Hochmoorgelbling

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Hochmoorgelbling
High Moor Gelbling (Colias palaeno)

High Moor Gelbling ( Colias palaeno )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Whitelings (Pieridae)
Subfamily : Yellowlings (Coliadinae)
Genre : Colias
Type : Hochmoorgelbling
Scientific name
Colias palaeno
( Linnaeus , 1761)

The moorland butterfly or lemon yellow hay butterfly ( Colias palaeno ) is a butterfly from the family of white flies (Pieridae) in the subfamily of yellow flies . It occurs in the temperate and subarctic zones of Europe, Asia and North America. Palaeno is the name of a nymph who dances and plays gracefully in moors and meadows.

features

Adults

The raised bog has a wingspan of 50–56 millimeters. The upper sides of the wings of the males are whitish, slightly yellow in color with a dark, sharply demarcated edge that is not pollinated and red wing fringes. The dark edge is narrower on the hind wings. A small dark spot is located at the edge of Diskoidalquerader the cell on the front wing. The underside of the forewings is yellowish, that of the hindwings is gray-green and yellowish towards the edge. The hind wings have a small, dark-edged white spot in the cell. The wings do not reflect ultraviolet light .

The female is white, sometimes yellow, and the dark edge on the upper side of the wing is less sharply defined and otherwise resembles the male. The animals become whiter as they spread to the north.

In Scandinavia, the raised bog yellow is more variable than in Central Europe and sometimes more golden yellow than blonde, sometimes significantly paler and smaller in the far north.

Pre-imaginal stages

The eggs are initially yellow, later they turn red and shortly before the caterpillars hatch, they turn dark blue-gray. The young caterpillar is brownish in color and has a dark head. In the later stage it is green with a strong, yellow side stripe and short black hair. The caterpillar usually pupates on a branch on the forage plant in a green belt pupa .

Similar species

Occurrence

Distribution area of ​​the Hoochmoor yellowblings

The raised bog yellow fling can be found in raised bogs and other moist areas with the forage plant of the caterpillar.

That is in Europe in the Jura , in the Vosges , in the Black Forest , in Upper Swabia , in the West Allgäu hill country, in the northern foothills of the Alps, in the Bavarian and adjacent Bohemian Forest . In Switzerland in the Central and Southern Alps, in Austria, the Czech Republic, in Poland except central Poland, Slovakia, the Carpathians in Romania, Belarus and in the Baltic States, Scandinavia, Denmark, Russia through Siberia to the Amur and Sakhalin , North Korea , Northeast China and Central Japan .

In North America, the raised bog yellowfly occurs from western Alaska via the Canadian provinces of Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut to Hudson Bay . To the north, the distribution extends to Victoria Island . East of Hudson Bay in the south of Nunavut's Baffin Island and on the opposite mainland in northern Québec and Newfoundland . To the south, the occurrence extends into the northern to central part of the provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba and Ontario , with the southernmost distribution being reached in western Alberta and Ontario.

habitat

The caterpillar of the raised bog yellowling lives only on the bogberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum ) and is therefore bound to habitats in which the plant grows. In North America it could also feed on Vaccinium cespitosum . The moths need a lot of nectar and therefore need flower-rich biotopes nearby. They rarely move more than a kilometer from their habitat, but distances of over six kilometers have already been observed.

Suitable habitats in Central Europe are transitional bogs, bog margins, raised bogs with bog pines , a subspecies of mountain pine and light bog pine forests with mountain or orchard meadows rich in flowers, as there are almost no flowers in the bogs themselves. In central Scandinavia, in Linnaeus's time, the moths also occurred in forests where the bogus berries grow.

Way of life

The males fly almost continuously over the bogs and the surrounding area in the sun in search of females, who hatch about a week after the males. Terrain markings are often flown over and obstacles such as tall groups of trees are avoided. If a male meets a female, they circle each other and rise up to 30 meters. Towards the end they return to the ground and the male pushes the female deeper and deeper by frequent nudging until copulation in the vegetation takes place.

