Novgorod Governorate

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Coat of arms of the governorate
Novgorod Governorate (around 1900)

The Novgorod Governorate was a Russian governorate with the administrative seat in the eponymous city of Novgorod . The governorate, founded in 1927, existed with interruption from 1776 to 1796 until August 1, 1927. In the course of its history, it belonged first to the Russian Empire , then to the Provisional Government on September 1, July. / September 14, 1917 greg. proclaimed Russian Republic and subsequently to the Russian SFSR , which was formed after the October Revolution of November 7, 1917 and which in turn became part of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922 .

Geography and demography

In the longest stable phase of its existence (1802–1918), the governorate in northwestern Russia had an area of ​​118,544 km² (data from 1897). During this time it extended (clockwise from the northeast) between the governorates of Vologda , Yaroslavl , Tver , Pskov , Saint Petersburg and Olonets .

With the Waldai heights , the landscape in the south-west of the governorate was hilly, in the north-east it was mostly flat and swampy. The territory of the governorate was drained by numerous rivers that flow partly into the Volga , partly from Lake Ladoga and Lake Ilmen, and via this and its outflow Volkhov, also into Lake Ladoga and further into the Gulf of Finland .

The population of the governorate over the entire duration of its existence is only partially comparable due to the changing extent (see history ):

year Residents Note / source
1766 845,000
1794-95 555,700 (Governorship)
1861 891,000
1897 1,367,022
1926 1,050,604

history

1727 to 1776

The governorate was founded on April 29th . / May 10th 1727 greg. Founded by decree of the Russian Empress Catherine I by outsourcing from the Saint Petersburg governorate, which has existed under this name since 1710 . At first it consisted of five previously (by decree of Peter I of 29 May jul. / June 9, 1719 greg. From July 1, jul. / 12 July 1719 greg. ) Existing provinces with a total of 20 Ujesden :

On October 18th Jul. / 29 October 1727 greg. The Ujesd Olonez was also handed over from the Saint Petersburg Governorate to the Novgorod Province of the Novgorod Governorate, which reached its greatest historical expansion for several decades.

Fundamental reorganizations of the administrative structure, which culminated in the reorganization of the governorates into governorships (namestnitschestwo) from 1775, did not take place again until the reign of Catherine II (from 1762 to 1796). On their decree of October 10th jul. / October 21, 1764 greg. the Ujesde Isborsk, Staraja Ladoga and Tscharonda were initially dissolved.

In 1770 the places Borowitschi , Waldai and Wyschni Wolotschok in the province of Novgorod and Ostashkov in the province of Tver received city rights, in 1772 the respective Ujesde were expelled. On May 28th, Jul. / June 8th 1772 greg. the provinces of Pskow (except Ujesd Gdow, which was given to the province of Novgorod) and Velikije Luki were spun off as the new Pskov governorate .

In 1773, the Novgorod province was formed into the new Ujesde Novaja Ladoga, Porchow and Tichwin . On December 20th, Jul. / December 31, 1773 greg. the Ujesd Olonez was upgraded to a province in which the two new Ujesde Padansk and Wytegra were also expelled.

By decree of November 7th jul. / November 18, 1775 greg. the provinces (also in all other governorates of the empire) were dissolved and the Ujesde were directly subordinate to the governorates. On November 25th July / December 6th 1775 greg. the governorship of Tver was formed from the area of ​​the former Tver province and Ujesds Wyschni Wolotschok . The remaining part of the Novgorod Governorate was finally decreed on August 24th . / 4th September 1776 greg. transformed into the governorship of Novgorod . While ten of the remaining Ujesde (Belozersk, Borovichi, Novaya Ladoga, Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Tikhvin, Ustyuzhna and Valdai and the first 1,776 newly designated were Kirillov and Kresttsy ) within the governorship of the Oblast , four Ujesde (Kargopol, Olonets Padansk summarized Novgorod, and Wytegra) formed the Olonez Oblast, and the Ujesde Gdow and Porchow were given to the Pskov governorate at the same time.

1796 to 1927

Under Emperor Paul I , Katharina's administrative reforms were largely reversed. So was the Novgorod Governorate by decree of December 12th . / 23 December 1796 greg. , only about a month after Katharina's death, re-formed roughly within the old borders. At the same time, on May 22nd, July. / June 2, 1784 greg. formed governorship of Olonez dissolved again. Their southern part, the area of ​​the Ujesde Kargopol, Lodeinoje Pole , Olonez, Petrozavodsk , Pudosch and Wytegra and part of the Ujesds Powenez was July 15 . / July 26th 1799 greg. assigned to the Novgorod governorate. The Ujesde Lodeinoje Pole, Powenez and Pudosch were dissolved, as were the Ujesde Kirillow, Krestzy and Tscherepowez , who previously belonged to the Novgorod governorate (Ujesd Novaja Ladoga, which belonged to the Novgorod governorate before 1776, had already been transferred to the Saint Petersburg governorate in 1781).

