Johanniterkommende Braunschweig

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City map of Braunschweig around 1400 (excerpt).
No. 29: Hospital of the Johanniter,
No. 28, 30: area of ​​the Johannishof.
(From the document book of the city of Braunschweig Volume 3, Sheet II.)

The Johanniterkommende Braunschweig was a branch of the order of the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem ( Order of St. John ) in the city of Braunschweig (Lower Saxony), which was probably founded in 1173/1174. It was first mentioned in a document in 1224. In 1358/9 the so-called Johannishof was downgraded to the priory of the nearby Kommende Süpplingenburg . In 1357 the Kommende Süpplingenburg also received the former Templar Coming ( Tempelhof ) in Braunschweig, the building and area of ​​which, however, were sold to the Calendar Brotherhood in Braunschweig in 1367, i.e. they were not merged with the Johanniterkommende Braunschweig.

location

"St. Johannes "
Braunschweig around 1606.
The location of the Johanniterkommende (" K: St. Johannes ") on a map of the city of Braunschweig around 1606.

The Johanniter branch in Braunschweig ( Johannishof ) was located southwest of the Kattreppeln street (was called by sante Johannese between 1386 and 1671 ) between two arms of the Oker, which are now filled in. Church, hospital, residential and farm buildings were located in the northwestern part of this property, while the southwestern area was undeveloped because of the risk of flooding. No remains of the former Johannishof have survived above ground. Church, hospital and outbuildings were demolished in 1784. The property is now built with modern buildings.

history

The Johannishof was first mentioned in a document in 1224 and is thus the oldest settlement of the Order of St. John in the area of ​​today's Lower Saxony. The Johannishof to how the Templars coming in Brunswick and in Süpplingenburg, on a foundation of Henry the Lion back, returned as this 1173 from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 1224, Count Palatine Heinrich , the son of Henry the Lion, confirmed his father's foundation, took the St. John's Hospital, consecrated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, under his protection and granted the branch all the freedoms that the Johanniter had in other branches. The hospital was established through alms given by charitable donors. In 1268 the Johanniter also owned the Holy Spirit Chapel located in front of the high gate and four Hufen land in the village of Cramme . In 1290 a document from Bishop Volrad von Halberstadt mentions the new Johanniter house in Braunschweig. In 1299 the Johanniter were in dispute with the Steterburg monastery over the occupation of the parish in Stiddien . The provost Volrad of St. Mauritius in Braunschweig did not succeed in negotiations to bring about an agreement between the two warring parties. He was therefore unable to introduce pastor Friedrich, who was presented by the Steterburg monastery, into his office. Around 1302 (?) The then commander Erenfrid announced that he had instructed the Meier of his court in Vechelde to deliver two pounds of pfennigs and three bushels of rye to the Marienhospital on the coming Michaelmas day (29 September). According to the article Templer und Johanniter in Braunschweig , the Johannishof also had property in the villages of Cramme, Hötzum , Broitzem ( Broytzen ), Timmerlah , Schandelah and Vechelde. The benefactors were mainly the Stapel and Watenstedt families from Brunswick. The Johanniter were also entitled to interest from the houses in the parish of the Johanniskapelle. This parish stretched from the houses on Kattreppeln , hat filters and the western part of the dam between the dam bridge, the long bridge and the Lauenturm. The Johannitern also owned the Südmühle near Braunschweig, which was sold early (without a year), and the Lindenstoven at Ulrichstor, which the Johanniter sold in 1382 for hereditary interest.

Around 1310 (?) Dietrich von Peine, at that time commander of the Johannishof in Braunschweig, with the consent of a brother Everhard van Dorpmunden, sold house interest of seven shillings to Luder vom Grünen Baume.

