Grigori Alexejewitsch Martjuschin

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Grigory Alexeyevich Martjuschin ( Russian Григорий Алексеевич Мартюшин * January 23 . Jul / 4. February  1884 greg. In the village of Maly Tolkisch, Ujesd Tschistopol ; † 20th June 1938 in Kommunarka ) was a Russian economist and co-operators .

Life

Martyushin came from a farming family. He attended the two-class village school and then continued to study independently in order to pass the teacher examination for the elementary school. He passed the exam and was then a teacher in his home village for 5 years. In 1900 he became a member of the Social Revolutionary Party (SR) , in which he soon took on leadership roles and worked as an agitator among the peasants. He was a member of the All-Russian Union of Teachers.

In 1905 Martyushin passed the final examination at the 2nd Kazan grammar school and then began studying at the medical faculty of the Kazan Imperial University . He was under police supervision and went underground in November 1905 to continue his agitation with the Mari .

At the end of 1906 Martyushin was arrested and exiled to the Vologda governorate for three years . He lived in Ust-Kulom , which he secretly left in the summer of 1907 to work politically in the Volga region. There he was arrested again and taken back to Vologda Governorate. In 1910 he began studying at the Law Faculty of the University of St. Petersburg . In February 1911 he was arrested again and exiled to the Ufa governorate for two years . When he was able to exchange this exile for an exile abroad in 1911, he traveled to Germany and studied at the University of Heidelberg in the economics department. There he studied in particular the cooperative movement in Germany and Austria-Hungary .

In 1913 Martjuschin returned to Russia and worked at the Moskowski Narodny Bank (MNB, Moscow People's Bank). In December 1913 he reported in Moscow at the meeting of the training commission of the committee for savings credit and trade cooperatives on the auditing system in the German and Austro-Hungarian agricultural cooperatives . In September 1915 he founded the Central Cooperative of Linen Producers (ZTL) in Moscow as the All-Russian Cooperative Union, of which he remained a member of the board until 1917. Vladimir Agafonowitsch Kiltschewski was the chairman of the supervisory board , Semyon Leontjewitsch Maslow his deputy, and Alexander Wassiljewitsch Tschajanow was the chairman of the board .

After the beginning of the February Revolution of 1917 elected in March 1917, the All-Russian Cooperative Congress, in the Municipal Moscow Schanjawski - People's University was held, the first Russian Genossenschaftsrat the All-Russian Cooperative Congresses (SWKS) with 32 members, including Alexander Moissejewitsch Berkenheim of the Moscow Union of consumers societies and Martjuschin of the ZTL. At the meeting of the representatives of the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies from 27 governorates in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd , based on the resolutions of the cooperative congress , it was discussed whether the peasantry should join soviets, as demanded by Ilya Issidorowitsch Fondaminski , Naum Jakowlewitsch Bychowski and Martjuschin, or in one Union, as requested by Wenedikt Alexandrovich Mjakotin and Nikolai Wassiljewitsch Tchaikovsky , should organize. Regional soviets were decided upon, Semyon Leontjewitsch Maslow was elected head of the All-Russian Soviet of Peasants' Deputies, and Martyushin was one of 20 deputies in his office.

In May 1917, took place at the People's House next to the Peter and Paul Fortress the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies (WSKD) held in the Executive Committee (CC) next Martjuschin (Vice Chairman), Maslow, Bykovsky, Mjakotin and Tchaikovsky and Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov , Ekaterina Konstantinovna Breshko-Breshkovskaya , Aleksandr Kerensky , Nikolai Dmitrievich Avksentiev (Chairman), II Bunakov (Vice Chairman), vera figner , Nikolai Kondratiev , Mark Weniaminowitsch Vishnyak , Abram Rafailowitsch Goz and Pitirim Sorokin were (constant 169 Members and 84 temporary). Martyushin became the head of the organization and propaganda department. In June 1917, the Central Committee of the WSKD passed a resolution to unite the Central Committee of the WSKD with the Central Committee of the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. At a meeting of the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies of the Kazan Governorate in August 1917, Martyushin called for resistance against the Bolsheviks and support for the Provisional Government , while the representatives of the left wing of the SR, Boris Dawidowitsch Kamkow and Andrei Lukitsch Kolegayev, rejected the Provisional Government and criticized Martyushin . In September 1917, Martyushin, as a representative of a group from the center of the SR, called for an end to the split into a left and a right wing of the SR. At the beginning of October 1917, together with WN Selheim and Wladimir Agafonowitsch Kiltschewski, he rejected their own lists of cooperatives for election to the Russian Constituent Assembly . As a mandatory candidate of the SR, Martyushin attended the only session of the Russian Constituent Assembly after the election.

After the October Revolution , Martyushin spoke to a group of members of the SR from the dissolved Russian Constituent Assembly in favor of dissolving the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks and reconstituting the Russian Constituent Assembly, and for continuing the war against Germany with the help of Entente troops . There is evidence that Martyushin was involved in the Yaroslavl uprising from July 6 to 21, 1918 in the beginning of the Russian Civil War .

