Japanese honeysuckle

Japanese honeysuckle
	Japanese honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family :	Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Genre :	Honeysuckle ( Lonicera )
Type :	Japanese honeysuckle
Scientific name
	Lonicera japonica
	Thunb.

The Japanese honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica ) is a legal twining or prostrate shrub with very fragrant, 3 to 5 centimeters large flowers from the family of Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae). The natural range is in Japan, Korea and in the east of China, the kind was naturalized in Europe, Africa, Australia and America. It is often used as an ornamental plant due to its decorative and strongly scented flowers.

description

leaves

The Japanese honeysuckle is an evergreen or evergreen, twining or prostrate shrub with hollow branches. The shoots are densely yellow-brown and partially hairy with glands. The leaves have a 3 to 8 millimeter long, densely yellow-brown haired stalk. The leaf blade is simple, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 8 inches long and 1.5 to 4 inches wide, with a pointed or pointed tip, a rounded or more or less heart-shaped base and a ciliate, sometimes wavy edge. The upper side of the leaf is hairy along the veins , the underside sparsely to densely hairy.

blossoms

Berry

The strongly fragrant flowers grow axially in pairs on a 2 to 40 millimeter long stalk that becomes shorter towards the branch tips. The bracts are ovate to elliptical and 1 to 3 centimeters long. The bracts are about 1 millimeter long, hairy and have a ciliate, rounded or trimmed tip. The calyx lobes are triangular, about 1 millimeter long, pointed and densely hairy on the underside and along the leaf margin. The corolla is two-lipped, white and later yellow or purple on the outside and white on the inside, about 3 to 5 centimeters long, hairy with long glandular hairs in between. The corolla tube is 1.5 to 3 inches long and not arched at the base. The upper lip is irregularly lobed four times, the lobes are 2 to 8 millimeters long, the lower lip is bent back. The stamens are bare and about the same length or longer than the corolla. The ovary is about 2 millimeters long and bare. The stylus is bald and extends to the edge of the crown or beyond. As fruits shiny, round, 6 to 7 millimeters by measuring are berries formed, which become black in fruit ripening. The seeds are brown, egg-shaped, or elliptical and about 3 millimeters long. The Japanese honeysuckle flowers from April to June, the fruits ripen from October to November.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

distribution

The natural range is in the temperate zone of Asia in Japan in the south of the islands of Hokkaidō , on Honshū , Kyushu and Shikoku , on the Korean peninsula , on Taiwan and in the east of China in the provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Gansu , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hebei , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Jilin , Liaoning , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan and Zhejiang . In many areas the species was naturalized in several parts of Europe, in the Azores and Madeira , in South Africa , Australia, New Zealand, the United States with Hawaii and in the south of South America. The Japanese honeysuckle grows in bushes and sparse forests, on mountain slopes and along roads, in China at altitudes of 800 to 1500 meters. It is found on acidic to alkaline, humus-rich, sandy-loamy to loamy, nutrient-rich soils in light to partially shaded locations. The species is moderately frost hardy .

It was included in the black list of invasive neophytes in Switzerland due to its spreading potential and the damage in the areas of biodiversity , health and economy .

Systematics

The Japanese honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica ) is a kind of the genus of honeysuckle ( Lonicera ) in the family of Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae). There the genus is assigned to the subfamily Caprifolioideae. The species was first scientifically described by Carl Peter von Thunberg in 1784 . The generic name Lonicera is reminiscent of the German mathematician, doctor and botanist Adam Lonitzer (Latin Lonicerus). The specific epithet japonica refers to the distribution area in Japan.

There are at least two varieties :

Lonicera japonica var. Chinensis (Watson) Baker with a corolla purple on the outside and white on the inside. The distribution area is in the Chinese province of Anhui and possibly also in Guizhou and Zhejiang. The taxon was described in 1825 by William Watson as a separate species Lonicera chinensis , and assigned as a variety of the species Lonicera japonica by John Gilbert Baker in 1871 .

Lonicera japonica var. Japonica with a white and later yellow-white corolla.

use

Various varieties of Japanese honeysuckle are widely used as ornamental plants because of their decorative and highly fragrant flowers , including:

Leaves of the cultivar 'Aureoreticulata'

'Aureoreticulata' with strongly branched, bushy, 2 to sometimes 4 meters high growth. The leaves have a striking light or lemon yellow veining. The flowers are few and white.
'Dart's Acumen' with strong growth that quickly covers the ground. The leaves are elliptical, the flowers are white and slightly red and yellow when they fade. In Central Europe, the variety blooms from June to September.
'Halliana' with a strong, 4 to 5 meter high growth. The leaves are dark green, the flowers numerous, white and light yellow as they fade.

In June 2020, researchers from the University of Mainz published a study according to which an ingredient in Japanese honeysuckle may be effective against diseases of Sars-CoV-2 ( Covid-19 ).

proof

literature

Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 637 (English).
Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 384.
Jost Fitschen: Woody flora . 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 575 .
Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

^ German name according to Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 384 and after Fitschen: Gehölzflora , p. 575.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 384.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borosova: Lonicera japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, p. 637.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Lonicera japonica . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 22, 2012 .
^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 349.
↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 313.
↑ Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borosova: Lonicera japonica var. Chinensis , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, p. 637.
↑ Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borošová: Lonicera japonica var. Japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, pp 637th
↑ Arne Grävemeyer: Virtual Drug Screening: Known drugs stop the virus in the simulation. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .
^ Henry Johannes Greten, Thomas Efferth, Onat Kadioglu, Mohamed Saeed: Identification of novel compounds against three targets of SARS CoV-2 coronavirus by combined virtual screening and supervised machine learning. In: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. WHO, March 21, 2020, accessed July 10, 2020 .

Web links

Commons : Japanese honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Lonicera japonica Thunb. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Thomas Meyer: Honeysuckle data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Lonicera japonica . In:The Plant List. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

[deutsch-1] German name according to Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 384 and after Fitschen: Gehölzflora , p. 575.

[FdG-2] Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 384.

[FoC-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borosova: Lonicera japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, p. 637.

[GRIN-4] Lonicera japonica . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 22, 2012 .

[5] Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).

[6] S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).

[Gen_Gat-7] Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 349.

[Gen_Art-8] Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 313.

[FoC_chi-9] Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borosova: Lonicera japonica var. Chinensis , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, p. 637.

[FoC_jap-10] Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne, Renata Borošová: Lonicera japonica var. Japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 19, pp 637th

[11] Arne Grävemeyer: Virtual Drug Screening: Known drugs stop the virus in the simulation. Retrieved July 10, 2020 .

[12] Henry Johannes Greten, Thomas Efferth, Onat Kadioglu, Mohamed Saeed: Identification of novel compounds against three targets of SARS CoV-2 coronavirus by combined virtual screening and supervised machine learning. In: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. WHO, March 21, 2020, accessed July 10, 2020 .