Hans Cloos

Hans Cloos (born November 8, 1885 in Magdeburg , † September 26, 1951 in Bonn ) was a geology professor in Breslau and Bonn. He became known throughout Europe as the author of a textbook (1936) and the extensive monograph Talk with the Earth (1947), whose clear language and self-drawn illustrations made geology understandable to the general public.

family

Hans Cloos was born as the son of the government building officer Ulrich Cloos and his wife Elisabeth, b. Heckel, born in Magdeburg. In 1911 he married Elisabeth Grüters, and this marriage resulted in four children. In 1932 Cloos separated from his wife Elisabeth and married Frieda Grüters, née Schwab, his wife's widowed sister-in-law. Shortly before his 66th birthday, Cloos died of severe heart disease .

Life

At the age of two, Cloos and his parents moved to their grandfather's estate in Kleinblittersdorf near Saarbrücken, where his mother came from. Cloos started school in Saarbrücken. At the age of 13, he attended the boys' institution of the Evangelical Moravian Brethren in Königsfeld in the Black Forest for a year . In 1901, when he was 16 at the time, he had to move to Cologne because his father was transferred there. Here he attended the Kreuzgasse grammar school up to the final exam in 1905. During his school days in Cologne, Cloos showed a great talent for languages ​​and playing the cello. His mother was an artistically and musically gifted woman who passed this talent on to her son. He also had a great talent for drawing . Because of these versatile talents, it was not easy for him to make a career choice that was appropriate to his suitability. In 1905 he began a study of architecture at the RWTH Aachen .

Due to his keen interest in the natural sciences , he decided, especially after a conversation with the geologist Eduard Holzapfel (1853–1913), to shift his studies to geology as a whole . In the same year he moved to the University of Bonn . In May 1906 he moved to the University of Jena to listen to lectures from Johannes Walther , among others . At this time his father died in Cologne, his mother then moved to the Black Forest , which prompted him to move to his mother in order to better support her as the eldest son. He settled at the University of Freiburg enroll to when Gustav Steinmann (one semester until his departure to Bonn) and Wilhelm Deecke continue his studies.

At the age of 25 , Cloos received his doctorate from Wilhelm Deecke in 1910 on the subject of “Tafel- und Kettenland im Basler Jura”.

After his studies, his uncle gave him the opportunity to do research in what was then German South West Africa . There, Cloos was able to deepen the knowledge he acquired during his studies and, among other things, research the granite stock of the Erongo Mountains .

In 1911 he accepted a two-year contract from a US subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company to conduct petroleum geological surveys on Java and Borneo . At that time, oil was not searched for with reflection seismics , but with geological surface mapping. During these two years, Cloos gained an unusually rich practical experience in reservoir science , prospecting and exploration .

In 1914 Cloos completed his habilitation in Marburg as a private lecturer with Emanuel Kayser with the thesis "Jura ammonites from the Moluccan region". During this time he worked on the edge of the Harz near Goslar . He was able to prove that the appearance of chalk wedges stuck in overturned Jurassic limestone was a result of the bending deformations during the unfolding of the resin. During the First World War he worked in Silesia for Krupp mining for the raw material supply with nickel, which was important for steel production. In 1917 he was appointed to the Wroclaw Geology Professorship .

In 1919, at the age of 34, Cloos received the chair of geology at the University of Breslau, which had become vacant due to the death of Fritz Frech . In the following years, Cloos found a mountain range in Silesia that was made of granite similar to that in the African Erongo. He researched these granites for several years in order to clarify the question of traces of movement. After years of observation and measurements, he succeeded in reconstructing the movement processes of solidified intrusive bodies . These methods developed and applied by him were referred to as " granite tectonics " in the following literature . In 1926, as a 41-year-old professor at the time, Cloos was appointed to succeed Gustav Steinmann at the University of Bonn. From there he undertook research trips to North America from 1927. There he discovered that the huge granite pluton of the Sierra Nevada has the same structural elements and the same structure as the smaller granite stock of the Giant Mountains. He also visited the Grand Canyon in Colorado and the meteor crater in Arizona on his trips to America .

