Alpen-Soldanelle
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Alpine soldanelle ( Soldanella alpina ) |
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The soldanella alpina ( Soldanella alpina ) is a plant from the genus of Alpenglöckchen ( Soldanella ) within the family of the Primrose (Primulaceae). Other common names are also Alpine Tassel Flower and Ordinary or Large Alpine Bell (Switzerland). She was voted flower of the year 2004 .
description
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Vegetative characteristics
The alpine soldanelle is an evergreen, perennial, herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 5 to 15 centimeters. There is a short, bulbous, thickened rhizome .
The basal leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple, thick and leathery leaf blade is round to kidney-shaped with a diameter of up to 3 centimeters.
The leaf and flower stalks are covered with sessile glands when young and later bald.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from April to June, depending on the location. Two or often three flowers stand together in upright, leafless inflorescences .
The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The purple corolla is 10 to 15 millimeters long, funnel-shaped and - unlike the dwarf soldanelle - incised up to the middle with fibers. The fringes of the coronet are more or less the same length. The pharynx scales are wider than they are long and the awn of the anthers tip is (mostly) two-toothed.
Upright capsule fruits are formed.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40.
ecology
The alpine soldanelle is a hemicryptophyte and a rosette plant.
In terms of flower biology, it is homogeneous to pre-female "bluebells with scattering device". Short gullet scales partially hide the nectar released from the base of the ovary . When visiting flowers , the pollen falls on the visitor's back due to the bent tips of the connective of the anthers . Since the stigma protrudes above the corolla and the scattering cone, it is first touched by the approaching insects. The pollination is done by bees , butterflies and other insects . Self-pollination is possible.
The capsule fruits open when dry, so they are xerochas. The inflorescence stem is elongated at the fruiting time; the permanent cup serves as a vestibule, so it is a wind spreader. The seeds , which weigh only 0.24 mg and are 0.8 mm long, are granular fliers. The fruit ripens from July.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the Alpen-Soldanelle is in the Cantabrian Mountains , the Pyrenees , the Massif Central , the Alps , the Apennines and the Dinaric Alps .
The alpine soldanelle occurs mainly in the Alps; in the Limestone Alps it is common, in the limestone-poor parts of the Central Alps it occurs scattered. Occurrences in the southern Black Forest (for example on the Feldberg ) and in the central and southern Swiss Jura are relics from the glaciation periods of the Pleistocene .
The Alpen-Soldanelle thrives best on calcareous soils from the valley to an altitude of 3000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises from 850 meters at the foot of the Kienberg in Pfronten to an altitude of 2300 meters.
The alpine soldanelle inhabits small snow valleys , outlet points for pressure water from slopes and boggy areas in alpine lawns , it seldom colonizes wet areas in tall herbaceous meadows or soaked, light areas in mountain forests. It needs calcareous or at least base-rich, damp and wet, humus-rich, stony, mostly snow-covered soil. It usually forms stocks with a large number of individuals at its locations. It thrives in the Alps of Central Europe in societies of the associations Adenostylion, Polygono-Trisetion or the order Arabidetalia caeruleae, in the Black Forest in Caricetum frigidae from the association Caricion davallianae.
Systematics
The first publication of Soldanella alpina was carried out in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum . It is a type of the genus Soldanella L. Synonyms for Soldanella alpina L. are: Soldanella occidentalis Vierh. , Soldanella pyrolifolia Schott, Nyman & Kotschy .
There are two subspecies:
- Soldanella alpina L. subsp. alpina (Syn .: Soldanella clusii F.W.Schmidt , Soldanella montana Willd. var. clusii (FWSchmidt) Thomé ): The distribution area largely corresponds to that of the species.
- Soldanella alpina subsp. cantabrica A.Kress : It replaces the nominative clan in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain.
literature
- Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 , p. 182 .
- Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 681-683 .
- S. Pawlowska: Soldanella. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 23–24 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 741 .
- ↑ a b c d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 739-740 .
- ↑ a b Li-Bing Zhang, Joachim W. Kadereit: The systematics of Soldanella L. (Primulaceae) based on morphological and molecular (ITS, AFLPs) evidence. In Nordic Journal Botany. Volume 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 129-169, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2002.tb01360.x ( PDF file at ResearchGate).
- ↑ a b c d Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 450 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 321.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 144 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ a b Karol Marhold, 2011: Primulaceae. : Datasheet In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
Web links
- Soldanella alpina L., common alpine bell. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Soldanella alpina subsp. alpina L., common alpine bell (subspecies). In: FloraWeb.de.
- Alpen-Soldanelle . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Soldanella alpina L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Thomas Meyer: Alpenglöckchen data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Walter Obermayer: Detailed photos of Soldanella alpina at Plants of Styria at the University of Graz.
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