In 1318 Gebhard von Bortfeld (e) was Komtur (or Kommendator) of the Johanniter branches in Braunschweig, Goslar and Quanthof. He came from a very wealthy aristocratic family in Brunswick. In the same year he was appointed general representative ( procurator generalis ) of Saxony, the Mark Brandenburg and the Wendland (referred to by Gahlbeck as Protoballei Sachsen-Brandenburg ) by the general field officer Paolo da Modena . In 1319 he was appointed General Preceptor for the Protoballei Saxony-Brandenburg by the Grand Master Foulques de Villaret . On March 23, 1328, in his function as General President, he confirmed the award of six Hufen Land in Vechelde to the chapel of the Johannishof in Braunschweig; the proceeds were supposed to finance a priest in the chapel. In the document, the then (interim) commander Dietrich von Peine ( Thidericus de Peynis ) and the prior Hermann von Werben are named. In 1329 Gebhard von Bortfelde sold a house near the Johannishof on the Long Bridge for 60  marks of silver Braunschweigisches weight and an annual pension to the Brunswick citizen and carpenter Heinrich called de Borsne . And in 1335 Gebhard von Bortfelde sold a mill near the village of Welede ( Wehlheiden ) for 50 silver marks to the Kreuzkloster in Braunschweig. In 1358, Johann von Lüneburg, the last commander of the Brunswick branch, was named. After that there were only priories in Braunschweig, the branch a priory of the nearby Kommende Süpplingenburg.

The Tempelhof in Braunschweig

In 1312 Pope Clement V ordered the abolition of the Templar order and the transfer of the Templar property to the Order of St. John. However, the transfer of ownership hardly ever happened anywhere without difficulty. The Johanniter then tried to get the Templars coming in Süpplingenburg and Braunschweig (Tempelhof) into their possession. It was not until 1321 that the commander of Braunschweig, Gerhard von Bortfeld, managed to conclude a contract with the former owner of the Templar estates in Süpplingenburg and Braunschweig, Duke Otto von Braunschweig , who granted him the right to dispose of the earlier Templar estates until his death, only after that Death they should fall to the Johanniter. After the death of Duke Otto von Braunschweig in 1345 Duke Magnus I of Braunschweig first seized the Templar estates that his uncle had owned and pledged them to his distant cousin Duke Wilhelm II. It was not until 1357 that the Knights of St. John succeeded in acquiring the Templar estates that had been contractually granted to them to take possession of it, but only against payment of 400 silver marks. The St. Matthew Chapel of the Tempelhof in Braunschweig, which had been vacant since the end of the Knights Templar, was consecrated again in 1359 and the high altar was given a new endowment. In 1359, the Johanniter gave the Tempelhof in Braunschweig nine hooves in Schandelah for 120 silver marks. In 1367 the Johanniter sold the grounds of the Tempelhof including the chapel to the Heilig Geist Kalandbruderschaft in Braunschweig.

After the takeover of the Templars coming Süpplingenburg

After the Johanniter were finally able to take over the Kommende in Süpplingenburg at the end of 1357, the Süpplingenburg Castle there was rebuilt and made the preferred residence of the General Preceptor of the Protoballei Saxony-Brandenburg Hermann von Warberg , a nobleman from the vicinity of Braunschweig. In January / February 1358 a balivial chapter (meeting of the commendators of the Protoballei Saxony-Brandenburg ) took place in Braunschweig. What exactly was discussed has not been handed down, but one of the main topics is likely to have been the integration of the two former Templars, Braunschweig and Süpplingenburg.

On February 1, 1358, Hermann von Warberg, the (general) preceptor of the Johanniter in Saxony, the Mark Brandenburg, Pomerania and the Wendland, sold the tithe received from the Templars, a hoof and a farm in Bornum (Börßum municipality, Wolfenbüttel district ) to the Marienspital in Braunschweig or its sponsors, the council of the old town Braunschweig and the guardians of the hospital. In this certificate, Johannes von Lüneburg, a commander of the Braunschweig branch, is named for the last time.

