Joseph Morand

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Joseph Morand, miniature portrait

Joseph Morand (born July 18, 1757 in Allemans (La Rivière), Dordogne department , † April 5, 1813 in Boizenburg ) was a French general ( Général de division ) and governor during the coalition wars .

Live and act

Family coat of arms from 1811

Joseph Morand was born the natural son of Capitaine Jérôme Morand (1716–1786), a highly decorated grenadier- Royaux, and Marie Cressat. After attending school until he was 16, he volunteered on January 20, 1774 for service in the Régiment de Guyenne . There he received his first military training. On June 6, 1776, he joined as a cadet in the Régiment de Picardie , where he on 2 June 1777 to lieutenant Sous- for on 4 June 1780 lieutenant-Seconde and was promoted lieutenant-Premier on June 15, 1783.. With the rank of Captain Morand took on 6 May 1787 his farewell by the military and married on November 28, Jeanne-Angélique Cretin in Besancon . The marriage produced four children, two boys and two girls.

After the outbreak of the French Revolution , Morand joined the National Guard in Besançon in 1789 . In April of the following year, he took command of the National Guard in Saint-Étienne-de-Puycorbier . A few weeks later, on July 2, 1790, he received the order to form a volunteer battalion of the National Guard in the Mussidan district. At the end of 1791, Morand decided to re-enter military service. Returned to the army on January 12, 1792, he became captaine in the 56 e régiment d'infanterie (from 1794 56 e demi-brigade de bataille ) and then served on the staff of Brigadier General Jean-Baptiste André Ruault de La Bonnerie in the Armée du Nord . During these years he proved himself on a number of occasions, such as the siege of Lille and the battle of Neer winds , where he suffered a serious injury to his right arm. This was followed by several months of hospital accommodation in Lille. There, Morand gained the certainty that he could no longer use his right hand. After the only partial recovery he was transferred to the Armée des Pyrénées-Occidentales in mid-October 1794 and took part in the second campaign against Spain . Morand, now employed in the staff and troop service, rose to a provisional position in November and then to a regular brigadier general by decree of the Comité de Salut public on June 13, 1795.

After his promotion, he served in the Armée de l'Ouest in September 1795 and joined the Armée de l'Intérieur on October 30, 1795 , which was used to combat royalist uprisings. For the first time he was under the command of Napoléon Bonaparte , who had led the Armée de l'Intérieur since October 27 . Then Morand took over various commandos, so on January 1, 1796 in Cambrai and the following October 1 in Metz . On March 21, 1797 he was appointed commandant of Luxembourg and the Départements des Forêts . For the next two years, Morand fought the armed uprisings there. The battle near Arzfeld was the bloody climax in the persecution of the rebels that he ordered. The peasants captured that day were threatened with court martial of the 25 e division militaire in Luxembourg and thus sentenced to death. After Morand's mission in Luxembourg and Belgium was over, he was appointed Commandant of Paris on July 24, 1799.

On November 9, 1799 during the coup in Paris in attendance, he supported Napoleon Bonaparte , who showed up with his appointment as General de division recognizable on 27 April 1800's. After falling out of favor because of his personal commitment to the Chevalier von Coigny, who had been accused of having had contacts with Baron Hyde de Neuville, Napoleon released him from his command in Paris. On July 18, 1800 he received a command in the Alexandria area . He stayed there for a few months. Upon his return, he took over on April 28, 1801, the leadership of the 1 s division in the Armée d'Italie under Moncey . A few months later, on December 22, 1801, he was given command of the 23 e division militaire , which was part of the organized military administration in Corsica . In Corsica, the qualified division general, who enjoyed the express confidence of Napoleon, was supposed to fight the insurgents. Together with the extraordinary administrator André-François Miot de Mélito, who was replaced in October 1802, Morand installed a tyranny and arbitrary rule. He responded to the resistance of the rebels with arrests and shootings . As in Isolaccio-di-Fiumorbo , where he arranged for the arrest and imprisonment of 167 men in retaliation on June 6, 1808. Relentlessly, he also fought the blood revenge that was widespread on the island . 1809 came the so-called Conspiration d' Ajaccio in Corsica , as a result of which Morand was accused of abuse of power and misconduct. A specially appointed commission of inquiry later demanded his dismissal, but Napoleon refused. Morand remained in Corsica until his replacement in July 1811. In recognition of his services there, he was made a knight on December 11, 1803 and commander of the Legion of Honor on July 14, 1804 . Napoleon also awarded him the title of Baron de l'Empire on August 30, 1811 and furnished him with a baronate in the Kingdom of Westphalia .