From Bonn he went on study trips to the Scandinavian countries. This resulted in his work “Building and Moving the Mountains in North America, Scandinavia and Central Europe”.

In further research, Cloos began to investigate the faults of the Oslo Trench , in particular the boundaries of clods of the earth's crust moving against each other. This research was the beginning of his many years of preoccupation with the problems of faults and trenches, to the understanding of which he contributed greatly in the following decade through field observations and tectonic experiments. In Bonn, Cloos carried out experiments with wet clay to simulate mountain movements. He found that the deformation of the clay takes place with slow deformation at the shear surfaces and crevices, analogous to the grave zones of the earth's crust.

Cloos and his younger brother Ernst Cloos (also an internationally active geologist and professor at Johns Hopkins University ) often used the nearby Siebengebirge as a destination for their geological explorations. Hans Cloos specifically researched the structure of the earth's crust in the structure of volcanic rocks in the Siebengebirge. Careful measurements and observations showed that the position of the chimney and the shape of the melt rise were reflected in the arrangement of the crystals brought from the depths. Thanks to his research results, Hans Cloos was able to reconstruct the former shape of the Drachenfels using the feldspars, known as sanidines , which had cooled down in the rock . He was able to prove that the sanidins cooled in the direction of flow of the magma. On the basis of this knowledge it was possible to calculate the former height of the Drachenfels, which was about 80 meters higher than today's.

From 1938 to 1951 he was editor-in-chief of the Geologische Vereinigung e. V. active. His great literary ability helped the Geologische Rundschau to achieve an above-average level and international reputation.

Memberships

Hans Cloos became a member of the Paleontological Society in the founding year 1912 . In 1933 he became chairman of the Geological Association. In 1947 he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences .

Awards

• In 1925 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina .
• In 1948 the Geological Society of America awarded him its highest honor, the Penrose Medal
• In 1948 Cloos received the Leopold von Buch plaque from the German Geological Society .
• In 1949, shortly before the founding of the GDR , Cloos was honored in August with the award of the National Prize, Second Class for Science and Technology.
• In 1976 the Dorsum Cloos , a 100 kilometer long mountain ridge on the Earth's moon , was named after him.

Plaque

Hans Cloos memorial plaque

In honor of Hans Cloos , a memorial plaque was placed on the Drachenfels , the volcanic dome he explored near Bonn, which reads:

HANS CLOOS
1885 - 1951
PROFESSOR IN BRESLAU AND BONN
REVIVED GEOLOGY FOR MANY
Geological Associations

Hans Cloos Prize

The Geological Association e. V. in Mendig has been awarding the Hans Cloos Prize to young scientists every year since 2000 . This prize is awarded during the annual conference, but not necessarily annually, to geoscientists who are usually no older than 35 and who have achieved outstanding, independent, internationally published scientific work in the sciences of the solid earth or have made an outstanding contribution have excelled in the presentation of geoscientific content. Proposals should be made up to four months before the annual meeting. After obtaining the opinion of an independent person, the prize of 10,000 euros will be awarded by unanimous decision of the inner board.

Fonts

Among his many publications highlight pioneering work on the granite - tectonics , volcanism and the deep v. a. his hypothesis on the formation of the continents, which made him an opponent of Alfred Wegener . In 1936 he completed his textbook "Introduction to Geology", which contains many particularly clear illustrations drawn by Cloos himself. In 1947 Cloos published his book "Conversation with the Earth", which was translated into English in 1953. With this book at the latest, he became known worldwide as an imaginative geologist who re-examined the formation of granites and volcanoes and drew them unmistakably. Even in the paperback edition from 1959, the book inspired people far beyond the subject boundaries for the brittle environment of minerals and rocks. He has studied the slow but imperturbable movement processes in the earth's crust on many journeys and shares them with the reader in an experience- packed manner . This book has won many interested parties because of his often personal style and, above all, his drawings of geology. Publications at a glance:

• 1910 Table and chain country in the Basler Jura. (N.Jb.f.Min.B.Bd.30, Stuttgart 1910)
• 1911 Geology of the Erongo in the Hererolande. (Originally Mit.Beitr.z.geol.Erf.d.Dt.Schutzgeb., H.3, Berlin 1911)
• 1911 Geological observations in South Africa: I. Wind and desert in the German Namalande. (N.Jb.f.Min. Etc., B. Vol. 32, Stuttgart 1911)
• 1912 Pictures from German South West Africa. (Cologne, Ztg.Nr, 183,193,224, Cologne 1912)
• 1913 Melting of South African granites (Z.Deutsch.Geol.Ges.65, monthly report No. 8/10, Berlin 1913)
• 1914 Cross stratification as a guide in overfolded mountains (Zfprakt.Geol., Born 1914, Berlin 1914)
• 1915 A new form of disturbance. (Geol. Rundsch. 6, Berlin 1915)
• 1915 Geological observations in South Africa. III: The pre-Carboniferous glacial formations of the Cape. (Geol.Rundsch. 6, Berlin 1915)
• 1916 On the emergence of narrow fault zones (Geol.Rundsch.7, Berlin 1916)
• 1916 Tectonic problems on the northern edge of the Harz (Geol. Rundsch.7, Berlin 1916)
• 1916 Doggerammonites from Moluccas (Ed. Swiss Beard, Stuttgart 1916)
• 1918 About the spatial formation of plutonic masses. (Z.Deutsch.Geol.Ges. 70, Berlin 1919)
• 1918 On the dowsing rod question (ZfMin. Etc., born in 1918, Stuttgart 1918)
• 1918 Geological observations in South Africa. IV. Granites of the table land and their spatial formation (N.Jb.f.Min.B.Bd.42, Stuttgart 1918)
• 1919 Der Erongo - (Contributions to the geol. Erf.d.Deutsch.Schutzgeb., H.17, Berlin 1919)
• 1920 Geology of the clods in Silesian deep rock. (Dependent on Pr. Geol.LA, NF, H.81, Berlin 1920)
• 1921 The mechanism of deep volcanic processes. (Collection Vieweg, Braunschweig 1921)
• 1921 Granite and mountain formation in Germany. ("Kölnische Zeitung" of September 8, 1921)
• 1921 Construction and Natural Resources of Eastern Europe. (H.Cloos and E. Meister, Verl. BGTeubner, Leipzig 1921)
• 1921 The mechanism of deep volcanic processes. (Die Umschau, No. 27, Frankfurt 1921)
• 1922 Tectonics and Magma - Investigations into the geology of the depths. (Dependent on Pr. Geol.LA, NF, H.89, Berlin 1922)
• 1922 The mountain construction of Silesia and the position of its mineral resources. (Publ. Borntraeger, Berlin 1922)
• 1923 The batholith problem. (Update of the Geol. And Pal.H.1, Berlin 1923)
• 1923 What is under the granite? (The natural sciences, Berlin 1923)
• 1923 Short contributions to the tectonics of the magma. (Geol. Rundsch. 14, Berlin 1923)
• 1924 Granite geology and deposits. (Z.Stahl u. Eisen, 1924, No. 4, Düsseldorf 1924)
• 1924 Construction and surface design of the Giant Mountains in Silesia. (Geol. Rundsch.15, Berlin 1924)
• 1925 Introduction to the tectonic treatment of magmatic phenomena (granite tectonics) - The Giant Mountains in Silesia. (Verlag Borntraeger, Berlin 1925)
• 1926 On the criticism of granite tectonics . (ZfMin. Etc., born in 1926, Dept. B, Stuttgart 1926)
• 1927 On the question of ceiling construction in Silesia and in the Fichtel Mountains. (Geol. Rundsch. 18, Berlin 1927)
• 1927 On the tectonics of alpine granite plutons. (Geol.Rundsch. 18, Berlin 1927)
• 1927 The Plutons of the Passau Forest. (Monogr.z.Geol.u.Pal., Series II, volume 3, Berlin 1927)
• 1927 The source of the Drachenfels on the Rhine. Your tectonics and mode of education. (Hans & E. Cloos, ZfVulkan. 11, Berlin 1927)