On July 29, 1359, the General President Hermann von Warberg sold the Kommende Quanthof (district Benstorf in Flecken Salzhemmendorf , district of Hameln-Pyrmont ) to Siegfried von Homburg. In this document there is no longer any commander from Braunschweig, only the prior of the Braunschweig branch, Jan van der Heyde. In the same year (September 20, 1359), the former Templar or Matthäi chapel, which had been vacant since 1312, was re-consecrated. To furnish the main altar, Hermann von Warberg gave the chapel nine Hufen in Schandelah and two Wortzinse in Braunschweig. In this document, too, only the prior Johann von Heyde is named, not a commander.

Around 1367, the General President Hermann von Warberg in Süpplingenburg planned a kind of grand commander to which the Johanniter branches in Braunschweig, Gartow , Goslar , Werben and Wietersheim were to be subordinated or incorporated. It is possible that Süpplingendorf should become the seat of the preceptor (or master master) for Saxony, the Mark, Pomerania and the Wendland. Under his successor, the Altmark nobleman Bernhard von der Schulenburg, these plans were abandoned, the Gartow, Werben and Wietersheim comrades remained independent. The branches in Braunschweig and Goslar, however, remained priorities. The Johannishof in Braunschweig and the priory of the Holy Sepulcher in Goslar were subordinated to the Kommende Süpplingenburg.

In 1420 Prior Heinrich in Braunschweig confirmed that the Quanthof (between Benstorf , (Flecken Salzhemmendorf ) and Mehle , City of Elze ) was due to a privilege of Pope Celestine III. exempt. The reason for issuing this document is not entirely clear, because the Quanthof was an independent commander of the Johanniter until 1359 , before it was sold by master master Hermann von Warberg to Siegfried von Homburg that year.

Associated with the Johanniskapelle in Braunschweig was also a misery guild (1422). From the hospital (or connected with it) a beguinage was built in the first half of the 15th century , in which the beguines Ludeke / Ludovika Menken worked in 1435.

On July 3, 1451, Duke Friedrich II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg donated the parish church in Fallersleben (city of Wolfsburg ) to the Johanniter in Braunschweig. The two received certificates for this donation contradict each other a little. According to one document, the donation in Fallersleben was to become an independent branch; according to the second document, a union with the Braunschweig priory was planned. What became of the donation is not known due to the lack of documents.

Adelheid Jacobs, a citizen of Braunschweig, donated an eternal light in the Johanniskapelle in 1516.

building

In the weekly newspaper of the Johanniterordens-Balley Brandenburg from 1885 the little church of St. Johannis is described in more detail, supposedly based on a drawing in the city archive. According to this information, it was an unadorned Gothic chapel with two portals and two ogival windows on the front (north side?). One portal was decorated with two statues. There was a delicate roof turret on the roof. In addition to the high altar consecrated to John the Baptist, there was another altar consecrated to Simon and Judas, which Herwich von Watenstedt gave in 1328. There were pictures (or was the chapel painted?) Of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist on the walls. Ludolf Netweg made a foundation (no date given) with which seven candles were to be lit in front of the image of Mary every Sunday evening and on certain festive days after the end of Vespers.

Subsequent use and later fate of the Johannishof

With the introduction of the Reformation in Braunschweig in 1528, the chapel of the Johannishof was closed and sold to the city council in 1549. It stood empty for a long time, but was rededicated in 1573 and given to the St. Ulrici parish . Between 1671 and 1718 it was a garrison church. In 1784 it was demolished together with the other buildings of the Johannishof.

The hospital, which had been converted into a beguinage at the beginning of the 16th century (or to which the beguinage was attached), was sold together with the church to the city council of Braunschweig in 1549. In 1564 the city council sold the property without the church to Fritz von der Schulenburg and Dietrich von Quitzow. In 1655 the city council bought Quitzow's share back. The property has now been divided. The council received the undeveloped south-western part and laid out a herb garden on it. The municipal pharmacy was supplied with the harvested herbs.