After he had been available for several weeks, Napoleon appointed him ambassador to the Kingdom of Bavaria . However, the deployment there did not last long, as the transfer to the Corps d'observation de l'Elbe followed on February 7, 1812 . Two and a half weeks later, on February 29, he was appointed governor of Swedish Pomerania and from then on resided in the Stralsund fortress . There, too, Morand ensured the ruthless assertion of Napoleon's power interests.

In the period from July 22 to October 15, 1812, Morand, who retained his position as governor, also took command of the 34 e division in the 11 e corps in Mecklenburg . Most of the division moved to Koenigsberg in October. Morand had two battalions from the Saxon regiment Prince Maximilian and a Saxon battery. The later two battalions of the Neapolitan 22 e régiment d'infantry légère were strengthened.

During the retreat from northeast Germany, the commander and viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais gave him the order in February 1813 to lead the Stralsund fortress with 2542 men with 224 horses and 12 guns to Hamburg . There Morand's troops were supposed to defend the lower Elbe together with the 152nd e régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne . On March 9, 1813, the French and Saxon troops evacuated Stralsund and marched towards Hamburg. Because Denmark had declared itself neutral, a superior Danish division under Lieutenant General Johann von Ewald prevented him from marching on to Hamburg on March 15. Therefore Morand avoided to Bergedorf. There he was attacked on March 16 and 17 by the dismounted Cossacks of the Russian patrol corps leader Tettenborn . Leaving behind a rearguard with six guns, which were lost after a lively battle, Morand's troops withdrew across the Elbe at Zollenspieker on March 17 . Tettenborn, however, occupied Hamburg on March 18, while Morand appeared before Bremen after a call for help from Division General Carra Saint-Cyrs . Saint-Cyr had because there anti-French riots broke out over Bremen and the district Bremerlehe the siege imposed. Morand's division crossed the Weser near Bremen on March 22nd and stayed there for the following days.

When the viceroy heard of the uprising in Lüneburg , he gave Morand the order on March 24 to occupy the city and hold a criminal court there. Morand's division, around 2,700 men with nine guns, reinforced by horsemen - mounted Douaniers and gendarmes - started marching from the Bremen area and reached Tostedt on March 27th . After Morand had received reinforcements on March 30th, he bivouacked near Garlstorf on March 31st, in order to begin the approach to Lüneburg the next morning. At noon on April 1st the division entered the city. 22 Lüneburgers fell victim to the French actions, either injured or killed. Two of them, the citizens of Spangenberg and Gellers, were shot dead for possession of weapons . Morand immediately read a proclamation and had 30 of the city's most respected citizens arrested, including the landscape director Karl Levin Otto von Lenthe (1746–1815). The arrested were to be tried the next day before a court martial . However, Morand was given no further opportunity to carry out the ordered punitive and retaliatory measures.

In the early morning of April 2, wandering Cossacks initiated the battle near Lüneburg . Morand realized too late that he was dealing with Dörnberg's corps - regular Prussian and Russian infantry and artillery and strong Russian cavalry. In the hours that followed, Morand exhausted his strength, withdrew from the city where the citizens had risen again, and was wounded for the first time. After the battalions had rallied at the height of the Mönchsgarten, they advanced again at around 3:30 p.m. Morand led the attack and urged his soldiers on with the exclamation "Vive L'Empereur". It was a hopeless endeavor. The exhausted Saxons and demoralized French were no longer able to lead the attack to success. In addition, Morand had been seriously wounded and had transferred command to the equally wounded Saxon Colonel Friedrich Franz von Ehrenstein. Two Saxon companies managed to retreat to the Lerchenberg. The other two companies that had led the attack were harassed by Pomeranian fusiliers and had to lay down their weapons. The French battalion brought in for reinforcement on March 30 also proved to be of little help. In the late afternoon the remnants of Morand's division had to surrender. The prisoners were then taken through the city. On the same day they marched on to Boizenburg, from where they were taken to Berlin on April 11th. The seriously injured Morand, on the other hand, had been cared for in the house of Captain Langrehr at Grosse Bäckerstrasse 4. The next day he was brought to Boizenburg by the Lüneburg pharmacist Dempwolff. There he died on April 5 at around 9 a.m. in the home of Mayor Peter Knaudt (1750-1818) on Königsstrasse. Morand was posthumously honored with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor . His widow and underage sons, on the other hand, received an annual pension of 6,000 francs .