The females lay their eggs individually on the upper side of the leaves in moist and sunny places with preferably light stocks of bogus berries. The caterpillars usually hatch after about one to two weeks, depending on the weather, not until after four weeks. After hatching, the caterpillar spins holding threads on the leaf and begins to eat the window near the leaf tip, in which only the epidermis is gnawed off. The young caterpillars overwinter on the plant after the second moult and start feeding again in the following year when the plants sprout. Now the leaf buds and then the leaves are eaten and no longer just the epidermis. Pupation takes place in Central Europe in late May to early June .

Flight and caterpillar times

The moth flies in one generation in Central Europe from June to July and in North America from late June to late August.

Systematics

Linné described the raised bog yellowfly in 1760 as Papilio [Helicunius] Palaeno based on two males and one female from the Uppsala region and from southern Finland, where the moths were very rare or very common. The moorland fling is the only species of the genus in the ancient world that feeds on blueberries ( Vaccinium ). In North America, the caterpillars of C. behrii , C. pelidne , C. skinneri and C. interior still feed on blueberries, which suggests that the species originated in North America.

Together with C. aias , C. pelidne and C. skinneri , the raised bog yellowflies form the Colias palaeno species complex. C. aias is considered a subspecies by some authors.

Subspecies

  • palaeno is the nominate form . It is often paler than the Central European subspecies europome and occurs in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland), the Baltic States, Belarus and Russia across the Urals to the vicinity of Novosibirsk . There are finds from Novosibirsk, Omsk and Chelyabinsk . The form lapponica occurs in northern Scandinavia and in the polar Urals and is on average smaller and slightly darker on the underside of the hind wing, probably due to climatic conditions. Yellow moths are also common in Belarus, the Baltic States and north-eastern Poland.
  • arctica Nordström , 1927 is provisionally considered as a subspecies and occurs in arctic, northern and northeastern Siberia. But it could also be a synonym for the North American subspecies chippewa . orientalis migrates to the southern areas of arctica , where there are transitional forms. North of Bilibino there are no longer any transitional forms and only the average paler arctica fly . The moths fly in July and differ from orientalis in their smaller size (38 - 40 mm). The marginal edge on the top is very black in the male and grayish in the female. The underside of the hind wings is heavily pollinated green in the male and brown in the female. The round, silvery spot is very large and has an imperceptible black border, it is smaller than in orientalis , in which the marginal band is narrower and in the male it is very black and in the female it is gray. The name arctica was used by Ruggero Verity in 1908 , but in the fourth position, contrary to the rules of the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature . Nordström then used it in 1927 for the subspecies, which is why it must be seen as an author today.
  • europome ( Esper , [1778]), is the yellow subspecies found in Western and Central Europe. Butterflies from the Alps are slightly smaller than those from the lowlands. Some authors see it only as a form. The form illgneri in the Central Alps has lemon-yellow females. Esper again described C. paleano in his work , but the description and illustration is the golden eight ( C. hyale ) and his description and illustration of C. hyale is actually the postillon ( C. croceus ). Europome is one of the Danaids , the 50 daughters of Danaus .
  • orientalis Staudinger , 1892, is widespread east of the Yenisei and the Altai Mountains to the Russian Pacific coast. In the southern part of the distribution area it occurs only in the high mountains.
  • poktussani O. Bang-Haas , 1935, is very similar to orientalis and sugitanii and occurs in the Changbai Mountains on the border between China and North Korea . The moths have a wingspan of 40–42 mm in the male and 42–46 mm in the female. The fringing of the forewings is deep black and wider than in orientalis and narrower than in Colias aias , in the males the inner edge of the forewing is black up to halfway. They fly in July. The name is derived from the old name Poktussan of Mount Paektusan in the Changbai Mountains, where the butterflies that Bang-Haas used for his description were found at an altitude of 2500 meters.
  • Colias palaeno poktussani