In 1543, the Johannishof archive was brought to Süpplingenburg, where it was lost in 1615 in the devastating fire of the commander's building there.

In 1978 there was also a sub-commander and the Johanniter relief community in Braunschweig, as well as a branch of the Maltese.

Size of the convention

The Johannishof convent was never particularly large. In a document from 1328: the commander Thidericus de Peynis, the prior Hermannus de Werben, Henricus de Oesen and the brothers Hermannus W (o) lframmi, Bertrammus de Dammone, Conradus Holtnicker and David Kronesben. In the document of 1329 the prior Heinrich von Crevise, Heinrich von Oesen and the brothers Johannes are named Hernludiken and Hermannus Holtnikken.

Commendators / Commands and Priors

  • 1298–1302 Ulrich Schwabe, Commander of Braunschweig, Gardow and Mirow, 1303 he was also Commander of Nemerow, 1297 Commander in Lossen (Silesia)
  • 1302 Erembert
  • before 1318-1323, 1329-34 Gebhard von Bortfeld, Komtur von Braunschweig (and 1318-1323-? 1336 in Goslar, and 1318-28 in Quanthof), 1323 he is praeceptor generalis et specialis for Saxony, the Mark Brandenburg and the Wendland , 1318 Conrad von Dorstadt, prior
  • 1323 Dietrich von Peine, initially procurator and deputy of Gebhard von Bortfeld
  • from 1328 Dietrich von Peine, commander, Heinrich von Werben, prior
  • 1329 Henricus de Crevise, prior
  • 1340 Johannes von Honlage / Holneghe, Ludolf von Goslar, prior
  • 1358 Johannes von Lüneburg, last commander
  • 1359 Jan von der Heyde, prior of Braunschweig Thilo de Dammone and Conradus Eler, provisores of the hospital
  • 1367–1369 Johannes von Stöven, Prior
  • 1383 Nicolaus, prior
  • 1406–1414 Heinrich von Wendeburg, prior
  • 1420 Heinrich, prior
  • 1431 Bernd Schönewald, Prior, was pastor of the Johanniter-Ordenshaus in Stargard (Stargard Szezeciński) in Pomerania from 1427 to 1429
  • 1438 Georg Krüger, prior
  • 1449–1451 Jurgen Kruger, prior
  • 1459 Peter Kynbawer / Kanbawer, prior
  • 1460 Gerhard Bisbeck / Wisbeck, prior
  • 1476 Hermann Knackenhover / Bonehauer, Prior
  • 1515 Hermann Gernegast, prior
  • 1553 Joachim of Holstein