progeny

  • Genevieve-Angélique Morand (1786–1826)
∞ (July 17, 1809, Paris) Benoit-Prosper Sibuet (1773–1813), Brigadier General, Knight of the Legion of Honor, drowned in the Bober River (near Lwówek Śląski )
  • Marie-Madaleine-Anatole Morand (1789–1870)
∞ (March 1, 1809, Paris) Louis-Pierre de Montbrun (1770–1812), division general, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor , died in the Battle of Borodino
∞ Louis-Marie Véron Baron de Farincourt (1786–1847), Maréchal de camp , Commander of the Legion of Honor
  • Adolphe-Niclas-Vicente Joseph Morand (1798–1854), lieutenant colonel with the 4th e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique
  • Eduard-Adam Morand (1801–?), Officer, died during the Expédition de Morée

Memorial culture

Mecklenburg

Grave of Joseph Morand.jpg

Morand was buried with military honors in the Boizenburg cemetery. The wine merchant and Freemason Friedrich Jakob Klepper (1779–1871), who played a decisive role in the run-up to the fighting in Lüneburg, donated a memorial cross for the grave. Klepper was also buried at his own request next to his former opponent from the war of liberation. The weathered wooden cross was replaced by a whitewashed stone cross with an inscription (MORAND • D • 2 • April • 1813) on behalf of the Mecklenburg Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II .

On October 22, 1933, the National Socialists staged a memorial service at the grave of Klepper and Morand. Over 2000 people took part in the event, which was abused for ideological purposes. In the course of this, the city administration under NSDAP Mayor Johannes Senst placed both graves under public protection.

Today the grave of Division General Joseph Morand is a listed building .

France

Joseph Morand, plaque.jpg

In the Mussidan parish , a square was named after Joseph Morand.

The municipality of Isolaccio-di-Fiumorbo has been commemorating the mass arrest of June 6, 1808 ordered by General Morand since 1979 with a plaque. On June 2, 2012 the memorial was renewed and three memorial stones were added. The newly erected memorial stones bear the names of the 167 men arrested.

On the east pillar of the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris, the name Morand is recorded, which is not dedicated to the division general Joseph Morand, as is sometimes claimed, but to the division general Charles Antoine Morand (1771-1835), who in the battle of Austerlitz fought and took part in the Russian campaign of 1812 .

Complementary

Morand's division

On April 1, 1813, the division had a total of 2,727 men.

Morand's division lost at least 350 men in the battle of Lüneburg, including 130 dead and 220 wounded. A total of 2,270 men were captured. They also included the chief of staff, Colonel Francois Lourde (1771–1848) and the Saxon Colonel Friedrich Franz von Ehrenstein (1757–1818). The Saxons and the French were taken to Russia as prisoners in April. There the Saxons were incorporated into the Russian-German Legion , mostly against their will .

Morand Division
Units and staff Officers Teams
1st and 2nd battalion of the Saxon regiment Prince Maximilian 33 1495
Saxon artillery battery 5 165
4th e battalion of the 152 e regiment d'infanterie de ligne 19th 450
Douaniers on foot 12 235
Douaniers on horseback --- 25th
3 e and 17 e Compagnie des 8 e régiment d'artillerie à pied 7th 186
mounted gendarmes --- 88
General Staff (État-majors) 7th ---

Morand's documents

Signature Joseph Morand

The allies captured a large number of Morand's documents on April 2. Dörnberg came into possession of the revealing correspondence between Morand and Carra Saint-Cyrs.

