Geresch (Trope)
| Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| character | ֜
|
| Unicode | U + 059C |
| Geresch (Ashk. And Ital.) | גֵּ֜רֵשׁ
|
| Asla (Ashk. And Ital.) | אַזְלָ֜א
|
| Asla-Geresch (Ashkenazi) | אַזְלָא-גֶּרֶ֜שׁ
|
| Gerish (Sephardic) | גְּרִ֜ישׁ
|
| Ote (som.) | אָתֵּי
|
Geresch ֜ ( Hebrew גֵּ֜רֵשׁ or גֶּרֶשׁ) is a trope (from Yiddish טראָפּtrop) in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .
Designations
| Geresch | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||
| Biblical stress marks | |||||||
| Sof pasuq | ֽ ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
| Etnachta | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
| Schalschelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
| Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tipcha | ֖ | ||||
| Rewia | ֗ | Zinnorite | ֘ | ||||
| Pashta | ֙ | Jetiw | ֚ | ||||
| Tewir | ֛ | Geresch | ֜ | ||||
| Geresch muqdam | ֝ | Gerzhayim | ֞ | ||||
| Qarne para | ֟ | Telisha gedola | ֠ | ||||
| Pazer | ֡ | Atnach hafuch | ֢ | ||||
| Munach | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
| Mercha | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
| Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
| Telisha qetanna | ֩ | Jerach ben jomo | ֪ | ||||
| Ole we-Jored | ֫ ֥ | Illuj | ֬ | ||||
| Dechi | ֭ | Zarqa | ֮ | ||||
| Rewia gadol | ֗ | Rewia mugrasch | ֜ ֗ | ||||
| Rewia qaton | ֗ | Mahpach legarmeh | ֤ ׀ | ||||
| Azla legarmeh | ֨ ׀ | Kadma we-asla | ֨ ֜ | ||||
| Maqqef | - | Meteg | ֽ | ||||
In the Ashkenazi tradition, the accent is Gereschגֵּ֜רֵשׁ, Asla אַזְלָ֜אor Asla-Geresch אַזְלָא־גֶּרֶ֜שׁ called. In the Sephardic tradition it is called Gerischגְּרִ֜ישׁ. In the Italian tradition, it becomes gereschגֵּ֜רֵשׁ or Asla אַזְלָ֜אcalled. In the Yemeni tradition, it is also called Tares ( Jewish-Palestinian-Aramaic טָרֵ֜ס) or Ṭères טֶרֶס or Oteאָתֵּי called.
description
| Gerzhayim | Geresch | Geresch muqdam |
|---|---|---|
| ֞ | ֜ | ֝ |
Geresch subdivides a Rewia segment. The symbol of Geresch looks like a mirror image of the Kadma. Geresch stands above the first letter of the stressed syllable. A double geresch is called Gereshayim and has its own melody. Gereshayim appears instead of Geresh when the tone rests on the last syllable and there is no kadma ve-asla . There is also Geresch muqdam גֵרֵש מֻקְדםas another variant of Geresch. Geresch muqdam always comes before the stressed letter, while Geresch always comes above the letter.
Possible combinations
Geresch and Kadma
| Geresch | Kadma |
|---|---|
| ֜ | ֨ |
If, in addition, another preceding word refers to the word with the stress sign Geresch, then the predecessor is given the conjunctive stress sign Kadma. This creates the frequently occurring pair Kadma we-asla .
Geresch and Munach
| Geresch | Munach |
|---|---|
| ֜ | ֣ |
If the predecessor of Geresch is stressed with the conjunctive stress mark on the first syllable, then the stress mark Munach is used instead of the kadma . The couple Munach and Geresch are found eight times in the Torah.
Jacobson illustrates this with the example of Ex 35.22 BHS חָ֣ח וָנֶ֜זֶם and Gen 43.7 BHS לָ֣נוּ וּלְמֹֽולַדְתֵּ֜נוּ.
Geresch, Kadma and Telisha qetanna
| Geresch | Kadma | Telisha qetanna |
|---|---|---|
| ֜ | ֨ | ֩ |
If there is another word in the group, the combination of Geresch and Kadma gets the predecessor Telisha qetanna .
Jacobson illustrates this using the examples Ex 38.1 BHS חָמֵשׁ֩ אַמֹּ֨ות אָרְכֹּ֜ו, Num 20.6 BHS וַיָּבֹא֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה וְאַהֲרֹ֜ן, Lev 11.42 BHS כֹּל֩ הֹולֵ֨ךְ עַל-גָּחֹ֜ון, Deut 28.69 BHS אֵלֶּה֩ דִבְרֵ֨י הַבְּרִ֜ית, Gen 19.30 BHS וַיַּעַל֩ לֹ֨וט מִצֹּ֜ועַר.
Geresch, Kadma, Telisha qetanna and Munach
| Geresch | Kadma | Telisha qetanna | Munach |
|---|---|---|---|
| ֜ | ֨ | ֩ | ֣ |
If another word is added to the combination Geresch and Kadma and Telisha qetanna, Munach emerges as a further predecessor.
Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Gen 50.13 BHS אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת־הַשָּׂדֶ֜ה, Gen 12.5 BHS וַיִּקַּ֣ח אַבְרָם֩ אֶת־שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתֹּ֜ו, Ex 15.19 BHS כִּ֣י בָא֩ ס֨וּס פַּרְעֹ֜ה, Ex 27.18 BHS אֹ֣רֶךְ הֶֽחָצֵר֩ מֵאָ֨ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה Gen 38.11 BHS וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָה֩ לְתָמָ֨ר כַּלָּתֹ֜ו.
Occurrence
The table shows the occurrence of Geresch in the 21 books.
| Part of the Tanakh | Geresch |
|---|---|
| Torah | 1112 |
| Front prophets | 1310 |
| Rear prophets | 957 |
| Ketuvim | 780 |
| total | 4159 |
literature
- Marcus Jastrow: Dictionary of Targumim, Talmud and Midrashic Literature. Pardes, New York 1950 OCLC 325110
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
- Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction. 1900 ( archive.org ).
- Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
- Solomon Rosowsky: The Cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957.
- James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston (New York) 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
- Arnold Rosenberg: Jewish Liturgy As A Spiritual System: A Prayer-by-Prayer. Explanation Of The Nature And Meaning Of Jewish . Jason Aronson, Northvale 1997, OCLC 35919245 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . The art of cantillation. 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . Student Edition. The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk ).
Web links
- Azla Geresh on Youtube.com
Individual evidence
- ↑ אַזְלָא -גרשׁ on YouTube.com
- ↑ Listen to Azla-Geresh and Yetiv here. on mwjdstefillah.wordpress.com
- ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 3: Trop. «In Yiddish, the lingua franca of the Jews in Northern Europe […], these accents came to at known as trop . The derivation of this word seems to be from the Greek tropos or Latin tropus ».
- ↑ Solomon Rosowsky: The cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957 .: "Cantillation proceeds according to the special graphic signs - tropes or accents - attached to every word in the Bible." In conjunction with a footnote to tropes : "In this work we use the term trope ( Greek tropos - turn) long accepted in Jewish practice. "
- ↑ Jastrow, p. 553: טרס
- ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 67.
- ^ Wilhelm Gesenius : Hebrew grammar . 28th ed. P. 63. ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapters Two Words in the (Single) Geresh Segment and Three Words in the (Single) Geresh Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 68 f.
- ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 68 f.
- ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 69.
- ↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.