supporting documents

literature

  • Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 117.
  • Joseph Delaville de Roulx: Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jérusalem v. 3 (1260-1300). 819 p., Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1899 Online at Biblioteca Nacional Digital (hereinafter abbreviated to Delaville de Roulx, Cartulaire général, Vol. 3 with corresponding page number)
  • Christian Gahlbeck: Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk). On the question of the formation of residences in the Brandenburg ballot, the Johanniter from 1312 to 1527 . In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (Hrsg.): Regionality and transfer history Coming from the Knight Order of the Templars and Johanniter in north-eastern Germany and in Poland. , Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History [9], also: Volume 4 of the writings of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, NF ), pp. 271–337, ISBN 978-3-86732-140- 2 (hereinafter abbreviated to Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk) with the corresponding page number)
  • Julius Justus Gebhardi : The great Caland associated with the Matthäus-Stifft to H. Geist. Or historical news from the S. Matthai Foundation in Braunschweig, both after its establishment under the Temple Order, as the following conditions with the Knights of St. John, and the current status under the Calands Brotherhood. Ludolph Schröder's widow, Braunschweig 1739. ( Online at Google Books )
  • Ludwig Hänselmann , Heinrich Mack : Document book of the city of Braunschweig. 3rd volume MCCCXXI-MCCCXL. Reprint of the edition Braunschweig 1895, Osnabrück, H. Th. Wenner, 1975. (in the following abbreviated, Haenselmann & Mack, Urkundenbuch, Volume 3 with corresponding page number)
  • Ludwig Hänselmann: Document book of the city of Braunschweig. 2nd volume MXXI-MCCCXX. Reprint of the Braunschweig 1900 edition, Osnabrück, H. Th. Wenner, 1975. (in the following abbreviated, Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, Volume 2 with corresponding page number)
  • Nicolaus Heutger : The Johanniter in Lower Saxony. In: Nicolaus Heutger: From Lower Saxony's cultural heritage. , Pp. 45–56, August Lax Verlagbuchhandlung , Hildesheim 1978, ISBN 3784840248 .
  • Julius von Pflugk-Harttung : The beginnings of the Order of St. John in Germany, especially in the Mark Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. J. M. Spaeth's Verlag, Berlin 1899. (hereinafter abbreviated, Pflugk-Hartung, beginnings of the Order of St. John with corresponding page number)
  • Kerstin Rahn: Religious brotherhoods in the late medieval city of Braunschweig. Braunschweiger Werkstücke Volume 91, Hanover 1994, ISBN 3-930459-05-1 .
  • Rudorff (with an addendum by Niemeyer): The Lauenstein Office. Journal of the historical association for Lower Saxony, year 1858: 209–384, Hanover 1860 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Rudorff, Amt Lauenstein with the corresponding page number)
  • Henning Steinführer : Braunschweig - Johanniter (after 1173 to 1528). In: Josef Dolle and Dennis bonehauer (eds.): Lower Saxony monastery book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810. Part 1 Abbingwehr to Gandersheim, publications by the Institute for Historical Research at the University of Göttingen 56.2, 1st edition, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2012, p 138-141, ISBN 978-3-89534-956-0 . (in the following abbreviated Steinführer, Niedersächsisches Klosterbuch, 1, with corresponding page number)
  • Hermann Sudendorf : Document book on the history of the dukes of Braunschweig and Lüneburg. Part 3 (from 1357 to 1369). Carl Rümpler, Hannover 1862. (in the following abbreviated Sudendorf, document book with corresponding page number; online at Google Books )