  • Male, upper side

  • Male, underside

  • White female, upside

  • White female, underside

  • chippewa Edwards, WH , 1807, occurs in North America except for the Baffin Island and can hardly be distinguished from northern Siberian animals of the subspecies arctia and orientalis . The males are pale yellow with a wide black border. The central spot on the upper side of the hind wing is usually pale yellow and rarely orange and is rarely missing. On the greenish underside of the hind wing, the central spot is missing the edge. The white form alba of the females is common. It is sometimes viewed as a distinct species.
  • baffinensis Ebner & Ferris , 1977 is similar to chippewa , but is darker and only occurs on Baffin Island.

Synonyms

Synonyms of C. palaeno palaeno :

  • cretacea Aurivillius , 1888. The name cretacea , from Latin creta (lime), was used by Schilde in 1884 for pale males and females. Aurivillius raised them to a subspecies in 1888, although Schilde only wanted to describe aberrations with it. The type is found in northern Finland near the Russian border.
  • lapponica Staudinger , 1861 is a pale and smaller form from Lapland.
  • philomene Hübner , [1805] was probably described using just one butterfly that was later destroyed in a fire. The location of the type is not known, the animal probably came from central or northern Sweden.
  • pruefferi Krzywicki , 1967 a slightly yellower form in north-east Poland.
  • synonyma Bryk , 1923 occurs in the same area as the nominate form. When Bryk described the species, the type location of the nominate form was wrongly shifted 1000 km to the north. This was the only way to describe a new subspecies in this area.
  • valeria Sievers , 1860, was described using a butterfly from the vicinity of Saint Petersburg that can no longer be found today.

Synonyms of C. palaeno arctica Nordström , 1927

  • gomojunovae Korshunov , 1996 is considered a synonym by Grieshuber, Worthy and Lamas, as the moths are within the variation of arctica . They were collected in Magadan Oblast , in the northwest of the Chukchi Peninsula near Bilibino . The dedication name refers to the Russian entomologist and parasitologist Nina Petrovna Gomojunova (1933–1973), who worked at the Biological Institute of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Synonyms of C. palaeno chippewa W. Edwards , 1870

  • helena W. Edwards , 1863. The name is a younger homonym of Helena Herrich-Schäffer , 1844 and was replaced by Chippewa Edwards , 1870.

Synonyms of C. palaeno europome Esper [1778]

  • alpina Spuler , 1901 populations in the high altitudes of the Alps are somewhat smaller (as with laponica, probably also due to climatic factors )
  • caflischi Caradja , 1893 is an ecological variant that is somewhat smaller and more greenish yellow than the other ecological variant europomene . The moths come from the area around the Fexer Glacier in the Swiss Fex Valley .
  • deprunneri Rocca , 1944 is named after Leonardo de Prunner . The moth was collected at an altitude of 2100 meters in the Cottian Alps near the French border. Rocca did not clearly state the status. He described it as a form under the heading Colias palaeno europomene O. [chsenheimer]
  • europomene Ochsenheimer , 1816 is an alpine ecological form that occurs from about 1600 to at least 2500 meters altitude. It is unclear which butterfly was used to describe it. Ochsenheimer wrote: " is in some collections under the name P. Europomene ". The moths are smaller, with stronger colors and a darker underside. The yellow females are significantly more common in relation to the whites, compared to populations from lower altitudes. The name could be a reduction from europome . It was only described in the fourth addendum from 1816 to Ochsenheimer's Butterflies of Europe , which appeared in 1808 . Therefore the date 1816 and not 1808 is correct.

Synonyms of C. palaeno orientalis Staudinger , 1892

  • sachalinensis Matsumura , 1919 was described from the island of Sakhalin . It is no different from C. palaeno orientalis and is not geographically isolated.

