseldorf as court gardener in 1804, develop plans that would enhance the face of the city through classicist buildings, street and squares as well as by gardens in the style of the English landscape garden . The most important project was the restoration and expansion of the old court garden into a public garden as well as the creation of a ring of green spaces and esplanades , which were to extend to the Rhine in the north and south of the city. Central project components were bodies of water such as the security harbor , the ponds at the Landskrone , the Stadtgraben , the Cameralweiher and the Spee'sche Graben , horticultural modeled embankments such as the Napoleonsberg and the Ananasberg as well as new streets such as the Boulevard Napoleon and the Kaiserstraße . Scenic buildings, such as the Ratinger Tor and the Golden Bridge, were embedded in the planning .

Napoleon's entry into Düsseldorf on November 2, 1811 , lithograph by Johann Petersen, 1811

Jacobi's concepts were supported by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte , who had been regent for the underage emperor's nephew and Bergische Grand Duke Napoléon Louis Bonaparte since 1809 . In order to receive the emperor properly on a planned state visit in November 1811, Jacobi commissioned his architect Vagedes to build a wooden triumphal arch dedicated to "the divine Napoleon, the great emperor and king, the invincible victor and protector of the peoples" . During the visit, the plans of the commission headed by Jacobi were presented to the emperor. When Napoleon returned to Paris on December 17, 1811, in a "beautification decree", he had financial means from property tax income from the Grand Duchy, which were to be used to implement a set of measures to expand the Bergisch capital of Düsseldorf. The measures included the establishment of a university in Düsseldorf Palace , the expansion of the old court garden with a new court garden and the creation of a security port on the Rhine. Jacobi had already emphasized the importance of the river as a trade route in a paper on navigation on the Rhine published in 1803 . Jacobi's ideas for founding a university in Düsseldorf were then presented to the emperor in a detailed report. For this purpose Jacobi stayed in Paris in the summer of 1812.

A number of planning work that had come to a standstill due to the fall of the Grand Duchy in the course of the wars of liberation , Jacobi was able to continue after the French period in the Generalgouvernement of Berg under Justus Gruner and in the royal Prussian government in Düsseldorf under Philipp von Pestel . There he was appointed a secret councilor in 1816 . In 1841 he left the service.

In the year of his retirement from professional life, Jacobi, a supporter of the revival movement and a lover of songs by Klopstock , Cramer , Gellert , Münters and Lavaters , intervened in a hymnological  dispute over the Bergische Gesangbuch from 1808, whose reform needs the Evangelical Lutheran pastor and Hymn poet Ewald Rudolf Stier had presented in a harsh "accusation" and defended the old version of the hymn book in a text published in 1841.

Jacobi died at the age of almost 77 on his Pempelfort estate. His grave can be found in the north cemetery in Düsseldorf .

progeny

From his first marriage to Caroline von Clermont, Jacobi had a son:

  • Gustav Friedrich Arnold Jacobi (1795–1861), main tax office assistant, ⚭ Anna Carolina Thesmar (1801–1840), daughter of the mayor Adam Joseph Thesmar in Sobernheim

The second marriage to Luise Brinckmann resulted in six sons and six daughters:

  • Albert Jacobi (1799, died after a few weeks)
  • Anna Friederike Luise Julie Auguste Jacobi (1800–1802)
  • Amalie Franziska Jacobi (1802–1872), ⚭ Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Focke (1799–1863), royal Prussian mountain master in Essen
  • Georg Albano von Jacobi (1805–1874), Prussian infantry general, military writer and botanist, ⚭ Ernestine Karoline Elisabeth von Bohlen (1820–1899), among other things mother of the later general Albano von Jacobi
  • Emma Luise Auguste Jacobi (1806-1820)
  • Karl Benno Eduard Jacobi (1807–1844), circumnavigator, captain of the Prussian merchant navy, drowned in the port of Neufahrwasser near Danzig
  • Victor Friedrich Leopold Jacobi (1809–1892), Associate Professor of Agriculture in Leipzig, ⚭ Flora Auguste Friederike Heiner, daughter of the Protestant pastor Friedrich Philipp Albert Heiner
  • Helene Clotilde Jacobi (1811–1826)
  • Antonie Marie Natalie Jacobi (1812–1837)
  • Maria Eleonora Johanna "Laura" Jacobi (1814–1883), ⚭ Carl Konrad Friedrich Hengstenberg (1806–1892), pastor and superintendent in Wetter an der Ruhr, son of the Reformed pastor Johann Heinrich Karl Hengstenberg , brother of the Protestant Old Testament writer Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg
  • Hermann Sieghard Rudolph Jacobi (1816–1870), doctor in Elberfeld, ⚭ Magdalene Mathilde Sackreuter (1818–1883), daughter of the Lutheran pastor Karl Ludwig Sackreuter in Naunheim am Main
  • Romuald Heinrich Bruno Jacobi (1819–1849), royal Prussian district court accessist, emigrant, died as an innkeeper in St. Louis, United States, ⚭ Karoline Schochenmeier from Heilbronn