Major General Alexander Ivanovich Tschernyschow found a personal letter from Napoleon Bonaparte in the documents. The patriotic letter was addressed to the Corsican revolutionary Pasquale Paoli and written on June 12, 1789 in Auxonne . During this time Napoleon was still a lieutenant in the Régiment de La Fère artillerie . Tschernyschow immediately reported to Tsar Alexander I about the find and sent the letter to Russia. However, it remained unclear how the letter came into Morand's possession.

Lueneburg on April 4th

On April 4, the French occupied Lüneburg again. The troops were commanded by Brigadier General Alexandre de Montbrun (1775-1821), the brother of Division General Louis-Pierre de Montbrun, who died in September 1812 before Moscow and who was married to Morand's daughter Marie. The angry Montbrun had 106 respected citizens arrested shortly after the invasion and locked up in the town hall. He accused the Lüneburgers of taking part in the fight, of looting the baggage they were carrying and of attacking the French prisoners. The citizens were threatened with execution. However, the execution was refrained from, probably also because of the letter written by Lieutenant General von Dörnberg on April 5 in Boizenburg to the French generals. Dörnberg announced retaliatory measures. He also stated that the Lüneburgers had taken up arms on the express order of the commander of the Russian troops. The writing did not fail to have its effect; for on April 8th, Montbrun, who now practiced forbearance, gave the order for the citizens to be released.

literature

  • Georges Six: Dictionnaire biographique des Généraux et Amiraux de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792-1814). Volume 2. Georges Saffroy, Paris 1934, p. 222 f (French, digitized ).
  • Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat: Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biography de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre. Volume 3. Au Bureau de l'Administration, Paris 1845, p. 423 f (French, digitized ).