• 1927 The flow pattern of the Wolkenburg in the Siebengebirge . (Hans & E. Cloos, ZfVulkan. 11, Berlin 1927)
• 1928 On the terminology of the Plutons. (Fennia 50, No. 2, Helsingfors 1928)
• 1928 About antithetical movements. (Geol. Rundsch. 19, Berlin 1928)
• 1928 experiments on internal tectonics. (ZfMin. Etc., born in 1928, Department B, Stuttgart 1928)
• 1928 Construction and movement of the mountains in North America, Scandinavia and Central Europe. (Fortschr. Geol.u.Pal. 7, H.21, Berlin 1928)
• 1928 Structure of the Sierra Nevada Intrusive in a Cross-section from Yosemite Valley to Mono Lake California. (Bull.Geol.Soc.America 37, New York 1928)
• 1929 On the mechanics of the edge zone of glaciers, clods and plutons. (Geol. Rundsch. 20, Berlin 1929)
• 1929 Artificial Mountains. (Nature and Museum, Senckenbg.Naturf.Ges., H.5, Frankfurt 1929)
• 1929 The young plateau granites in South West Africa. (CfMin., Born 1929, Dept. A, Stuttgart 1929)
• 1929 studies of mountain formation . (Research and progress, Berlin 1929)
• 1930 Tectonic experiments and the formation of fault lines. ("Rift Valleys"). (Compte Rendu 2, XV International Geol.Congr. South Africa, Pretoria 1930)
• 1930 Age and Association of Young Granites in South West Africa. (Lecture XV. Intern. Geol. Congr. South Africa, Pretoria 1930)
• 1930 Tasks and methods of today's geology. (Bonner Mitt., Bonn 1930)
• 1930 Geology Today. (Pomona Coll. Mag. 19, Claremont, Calif. 1930)
• 1930 Artificial Mountains II. (Nature and Museum, Senckenbg.Naturf.Ges.H.6, Frankfurt 1930)
• 1930 On experimental tectonics. Comparative analysis of three displacements. (Geol.Rundsch.21, based in Berlin 1930)
• 1930 On experimental tectonics I. Methodology and examples. (Natural Sciences 18, Berlin 1930)
• 1931 On experimental tectonics II. Fractures and folds (Naturwissenschaften 19, Berlin 1931)
• 1931 Flow and break in the earth's crust and in the geological experiment. (Plast.Mass.in Wissensch.u.Techn. H.1, Troisdorf 1931)
• 1931 The Brandberg. (Hans Cloos & K.Chudoba, N.Jb.f.Min., B.Bd.66, Section B, Stuttgart 1931)
• 1931 Alfred Wegener. ("Kölnische Zeitung" of May 21, 1931)
• 1931 Several attempts at granite tectonics. (N.Jb.f.Min., B.Bd.64, Section A, Stuttgart 1931)
• 1932 The passage of a fold. Some observations on fracturing and foliation related to folding. (H.Cloos & H.Martin, Fortschr. D. Geol.u.Pal.Bd.11, H.33, Berlin 1932)
• 1932 On the mechanics of large fractures and trenches. (CfMin., Born 1932, Stuttgart 1932)
• 1933 About bending fractures and selective dismantling. (Lecture Frankfurt a. M., Geol.Rundsch. 24, Berlin 1933)
• 1933 How do I tell my colleagues? (Geol. Rundsch. 24, Berlin 1933)
• 1933 From the XVI. International Congress of Geologists. (Geol. Rundsch. 24, Berlin 1933)
• 1933 About construction and movement in North America. An addendum. (Geol. Rundsch. 24, Berlin 1933)
• 1933 On the tectonic position of the Saar area. (Z.Deutsch.Geol.Ges. 85, Berlin 1933)
• 1934 On the mechanics of the North American uplifts. (Geol. Rundsch. 25, Berlin 1934)
• 1934 A directed contact breccia on the basalt stock of the small snow pit in the Giant Mountains . (H.Cloos & H.Korn, Geol.Rundsch.25, Berlin 1934)