By decree of the Emperor Alexander I of September 9th jul. / September 21, 1801 greg. a governorate Olonez was again formed and the Ujesde Kargopol, Olonez, Petrozavodsk and Wytegra returned to this. On April 24th July / May 6, 1802 greg. the Ujesde Kirillow, Krestzy and Tscherepowez were restored in the holdings of the Novgorod governorate. The administrative structure of the newly created governorate had thus been consolidated for the time being; it now consisted of the ten Ujesden Belozersk, Borowitschi, Kirillow, Krestzy, Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Tichwin, Tscherepowez, Ustyuschna and Waldai. The borders of the governorates did not change until 1918.

In connection with the creation of military settlements in the Ujesden Novgorod and Staraya Russa from 1816 on August 7th, July / August 19, 1824 greg. the Ujesd Staraja Russa dissolved and the new Ujesd Demjansk was formed from its southwestern part and parts of the Ujesde Krestzy and Waldai . By decree of the Emperor Alexander II from January 6th jul. / January 18, 1859 greg. the Ujesd Staraja Russa was restored. This structure lasted until after the October Revolution of 1917:

Ujesde of the government of Novgorod (as from 1802 to 1824 and from 1859 to 1918, census data of 28 January jul. / February 9, 1897 greg. )
designation Russian Administrative headquarters Residents Area
(km²) 		Population
density
(inh / km²) 		Urban
population 		Rural
population 		City
District (%) 		Female
population 		Male
population
Belozersk
(Belozerski ujesd) 		Белозерский уезд Belozersk 86.906 14,860 5.8 5,015 81,891 6.1 46,667 40,239
Borowitschi
(Borowitschski ujesd) 		Боровичскийй уезд Borovichi 146.368 10,294 14.2 9.431 136.937 6.9 76,534 69,834
Demjansk
(Demjanski ujesd) 		Демянский уезд Demyansk 79,791 4,920 16.2 1,648 78.143 2.1 42,474 37,317
Kirillow
(Kirillowski ujesd) 		Кирилловский уезд Kirillov 120.004 13,852 8.7 4,306 115,698 3.7 64,516 55,488
Krestzy
(Krestezki ujesd) 		Крестецкий уезд Krestzy 104,389 8,966 11.6 2,596 101,793 2.6 53,480 50,909
Novgorod
(Novgorodski ujesd) 		Новгородский уезд Novgorod 185.757 10,019 18.5 25,736 160.021 16.1 91.052 94,705
Staraya Russa
(Starorussski ujesd) 		Старорусский уезд Staraya Russa 191,957 9,536 20.1 15,183 176,774 8.6 101,417 90,540
Tikhvin
(Tichwinski ujesd) 		Тихвинский уезд Tikhvin 99,367 18,402 5.4 6,589 92,778 7.1 52,968 46,399
Cherepovets
(Tscherepowezki ujesd) 		Череповецкий уезд Cherepovets 157.495 8,246 19.1 6,948 150,547 4.6 84.215 73,280
Ustyuschna
(Ustyuschski ujesd) 		Устюжский уезд Ustyuzhna 99,737 12,880 7.7 5.111 94,626 5.4 52,118 47,619
Waldai
(Waldaiski ujesd) 		Валдайский уезд Waldai 95.251 6,570 14.5 2,907 92,344 3.1 49,680 45,571
total 1,367,022 118,544 11.5 85,470 1,281,552 6.7 715.121 651.901

By order of the People's Commissariat of the Interior (NKVD) of the RSFSR on June 10, 1918, the eastern part of the governorate was spun off as the new Cherepovets governorate ; the surrendered area included the Ujesd Tscherepowez, the four largest and most sparsely populated Ujesde of the governorate: Belozersk, Kirillow, Tichwin and Ustyuschna. As a result, the Novgorod Governorate lost about 57% of its area and 41% of the population (based on the population of 1897).