Web links

Commons : Joseph Morand  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ From the estate of Genevieve-Angélique Morand; 1911 in the hands of the Countess von Villermont born. Sibuet, the great-granddaughter of Joseph Morand. see. Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: episode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p. 8 (French).
  2. ↑ Hamlet approx. 5 km south of Allemans
  3. ↑ 1777 with the rank of captain in the Régiment provincial Perigueux ; Award: Chevalier de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis , received a pension of 300 livre.
  4. ^ Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord. Tome 35. Imprimerie de la Dordogne, Périgueux 1908, p. 407 (French).
  5. ↑ Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: épisode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p 6 (French).
  6. ^ Joseph Durieux: La Dordogne militaire. Généraux et soldiers de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Impr. Générale du Sud-Ouest, Bergerac 1920, p. 47 (French).
  7. ^ J. Kessler: The three campaigns of the French against the Spaniards in the western Pyrenees in the years 1793, 1794 and 1795. Johann Conrad Hinrichs, Leipzig 1804, p. 119, p. 146.
  8. ^ Participation in the suppression of the royalist uprising of October 5, 1795 (13th Vendémiaire) in Paris.
  9. ↑ C. Clerget (ed.): Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution. R. Chapelot, Paris 1905, p. 52, p. 57 (French).
  10. ^ Joseph Durieux:  La Dordogne militaire. Généraux et soldiers de la Révolution et de l'Empire.  Impr. Générale du Sud-Ouest, Bergerac 1920, p. 49 (French).
  11. ↑ Auguste Orts: La guerre des paysans 1798–99 episode de l'histoire Belge. Bruylant-Christophe & Comp, Bruxelles 1863, p. 180 f, p. 194 (French).
  12. ^ Journal politique de l'Europe . Faisant suite à la Gazette des Deux-Ponts. No. 318 , November 10, 1798, p. 3 .
  13. ^ Journal politique de l'Europe . Faisant suite à la Gazette des Deux-Ponts. No. 325 , November 17, 1798, pp. 3 f .
  14. ^ Johann Engling: History of the so-called Klöppelkrieges. V. Bück, Luxemburg 1858, p. 81, pp. 83-89.
  15. ↑ The “Bobbin War”, its interpretation and its afterlife in the history of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. Volume 48. L. Röhrscheid, Bonn 1984, pp. 161-237.
  16. ^ Johann Engling: History of the so-called Klöppelkrieges. V. Bück, Luxemburg 1858, p. 81, p. 119, p. 121–124.
  17. ↑ The numerous death sentences passed were carried out from the beginning of January to the end of May 1799 by shooting and beheading . see. Johann Engling: History of the so-called lace war. V. Bück, Luxemburg 1858, pp. 118-130.
  18. ^ Arthur Chuquet: Ordres et apostilles de Napoléon (1799-1815). Tome 1. H. Champion, Paris 1911, p. 83, no. 192 (French).
  19. ^ Jean Guillaume Baron Hyde De Neuville: Memoirs of Baron Hyde de Neuville, Outlaw, Exile, Ambassador. Volume 1. Sands & Co, London 1913, p. 111 (English, digital version ).
  20. ^ A b Joseph Durieux: La Dordogne militaire. Généraux et soldiers de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Impr. Générale du Sud-Ouest, Bergerac 1920, p. 50 f (French).
  21. ↑ In March 1801 Morand asked to return to his family in Paris. see. Arthur Chuquet:  Ordres et apostilles de Napoléon (1799-1815).  Tome 1. H. Champion, Paris 1911, p. 111, no. 286 (French).
  22. ^ Célestin Bosc: La conspiration d'Ajaccio contre la France en 1809, d'après la correspondance. L. Ristory, Paris 1905, p. 307 (French).
  23. ↑ Jean: From the Corsican's struggle for freedom. Trikont, Munich 1978, ISBN 978-3-88167-032-6 , p. 101.
  24. ↑ By decree of January 12, 1803, Morand received additional powers that included jurisdiction and censorship. see. Elben: Swabian Chronicle. Stuttgart 1803, p. 50 ( digitized version ).
  25. ↑ a b Some of the men, including the mayor, were sentenced to death and executed in Bastia on August 4, 1808 . Most of the other prisoners were detained in Embrun , where many of them died because of the poor prison conditions. see. Jean-Ange Galletti: Histoire illustrée de la Corse. Impremerie de Pillet, Paris 1863, p. 524 (French).
  26. ^ Célestin Bosc: La conspiration d'Ajaccio contre la France en 1809, d'après la correspondance. L. Ristory, Paris 1905, pp. 67-139 (French).
  27. ↑ Correspondance de Napoléon I . tape 19 . Imprimerie impériale, Paris 1865, p. 621 (French, correspondence to Police Minister Count Fouché of September 18, 1809).
  28. ^ Célestin Bosc: La conspiration d'Ajaccio contre la France en 1809, d'après la correspondance. L. Ristory, Paris 1905, pp. 217-222 (French).
  29. ^ Joseph Durieux: La Dordogne militaire. Généraux et soldiers de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Impr. Générale du Sud-Ouest, Bergerac 1920, p. 54 (French).
  30. ^ According to the list of the French War Ministry of March 19, 1890; Division General Joseph Morand. see. Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord. Tome XVII. Imprimiere de la Dordongne, Périgueux 1890, p. 322.
  31. ↑ Georges Six: Dictionnaire biographique des Généraux et Amiraux de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792-1814). Volume 2. Georges Saffroy, Paris 1934, p. 223 (French).
  32. ^ Movement of French Rear Area Units, by Unit 1812 Russian Campaign. (PDF) In: usacac.army.mil. 1993, p. 3 f , accessed on June 10, 2017 (English).
  33. ^ Arthur Chuquet:  Ordres et apostilles de Napoléon (1799-1815).  Tome 1. H. Champion, Paris 1911, p. 323 f, no.1032 (French).