Fonts

Publications

  • Letters from Switzerland and Italy . Lübeck and Leipzig, 1796–1797, Volume 1 (1796) , Volume 2 (1797) .
  • A few words about shipping on the Rhine . Düsseldorf 1803 ( digitized , Google Books ).
  • Original constitution of the general poor relief established in Düsseldorf in 1800 . Düsseldorf 1815 ( digitized ).
  • Brief concerns of a Layen about the open accusation of the newer Bergisches Hymnal from Pastor Stier, to Wichlinghausen in Barmen . Düsseldorf 1841 ( digitized version ).

Written estate

  • Self-written life news . Original manuscripts up to 1810.
  • "In general and memorable in historical terms". Georg Arnold Jacobi's testimonials . Edition of autobiographical original manuscripts from the Jacobi estate at the Heinrich Heine Institute , Düsseldorf 1842, supplemented by Victor Jacobi in 1890, edited and re-edited by Cornelia Ilbrig, published by Droste, Düsseldorf 2010 ( website (Literatur-Archiv-NRW) ).

literature

  • Friedrich Jacobi: Genealogical directory of the Jacobi family . Oldenbourg, Berlin 1896, p. 5 ( digitized version ).
  • Bernhard Koerner (Hrsg.): Genealogical handbook of bourgeois families. A German gender book . Starke, Volume 12, Görlitz 1906, p. 175 ( digitized version )
  • Meent W. Francksen: State Council and Legislation in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806–1813) . Legal history series, Volume 23, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1982, ISBN 3-8204-7124-3 , p. 240 ff.
  • Jörg Engelbrecht : Management shifts in the late phase of the Duchy and the beginnings of the Grand Duchy of Berg . In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch , 64 (1993), p. 70 f.

Web links

Commons : Georg Arnold Jacobi  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jochen Grywatsch (Ed.): "... hell suffer forever in this heaven". Anton Mathias Sprickmann - Heinrich Christian Boie. Correspondence 1775–1782 . Publications of the literature commission for Westphalia, Aisthesis, Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-8952-8691-9 , p. 264, footnote 123
  2. ↑ Carmen Götz: Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi in the context of the Enlightenment. Discourses between philosophy, medicine and literature . Studies on the 18th Century, Volume 30, Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7873-1878-0 , p. 231 ( Google Books )
  3. ↑ The garden as a meeting point . In: Wieland Koenig (Ed.): Düsseldorfer Gartenlust . Exhibition catalog, Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 1987, p. 38
  4. ^ Ottomar Moeller: The building history of Düsseldorf . In: Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein (Hrsg.): History of the city of Düsseldorf in twelve treatises. Commemorative publication for the 600th anniversary . Verlag von C. Kraus, Düsseldorf 1888, p. 381 ( digitized version )
  5. ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt : Brief history of the city of Düsseldorf . Triltsch Verlag, Düsseldorf 1983, p. 89
  6. ^ Heinrich Willemsen: A report by Georg Arnold Jacobi on the University of Düsseldorf . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorf History Association . Volume 25 (1912), pp. 79-98
  7. ^ Carl Heinrich Engelbert von Oven: The Protestant hymn books in Berg, Jülich, Cleve and Grafschaft Mark since the Reformation up to our time . Schreiner, Düsseldorf 1843, p. 58 ( Google Books )
personal data
SURNAME Jacobi, Georg Arnold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jacobi, Johann Georg Arnold (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer, administrative officer, author and landowner
DATE OF BIRTH March 21, 1768
PLACE OF BIRTH Dusseldorf
DATE OF DEATH March 20, 1845
Place of death Dusseldorf