Source editions

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Steinführer, Niedersächsisches Klosterbuch, 1, p. 141.
  2. ↑ Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2, p. 24. Online at archive.org
  3. ↑ a b c Walter G. Rödel: The Grand Priory Germany of the Order of St. John in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation based on the general visit reports of 1494/95 and 1540/41. XLVI, 484 pp., Wienand, Cologne. 1972, 424
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Anonymus: The Templars and Johanniter in the city of Braunschweig. Weekly newspaper of the Johanniter-Ordens-Balley Brandenburg, 26: 297-300, Berlin 1883.
  5. ↑ Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2, pp. 171/2. Online at archive.org
  6. ↑ Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2, p. 216. Online at archive.org
  7. ↑ Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2, p. 247. Online at archive.org
  8. ↑ Haenselmann, Urkundenbuch, vol. 2, p. 348. Online at archive.org
  9. ^ Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 299.
  10. ↑ a b Pflugk-Hartung, Beginnings of the Johanniter Order, p. 113, document no. 4th
  11. ↑ a b c d Pflugk-Hartung, Beginnings of the Johanniter Order, p. 118, document no. 5.
  12. ↑ Pflugk-Hartung, Beginnings of the Johanniter Order, p. 118, document no. 9.
  13. ^ Sudendorf, Urkundenbuch, p. 31 Online at Google Books
  14. ↑ a b c d Manfred RW Garzmann (Ed.), Josef Dolle (Ed.): Urkundenbuch der Stadt Braunschweig Volume 5. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 1994. ISBN 3-87898-057-4 Online at TU Braunschweig, Certificate No. 352
  15. ↑ August Lambrecht: Das Herzogthum Braunschweig: geographically, historically and statistically presented for use in home and school. Commissionsverlag by Albert Stichtenoth, Wolfenbüttel, 1863 Online at Google Books (p. 328)
  16. ^ Hermann Dürre: History of the city of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages. Verlag von Grüneberg's Buch-, Kunst- und Musikalienhandlung, Braunschweig 1861 Online at Google Books (p. 534)
  17. ↑ a b Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 311.
  18. ^ Document book of the city of Goslar, vol. 4, p. 474, document number 624 from February 1, 1358 online at www.archive.org .
  19. Jump up ↑ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz: Origines Guelficae quibus Ottonis, quem puerum vulgo dicimus, primi Brunsvicensium et Luneburgensium ducis. vita, fata et eximiae virtutis enarrantur ..., Volume 4, 588 pp., Heinrich Ernst Christopher Schlueter, Hanover, 1753 Online at Google Books (p. 504).
  20. ↑ Georg Bode (edit.): Document book of the city of Goslar and the spiritual foundations there. 4th part. 831 p., Verlag von Otto Hendel, Halle 1905 Online at www.archive.org , p. 502, document number 668 of September 20, 1359.
  21. ^ A b Nicolaus Heutger: The Templars then and now: for the 50th anniversary of the reactivation of the Templar order in Germany. 225 pp., Lukas-Verlag, Berlin, 2007 preview on Google Books
  22. ↑ Rudorff, Amt Lauenstein, p. 305 Online at Google Books (p. 305)
  23. ↑ Steinführer, Lower Saxony Monastery Book, 1, p. 139.
  24. ^ Nicolaus Heutger : The Johanniter in Lower Saxony. In: Nicolaus Heutger: From Lower Saxony's cultural heritage. , Pp. 45–56, August Lax Verlagbuchhandlung , Hildesheim 1978, ISBN 3784840248 .
  25. ↑ a b Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 335.
  26. ↑ Delaville de Roulx, Cartulaire géneral, vol. 3, p. 710, document no. 4366.
  27. ↑ Pflugk-Hartung, Beginnings of the Johanniter Order, p. 120, document no. 11.
  28. ↑ a b Haenselmann & Mack, Urkundenbuch, vol. 3, p 487 online at TU Braunschweig .
  29. ↑ Carl Bege: stories of some of the most famous castles and families of the Duchy of Braunschweig. Holle'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Musikalien-Handlung, Wolfenbüttel, 1844 Online at Google Books (p. 163)
  30. ↑ Gebhardi, Matthäus-Stifft Online at Google Books
  31. ^ Agnieszka Lindenhayn-Fiedorowicz: Johannite patronage and urban architecture. The St. Mary's Church in Stargard (Stargard Szezeciński) in Pomerania. In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (Hrsg.): Regionality and transfer history Coming from the Knight Order of the Templars and Johanniter in north-eastern Germany and in Poland. P. 248–270, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History 9, also: Volume 4 of the writings of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, NF) ISBN 978-3-86732-140-2 , p. 269
  32. ^ Christian Gahlbeck: A ball becomes evangelical. Self-assertion and change of the Johanniter-Ballei Brandenburg in the time of the Reformation and the beginning of absolutism. In: Enno Bünz, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Klaus Neitmann (eds.): Reformations on site: Christian faith and denominational culture in Brandenburg and Saxony in the 16th century. Pp. 106-134, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2017, p. 113.
  33. ↑ CDB, A6, Urk.LXXXVIII (= 88), p. 63. Online at Google Books
  34. ^ Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch : History of the Johanniter-Comthureien Nemerow and Gardow. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology. Vol. 9 (1844), pp. 28-96. ( Full text , digitized version ), p. 52.

annotation

  1. ↑ Has this been confused with the Matthäikapelle, of which there is actually a drawing before the demolition? Or is it an unpublished drawing in the Braunschweig city archive?
  2. ↑ According to the article Templer und Johanniter in Braunschweig , however, the Johanniskapelle was demolished in 1704.

Coordinates: 52 ° 16 '  N , 10 ° 31'  E