Synonyms of C. palaeno poktussani O. Bang-Haas , 1935

  • nekkana Matsumura , 1939 is temporarily considered a synonym by Grieshuber, Worthy and Lamas. The exact location of the type is not known and is located in the border area between the Chinese provinces of Hebei and Inner Mongolia .

Existence, endangerment and protection

Duration

In the Ardennes , the raised bog has been extinct since the 1950s. Attempts at resettlement failed here as well as in the Jura, where it still occurs in a few places. It is probably extinct in the Vosges . Esper still found the butterflies in large numbers in the Fichtelgebirge , but they have long been extinct there, as well as in Niederlausitz. Many deposits in the Ore Mountains have also been extinguished to this day and only a few in the Central and Western Ore Mountains have survived. There is still current evidence from the Polish Lower Silesia . In Baden-Württemberg it only occurs in the central and southeastern Black Forest and Upper Black Forest, in Upper Swabia and in the West Allgäu hill country. In the northern Black Forest and on the Baar the deposits are extinct. In Bavaria there is a strong downward trend in the raised and intermediate moors of the pre-alpine hill and moorland below 800 meters. In the Bavarian Forest and in the Passau Valley the stocks are still quite stable, as is the neighboring Bohemian Forest . The species has also become very rare in the Austrian foothills of the Alps , the species has larger areas of refuge, for example in the Hohe Tauern or in the Styrian Ennstal (Pürgschachenmoor).

The reasons for the sharp decline in Germany since the 1990s can not only be traced back to the destruction of biotopes and changes in habitat, since around 50% of the population in the Alpine foothills has been extinct since then, including in intact moors.

Danger

The raised bog yellow fling is never common in intact raised bogs, as the bog berries can only grow in peripheral areas and not in the damp and soaked core areas. Due to the destruction of moors and adjoining habitats, it is severely endangered in Central Europe and the populations are declining and in many places have already disappeared. Peat removal and drainage destroy the livelihood of the caterpillars, and bog berries disappear through bushes. Afforestation of the bog edges with spruce monocultures and conversion of hay meadows (mowing before the end of July) destroy the food sources of the moths. The microclimate of the food crop has a major influence on the mortality of young caterpillars, of which over 90% die by the time they overwinter. They are more likely to survive if they don't have to share the plants with other herbivores, which is more common in damp locations. Slight shade increases the chance of survival, while excessive shade from succession causes massive damage, as does too much drought, for example through drainage, global warming or lower rainfall. Although this promotes the spread of bogus berries and produces a high number of individuals, this can break in again later due to the drought. Snow cover is beneficial in winter as it prevents the caterpillars from drying out, while rain can cause rot. The caterpillars can easily survive temperatures down to minus 26 ° C.

Red List FRG: 2
Red List Baden-Württemberg: 2
Red List Bavaria: 2
List rouge (Red List) France: 1

In Canada, the raised bog yellow fling is classified as Imperiled S2 (threatened) and Critically Imperiled S1 ( critically endangered) in Alberta , in the other provinces and Alaska it is not endangered.

protection

To protect the yellow bog in Central Europe, the remaining bogs must be protected over a large area. A buffer zone of at least 150 meters around the moors is necessary to provide nectar for the moths and to reduce the input of nutrients that lead to a change in the vegetation. A minimum size of 10 ha is necessary for a stable population. Damaged moors can be rewetted by closing the ditches and must be cleared of bushes to make it easier for the caterpillars to survive. The entrances to nectar habitats must be kept free, obstacles in the form of trees or bush belts must be removed. Meadows in the vicinity of the moors may only be mowed after the moths fly.