• 1934 On the geology of the Rhineland. (Annual German Forest Association 1934)
• 1935 The mapping of the basement in South West Africa . With observations on the deep tectonics of fold mountains. (Geol.Rundsch. 26, Stuttgart 1935)
• 1935 Geological joint work. Some impressions and experiences. (Geol. Rundsch. 26, 1935)
• 1935 Plutons and their position within the framework of the crustal movements. (Report of XVI. Intern.geol.Congr. 1, Washington 1933)
• 1936 Introduction to Geology - A Textbook of Inner Dynamics (Gebr. Borntraeger 1936)
• 1936 On the contemporary significance of geology. (Geol. Rundsch. 27, Stuttgart 1936)
• 1936 A geological and historical excursion. (Geol. Rundsch. 27, Stuttgart 1936)
• 1936 earth and man. (Nature and People, Frankfurt 1936)
• 1937 South West Africa. Travel impressions 1936. (Geol. Rundsch. 28, Stuttgart 1937)
• 1937 Geological experiments on earth crust movements and mountain formation. (Reich Office for Educational Film, for University Film No. C 162, Berlin 1937)
• 1937 On the large tectonics of High Africa and its surroundings. A question. (Geol. Rundsch. 28, Stuttgart 1937)
• 1937 Progress in mapping the Transvaal. (Geol. Rundsch. 28, Stuttgart 1937)
• 1938 plutonism. (Geol. Jahresber.1, Berlin 1938)
• 1938 geology on postage stamps. (geol. Rundsch. 29, Stuttgart 1938)
• 1938 Primary directions in sediments of the Rhenish geosyncline. (Geol. Rundsch. 29, Stuttgart 1938)
• 1938 geological drawing! (Geol. Rundsch. 29, Stuttgart 1938)
• 1939 On the classification and naming of the Plutons. (H.Cloos & A.Rittmann, Geol. Rundsch. 30, Stuttgart 1939)
• 1939 On the morphology, systematics and development history of the club curve. (Geol. Rundsch. 30, Stuttgart 1939)
• 1939 On the tectonics of the east coast of Greenland. (Mitt.Naturf.Ges.Schaffh.16, Schaffhausen 1939)
• 1939 uplift - split - volcanism. (Geol. Rundsch. 30, Stuttgart 1939)
• 1939 On the methodology of the transatlantic reconstructions . (Geol.Rundsch. 30, Stuttgart 1939)
• 1939 On the tectonics of the Azores. (Abh.preuß.Akad.Wiss., Phys.-math. Class 1940 No. 5, Berlin 1939)
• 1940 The Philosopher's Stone. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 see mountains grow. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 A block picture of Germany. Explanation on a blackboard. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 Old stone quarries. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 Small memories of Waldemar C. Brögger. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 battle for the area. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 Greetings to Finland's State University. On the occasion of its 300th anniversary. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 Via axis ramps. (Geol. Rundsch. 31, Stuttgart 1940)
• 1940 The maars of the Eifel. (Rhein.Heimatpflege 12, Düsseldorf 1940)
• 1941 geology and geopraxis. (Geol. Rundsch. 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 Axial restlessness and veins in the fold mountains - A comment on Jakob Andres' doctoral thesis. (Geologische Rundschau 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 Geology on postage stamps II. (Geol. Rundsch. 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 Earth's core and circle. (Geol.Rundsch. 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 Geological chair at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. (Geol. Rundsch. 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 Construction and activity of tuff chimneys. (Geol. Rundsch. 32, Stuttgart 1941)