The following changes were made in the remaining part of the governorate: from June 7, 1918 to March 20, 1919, a Ujesd Bologoje existed as a spin-off from the Ujesd Waldai, on March 30, 1918 (confirmed on April 27, 1920) the Ujesd Malaja Wischera was established and on May 2, 1922, Krestzy Raion was dissolved. This resulted in the following administrative structure for the remaining period up to the dissolution of the governorate:

Ujesde of the Novgorod Governorate (as of 1922–1927, data from the census of December 17, 1926)
designation Russian Administrative headquarters Residents Area
(km²) 		Population
density
(inh / km²) 		Urban
population 		Rural
population 		City
District (%) 		Cities Villages Female
population 		Male
population
Borowitschi
(Borowitschski ujesd) 		Боровичскийй уезд Borovichi 198,671 10,293 19.3 20,245 178,426 10.2 3 3,150 104.141 94,530
Demjansk
(Demjanski ujesd) 		Демянский уезд Demyansk 102.050 4,883 20.9 2,472 99,578 2.4 1 1,461 54,573 47,477
Malaja Wischera
(Malowischerski ujesd) 		Маловишерский уезд Malaya Wischera 105,868 6,924 15.3 24,452 81,416 23.1 6th 1,383 55,086 50,782
Novgorod
(Novgorodski ujesd) 		Новгородский уезд Novgorod 248.250 11,221 22.1 47,410 200,840 19.1 5 1,865 128,971 119.279
Staraya Russa
(Starorussski ujesd) 		Старорусский уезд Staraya Russa 240.205 9,920 24.2 23,673 216,532 9.9 2 1,930 127.228 112,977
Waldai
(Waldaiski ujesd) 		Валдайский уезд Waldai 155,560 8,399 18.5 22,835 132.725 14.7 5 1,617 81,187 74,373
total 1,050,604 51,640 20.3 141.087 909.517 13.4 22nd 11,406 551.186 499.418

Notes on the tables:

  1. ↑ converted from square werst
  2. ↑ a b initially Ustyuschna-Schelesopolski ujesd ( Устюжна-Железопольский уезд ), later also Ustyuschenski ujesd ( Устюженский уезд )
  3. ↑ including urban settlements

With a resolution of May 7, 1926, the five northwestern governorates of the RSFSR (Leningrad - emerged from the original governorate of Saint Petersburg, from 1914 Petrograd, Murmansk , Novgorod, Pskow and Tscherepowez) became a north-western oblast (Severo- Sapadnaja oblast) , but initially continued to exist. By resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , the oblast was renamed Leningrad Oblast on August 1, 1927 , and the previous governorates were finally dissolved, including the Novgorod governorate.

Later affiliation of the area

The area of ​​the former Novgorod governorate as of 1927 initially formed the okrug Borowitschi (formerly Ujesde Borowitschi, Malaja Wischera and Waldai) and Novgorod (formerly Ujesde Demjansk, Novgorod and Staraja Russa) within Leningrad Oblast , which like a large part of the other okrugos existed in the Soviet Union until July 23, 1930.

On July 5, 1944, the Novgorod Oblast , which still exists today, was spun off from Leningrad Oblast and a small part from Kalinin Oblast (now Tver ) , the area of ​​which roughly corresponds to that of Novgorod Governorate when it was dissolved. However, it includes areas in the northeast around Neboltschi and in the east around Pestowo , which after 1918 belonged to the Cherepovets governorate as part of the Ujesde Tichwin or Ustyuschna, in addition a larger area around Kholm (previously Kalinin Oblast) and in the west around Solzy (until 1927 Pskov governorate ). In contrast, an area around Bologoje in the southeast today belongs to the Tver Oblast .

The area of ​​the Novgorod governorate at the time of its greatest expansion (1727–1772) comprised the present-day Novgorod and Pskow oblasts almost entirely, the Leningrad and Tver oblasts to a large extent, areas in the west of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda oblasts and in the southeast of the Republic of Karelia .

Web links

Commons : Novgorod Governorate  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Novgorod Governorate on the website Vsemirnaja istorija ( world history, Russian)
  2. ↑ a b c Novgorod Governorate in the first general census of the Russian Empire (1897); on demoscope.ru. Retrieved January 4, 2019 (Russian)
  3. ↑ a b Novgorod . In: Universal Lexicon of the Present and Past . 4., reworked. and greatly increased edition, Volume 12:  Nishnei-Novgorod-Pfeufer , self-published, Altenburg 1861, p.  147 .
  4. ↑ a b Novgorod Governorate in the general census of the Soviet Union (1926); on demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 25, 2019 (Russian)