WUSO 10,000 ruble short-term bond signed by Tchaikovsky and Martyushin

After the anti-Bolshevik overthrow in Arkhangelsk on August 2, 1918 by the white captain Georgi Yermolajewitsch Chaplin and the occupation of the city by landed British forces under Frederick Cuthbert Poole , Martyushin became head of the finance department of the Supreme Administration of the Northern Oblast (WUSO), to which the Archangelsk governorates , Vologda , Olonez , Vyatka and Novgorod governorates should include. Nikolai Wassiljewitsch Tschaikowski was elected WUSO chairman. The WUSO government included Sergei Semjonowitsch Maslow , Michail Alexandrowitsch Lichatsch , Jakow Timofejewitsch Dedussenko , Alexander Issajewitsch Gukowski , Alexei Alexejewitsch Ivanov , Pyotr Yulievich Subow and Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Starzew . By issuing six-month 5% short-term bonds for 100 to 10,000 rubles , WUSO provided the necessary funds. Martyushin negotiated with Entente representatives about food deliveries on credit. Until the beginning of August 1918, the cooperatives had concentrated their flax deliveries in Arkhangelsk, which were now sold to the Entente powers and the USA against bills of exchange . After Kapitan Chaplin performed on the night of September 6, 1918 officer coup the WUSO Guide Tchaikovsky, Maslow, Lichatsch, Gukowski and Zubov were arrested and the Solovetsky monastery housed while Martjuschin came in Tschaplins headquarters. On the same day, the Entente ambassadors, led by US Ambassador David Rowland Francis, condemned the coup and ousted Chaplin. On September 12, 1918, the WUSO announced its dissolution with the transfer of its powers to the members of the Russian Constituent Assembly in Samara . Finally, the members of the WUSO resigned on September 17, 1918 and formed the Provisional Government of the North Oblast (WPSO) on October 9, 1918 under the leadership of Tchaikovsky, which Martyushin did not join.

On November 2, 1918 Martjuschin traveled on behalf of Tchaikovsky and some private banks in the US starting to get into New York and Washington make the necessary contacts with government authorities and business organizations for the organization of exports and aid and relations with the Russian Ambassador Boris Alexandrovich Bakhmeteff to care for. On December 28, 1918, Martyushin was introduced to entrepreneurs Bernard Baruch and Cyrus McCormick Jr. , as the financial agent at the Russian Embassy in Washington Sergei Antonievich Uget announced in a letter to Vasily Alexejewitsch Maklakov in Paris . A resolution to withdraw US troops from Hiram Johnson's northern Russia was rejected in the US Senate in February 1919 with the decisive vote of US Vice President Thomas Riley Marshall . In March 1919 , in the commission of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary , chaired by Lee Slater Overman , Martyushin reported on the destruction of the Russian cooperative system by the Bolsheviks and their crimes. He signed an appeal to the American people to recognize the Kolchak government in Omsk , which was done a few days later by the US government, the Entente powers and Japan, and earlier by the WPSO in May 1919. The consignment of goods worth 1 million US dollars bought by Martyushin as a representative of the Arkhangelsk Cooperative Union was shipped to Arkhangelsk in early June 1919. In January 1920 Martyushin was expelled from the SR party because of this appeal. When the WPSO ceased to exist in February 1920, Martyushin returned to Europe .

At the meeting of the Paris, London and Prague SR representatives in July 1920 in Paris, whose participants Nikolai Dmitrievich Avksentiev, Mark Weniaminowitsch Vishnyak, Alexander Isayevich Gukowski, Vladimir Zenzinov , Aleksandr Kerensky, Martjuschin, Ossip Solomonovich Minor , Yevgeny Franzevich Rogowski , Vadim Viktorovich Rudnew and Ilja Issidorowitsch Fondaminski, the non-partisan association was formed, the goal of which was a republican-democratic Russia and which finally dissolved in April 1922.

In 1922, Matyushin became one of the three directors of the London-based Moscow Narodny Bank Limited (MNBL), founded in 1919 . On December 4, 1922, the All-Russian Cooperative Bank of the USSR was founded , which designated itself as the successor to the Moskovsky Narodny Bank (MNB). At the end of 1922, Martjuschin and Sergei Nikolajewitsch Prokopowitsch founded a publishing house for cooperative literature in Berlin , which existed until 1928.

When, in April 1928, the British Home Office accused the Soviet banks MNB and Bank for Russian Trade (BRT) of distributing funds for revolutionary propaganda in Great Britain , the bank executives stated in letters to British Home Secretary William Joynson-Hicks that these allegations were false and they only did normal banking. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union formed a commission with Stanislaw Wikentjewitsch Kossior , Ossip Aronowitsch Pyatnitsky , Georgi Vasiljewitsch Tschitscherin and Arkady Pavlovich Rosenholz to clarify this matter, which was linked to the MNBL in London (with Martyuschin on the board). On June 11, 1928, William Joynson-Hicks presented new allegations against the Soviet banks in his regular report to the House of Commons . After the Politburo had decided in May 1928 that board members in state institutions and thus also in the MNBL had to be party members, Martyushin returned to the USSR in 1929.