• 1941 plutonism . (Geol. Annual report 3A, Berlin 1941)
• 1941 Extra-Alpine tectonics. (Geol. Jahresber.3A, Berlin 1941)
• 1942 Battle for North Africa. (geol. Rundsch. 33, Stuttgart 1942)
• 1942 How is a Rundschau magazine created? (Geol. Rundsch. 33, Stuttgart 1942)
• 1942 Tectonic Remarks on the Bottom of the Gulf of Aden. (Geol. Rundsch. 33, Stuttgart 1942)
• 1943 Why geology. (H.Cloos, SvBubnoff, G.Wagner, from Contribution to Geol. Von Thüringen 7, Jena 1943)
• 1944 geology . (Göschen Collection Volume 13, Berlin 1944)
• 1944 The heaviest stone and the hardest crystal. (Rhein.-Westf. Zeit. Of March 26, 1944)
• 1944 Goldland Ophir. (Rhine-Westphalia period of May 7, 1944)
• 1947 The basalt stock of the Weilberg in the Siebengebirge. Words to a picture board. (Geol. Rundsch. 35, Stuttgart 1947)
• 1947 ground clods and earth seams. Draft of a conservative image of the earth. (Geol. Rundsch. 35, Stuttgart 1947)
• 1947 conversation with the earth. (Verlag R. Piper & Sohn, 1st edition, Munich 1947)
• 1948 Ground Blocks of the Continents and Ocean Bottoms. (Nature 161, 1948)
• 1948 Formation of a top trench in the ice. (Geol.Rundsch. 36, Stuttgart 1948)
• 1948 The bedrock of the continents and seas. (Mitt.d.Naturf.Ges.Bern, NF 6, Bern 1948)
• 1948 Geologorum Conventus XVIII. (Geol. Rundsch. 36, Stuttgart 1948)
• 1948 gait and movement of a fold. (Z.Deutsch.Geol.Ges. 100, Stuttgart 1948)
• 1949 About the age of the fractures in the folded Jura of Alsace and Switzerland. (Geol. Rundsch. 37, Stuttgart 1949)
• 1949 conversation with the earth. (Verlag Piper & Sohn, 2nd edition, Munich 1949)
• 1950 The East African Trenches. (Geol. Rundsch. 38, Stuttgart 1950)
• 1950 The Black Forest . (Mitt.Naturf.Ges. Schaffh. 24, Schaffhausen 1950)
• 1951 conversation with the earth. (Verlag Piper & Sohn, 3rd edition, Munich 1951)

literature

• Edwin Hennig:  Cloos, Hans. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , p. 294 ( digitized version ).
• Elke M. Geenen , Hans Cloos and his attempt to maintain polycontexturality in geology (Chapter in: Dies., Der Fremde , VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2002)

Web links

• Literature by and about Hans Cloos in the catalog of the German National Library
• Hans Cloos Prize of the Geological Association with a portrait

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Overview of all editors-in-chief of the GV since 1910 ( Memento of the original of June 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ^ Palaeontological Journal 1, Issue 1, March 1914
3. ↑ Overview of all chairmen of the General Assembly since 1910 ( Memento of the original from June 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 60.
5. ↑ geosociety.org winners of the Penrose Medal, Geological Society of America
6. ↑ Fundgrube Heft 2, page 35, 1986
7. ↑ Fundgrube Heft 2, page 35, 1986
8. ↑ Explanation of the Hans Cloos Prize & Photo by H.Cloos ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ from: Geolog. Rundschau, special edition 41, May 1953 - pages 7,8,9,10