literature

  • Josef Grieshuber, Bob Worthy, Gerardo Lamas: The Genus Colias Fabricius, 1807 . Jan Haugums's Annotated Catalog Of The Old World Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Ed .: Munich Entomological Society. Tshikolovets Publications, Pardubice 2012, ISBN 978-80-904900-2-4 .
  • Joseph T. Verhulst: Les Colias du Globe . 1 (texts - text). Goecke and Evers, Keltern 2000, ISBN 3-931374-15-7 , pp. 81-85 .
  • Joseph T. Verhulst: Les Colias du Globe . 2 (planches - plates). Goecke and Evers, Keltern 2000, ISBN 3-931374-15-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hürter, Hans-Arnold (1998): The scientific butterfly names. Derivation and interpretation. Verlag Peter Pomp, ISBN 3-89355-176-X , p. 67
  2. ↑ a b c d e Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: Butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa: All butterflies, over 400 species . 2nd Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-12868-8 , pp. 66 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f James A. Scott: The butterflies of North America . Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1986, ISBN 0-8047-1205-0 , pp. 200 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Markus Bräu, Ralf Bolz, Helmut Kolbeck, Andreas Nunner, Johannes Voith, Werner Wolf: Tagfalter in Bayern . Ulmer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8001-7985-5 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Tagfalter I (Ritterfalter (Papilionidae), Weißlinge (Pieridae), Edelfalter (Nymphalidae)) . In: Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (eds.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . tape 1 . Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3451-9 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j The Genus Colias, palaeno. P. 170.
  7. ↑ Heath Sulfur ( Colias chippewa ) (WH Edwards, 1872). In: Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (CBIF). Government of Canada, July 9, 2014, accessed March 1, 2015 .
  8. ↑ a b c R. Reinhardt, H. Sbieschne, J. Settele, U. Fischer, G. Fiedler: Tagfalter von Sachsen. (= Contributions to the insect fauna of Saxony, Volume 6; Entomological News and Reports. Supplement 11). Bernhard Klausnitzer Verlag, Dresden 2007, DNB 986271462 .
  9. ^ The Genus Colias, p. 9.
  10. ^ The Genus Colias, p. 12.
  11. ↑ a b The Genus Colias, arctica. P. 50.
  12. ^ Colias du Globe, Volume 1, C. paleano arctica. P. 84.
  13. ↑ a b c The Genus Colias, europome. P. 100.
  14. ^ Colias du Globe, Volume 1, C. paleano poktusani. P. 84.
  15. ^ The Genus Colias, poktussani. P. 180.
  16. ↑ The Genus Colias, sugitanii. P. 211 f.
  17. ↑ The Genus Colias, synonyma p. 214.
  18. ↑ The Genus Colias, gomojunovae. P. 107.
  19. ^ YP Korshunov and PY Gorbunov: Pieridae (with additions and corrections (Korshunov, 1996) incorporated). In: Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia. Retrieved March 4, 2015 (English translation by Oleg Kosterin).
  20. ↑ The Genus Colias, caflischi. P. 64.
  21. ↑ The Genus Colias, europomene. P. 101.
  22. ↑ The Genus Colias, nekkana. P. 163 f.
  23. ^ Colias du Globe, Volume 1, C. paleano europome. P. 82.
  24. ↑ a b Le Solitaire Espèce à enjeu de conservation: Groupe I PDF
  25. ↑ ODONAT (Coord.) - 2003. Les listes rouges de la nature menacée en Alsace PDF
  26. ↑ K. Spitzer et al: The biodiversity of the butterfly fauna of the Pürgschachenmoor in the Styrian Ennstal and its protective value. In: Journal of the Working Group of Austrian Entomologists. Vienna 1996.
  27. ↑ Part 1 butterflies. In: Red List Baden-Württemberg. State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation, November 1, 1989, archived from the original on March 14, 2007 ; Retrieved October 8, 2007 .
  28. ^ Red list of endangered butterflies in Bavaria. In: Red List. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2003, accessed on October 8, 2007 .
  29. ↑ Colias palaeno - (Linnaeus, 1761) Palaeno Sulfur. Nature Serve, February 12, 2003, accessed February 28, 2015 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Verhulst has the misspelling poktusani with just an s.

Web links

Commons : Hochmoorgelbling  - album with pictures, videos and audio files