  34. ↑ Bruno von Treuenfeld: The year 1813: until the battle of Großgörschen. Zuckschwerdt & Co, Leipzig 1901, p. 456.
  35. ↑ Michael V. Leggiere: Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany. The Franco-Prussian War 1813. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-08051-5 , p. 141 (English).
  36. ↑ Bruno von Treuenfeld: The year 1813: until the battle of Großgörschen. Zuckschwerdt & Co, Leipzig 1901, p. 405.
  37. ↑ Michael Kotulla: German Constitutional Law 1806 1918: A collection of documents with introductions. Volume 4: Bremen. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-540-29504-4 , p. 23.
  38. ^ Christian Ludwig Zander: History of the war on the Lower Elbe in 1813. Herold & Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 54 f.
  39. ↑ The 4 e battalion of 152 e Regiment d'infantry de Ligne with 450 men, which also mitführten a cannon (four-pounder).
  40. ^ Christian Ludwig Zander: History of the war on the Nieder-Elbe in 1813. Herold & Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 57 f.
  41. ↑ Christian Ludwig Zander: History of the war on the Lower Elbe in 1813. Herold & Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 58.
  42. ^ Arthur Kleinschmidt: History of the Kingdom of Westphalia. Perthes, Gotha 1893, p. 561.
  43. ^ The battle near Lüneburg. In: Georg Cardinal von Widdern: The Streifkorps in the German War of Liberation 1813. Section 1. Verlag R. Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1894, pp. 26–37.
  44. ↑ Michael V. Leggiere: Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany. The Franco-Prussian War 1813. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, p. 143 (English).
  45. ↑ He was badly injured by a bullet or two and a grape bullet fired from Graalwall. see. Vogler: The strangest incidents in Lüneburg during the years 1813 and 1814 are reported by an eyewitness. Herold and Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 24 f.
  46. ^ JF von Cotta (ed.): Allgemeine Zeitung Munich . No. 120 , April 30, 1813, pp. 3 .
  47. ↑ a b Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: épisode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p 8 (French).
  48. ↑ Uwe Wieben: Joseph Morand (1757-1813) a French general in Boizenburg. In: Streiflichter from Boizenburg and the surrounding area: 51 historical miniatures. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2016, ISBN 978-3-96023-002-1 , p. 35 f.
  49. ^ Decree signed by Napoleon on September 2, 1813.
  50. ↑ Uwe Wieben: Friedrich Jakob Klepper (1779–1871). Freedom fighter and innkeeper. In: Streiflichter from Boizenburg and the surrounding area: 51 historical miniatures. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2016, pp. 40–44.
  51. ↑ a b Friedrich Schlie: The art and historical monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume III. Bärensprungsche Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1899, p. 121.
  52. ↑ Erika Will: The grave of General Morand . In: Mecklenburg-Magazin . Regional supplement of the Schweriner Volkszeitung. No. 26 . Schwerin 1995, p. 8 .
  53. ↑ Horst Ende: Burial place and landscape park - the cemetery in Boizenburg. In: State Office for Culture and Monument Preservation (Ed.): Cultural heritage in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Volume 4. Schwerin 2009, p. 65.
  54. ↑ Uwe Wieben: Friedrich Jakob Klepper (1779–1871). Freedom fighter and innkeeper. In: Streiflichter from Boizenburg and the surrounding area: 51 historical miniatures. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2016, p. 35, p. 44.
  55. ↑ Uwe Wieben: Friedrich Jakob Klepper (1779–1871). Freedom fighter and innkeeper. In: Streiflichter from Boizenburg and the surrounding area: 51 historical miniatures. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2016, p. 35.
  56. ↑ Monuments in Boizenburg. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: List of monuments of the Ludwigslust-Parchim district. October 2016, p. 8 , accessed October 16, 2017 .
  57. ↑ Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: épisode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p 52 (French).
  58. ↑ Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: épisode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p 57 (French).
  59. ^ Division structure on April 1, 1813. cf. Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: episode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, p. 37 (French).
  60. ↑ a b c Eutrope Cazalas: De Stralsund à Lunebourg: épisode de la campagne de 1813. L. Fornier, Paris 1911, pp 55-62 (French).
  61. ^ Arthur Böhtlingk: Napoleon Bonaparte; its youth and its rise until the 13th vendémiaire. ED. Frommann, Jena 1877, pp. 117-120.
  62. ↑ Georges Six: Dictionnaire biographique des Généraux et Amiraux de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792-1814). Volume 2. Georges Saffroy, Paris 1934, p. 216 (French).
  63. ^ Christian Ludwig Zander: History of the war on the Lower Elbe in 1813. Herold & Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 68.
  64. ↑ Christian Ludwig Zander: History of the war on the Lower Elbe in 1813. Herold & Wahlstab, Lüneburg 1839, p. 69.
personal data
SURNAME Morand, Joseph
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French general in Napoleonic service
DATE OF BIRTH July 8, 1757
PLACE OF BIRTH Allemans
DATE OF DEATH April 5, 1813
Place of death Boizenburg