In 1938 Martyushin was the deputy chief of the finance department of the main committee for the glass and porcelain industry of the People's Commissariat for Light Industry of the USSR. On January 18, 1938, the NKVD of the USSR issued a guideline for the liquidation of the SR underground. On February 21, 1938 Martyushin was arrested in the execution of the liquidation. Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov reported to Stalin on the progress of the liquidation. On June 20, 1938, Martyushin was sentenced to death by shooting by the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR for involvement in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization with immediate execution in Kommunarka, where he was buried. On March 24, 1997, Martyushin was rehabilitated by the Senior Military Procuratorate of the Russian Federation .

Martyushin was married and had a son and a grandson.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Chronos: Мартюшин Григорий Алексеевич (accessed October 19, 2019).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Юрий Дойков: ГРИГОРИЙ МАРТЮШИН В СЕТЯХ ГПУ (accessed October 19, 2019).
  3. ↑ a b Мартиролог жертв политических репрессий, расстрелянных и захороненных в Москве иблв18 облв18 облв18 облвскост19. (accessed on October 19, 2019).
  4. ↑ a b c d Открытый список: Мартюшин Григорий Алексеевич (1884) (accessed October 19, 2019).
  5. ↑ Мартюшин Григорий Алексеевич . In: Казанский университет (1804–2004): Биобиблиографический словарь . tape 2 : 1905-2004 (А-М). Kazan 2004, p. 725 .
  6. ↑ Collective of authors: Человек в революции: Казанскаягуберния 1905–1907 . Институт историиим. Ш. Марджани АН РТ, Kazan 2016, ISBN 978-5-94981-221-1 ( xn - 80aimpg.xn [PDF; accessed October 19, 2019]).
  7. ↑ В. М. Лавров: Крестьянский парламент » России. (Всероссийские съезды советов крестьянских депутатов в 1917–1918 годах) . Археографический центр, Moscow 1996, p. 18, 20 .
  8. ↑ Н. Я. Быховский: Всероссийский Совет крестьянских депутатов 1917 г. Аграрные проблемы, Moscow 1929, p. 124 .
  9. ↑ Протоколы заседаний ЦК Партии социалистов-революционеров (июнь 1917 – март 1918 г.) с комментариями В. М. Чернова . In: Вопросы истории . No. 7-10 , 2000.
  10. ↑ Политические партии России: история и современность . Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН), Moscow, p. 343 .
  11. ↑ Стенограмма протокола слушаний в сенате США о событиях русской революции (accessed October 20, 2019).
  12. ↑ В.И. Голдин: Интервенция и антибольшевистское движение на русском севере 1918–1920 . Издательство Московского Университета, Moscow 1993, p. 70 .
  13. ↑ Е. И. Овсянкин: Архангельские деньги . Правда Севера, Arkhangelsk 2008, p. 66, 67 .
  14. ↑ В. И. Голдин, П. С. Журавлев, Ф. Х. Соколова: Русский Север в историческом пространстве российской гражданской войны . Солти, Arkhangelsk 2005, p. 258 .
  15. ↑ Архангельский "министр финансов" (accessed October 21, 2019).
  16. ↑ GA Martiushin: The Flax Industry of Russia and the Central Association of Flax Growers . American Committee of Russian Co-operative Unions, 1919.
  17. ↑ GA Martushin: Northern Russia . In: American Industries . tape XIX . National Association of Manufacturers (US), 1919.
  18. ↑ НОТА ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА АНТАНТЫ АДМИРАЛУ А.В. КОЛЧАКУ ОБ УСЛОВИЯХ, НА ОСНОВАНИИ КОТОРЫХ СОЮЗНИКИ БУДУТ ОКАЗЫВАТЬ ПОМОЩЬ АНТИБОЛЬШЕВИСТСКИМ СИЛАМ (accessed October 21, 2019).
  19. ^ Bulletin of the American Committee of Russian Cooperative Unions Representing: All-Russian Central Union of Consumers' Societies. “Centrosoyuz” Central Association of Flax Growers. Moscow Narodny Bank Union of Siberian Cooperative Unions, “Zakoopsbyt”. V. 1-2; June 1919-Feb./Mar. 1920.
  20. ↑ International Cooperative Bulletin . tape 15 . London 1922, p. 96 .
  21. ↑ Chronicle of Russian Life in Germany 1918–1941 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1999, p. 597 .
  22. ^ Papers by command . tape 12 : Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons . HMSO, 1928, p. 51-52 .
  23. ↑ Сводка важнейших показаний арестованных управлениями НКВД СССР за 6–7 апреля 1938 г. (accessed on October 21, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Martjuschin, Grigori Alexejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Мартюшин, Григорий Алексеевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian economist and cooperative
DATE OF BIRTH February 4, 1884
PLACE OF BIRTH Maly Tolkisch, Ujesd Tschistopol
DATE OF DEATH June 20, 1938
Place of death Kommunarka