Carp production

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carp ponds at Bowlake Fish Farm in the UK
Carp pond at Warren Mill Farm Park in the UK
A common carp
Scale carp (above) and mirror carp
View of the head section
Carp for food
Traditional New Year's carp

The carp production , the reproduction, keeping and fattening of Cyprinus carpio is one of the most important branches of aquaculture worldwide , along with rainbow trout production .

history

The carp originally comes from Asia or Asia Minor and has its gene center from China via Central Asia to the Black Sea . Today wild carp can be found in the Black Sea , Sea of ​​Azov and the Caspian Sea . Also in the lower reaches of the Dnieper , Volga and Don rivers . The fish species spread to Europe in several stages during the Ice Age and Interglacial. For its expansion to the west, changed climatic conditions and the associated higher water temperatures were a prerequisite. It is no longer possible to clearly differentiate between natural distribution and anthropogenic introduction into foreign waters. The expansion of the carp in Europe started in the Danube region.

Carp farming began in ancient times with the Greeks and Romans and in 500 BC. In China, where the origin of its domestication can be seen. During this time the carp became a pet or farm animal . The area of ​​distribution expanded further in the Middle Ages (13th to 15th centuries) because the monks kept the carp in the pond and used it as a fasting food . It is believed that v. a. in northern Bavaria there was a three to four times greater number of carp ponds than today. The first mention by name is from the time of Charlemagne . Some names in other regions of Germany also point to this origin.

Carp were traditionally produced in the climatically favorable Silesia , Bohemia and Moravia . Today the main areas of carp farming in Europe are Russia , Ukraine , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Switzerland , Spain , Portugal , Italy , France , the Netherlands , Germany and Turkey . The pond farms are traditionally concentrated in the Danube , Tisza , Drave and Save areas in Hungary and in the former Yugoslavia .

In 1514 Leonard Mascal introduced the carp to England and from there to the USA (1831), Australia (1876), Canada (1880), South Africa (1897), Egypt (1934) and India (1939). Due to the great adaptability of this fish species, carp farming was able to spread worldwide.

economics

According to the FAO, 3.47 million tons of carp meat are produced worldwide . With this, the carp is number three in global aquaculture statistics after the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) with 3.99 million tons and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) with 3.91 million tons. The growth rate in carp production is around 11% annually.

In Asia, the breeding of cyprinids is traditionally the most important. The world's largest carp producer is China with 2.0 million tons, followed by India . Recently there has also been significant carp production in Israel . Due to population growth, the increased demand for fish protein, but limited by the country's lack of water, which has led to highly intensive use. Israeli carp farmers generate an area yield of around 4,400 kilograms / hectare.

In Europe, Poland is currently the leader with 60,000 hectares of pond area and an annual production of 20,000 tons. Also the Czech Republic , Belarus , Romania and Croatia. In Holland, carp pond management is no longer possible due to the large number of cormorants. Although there has also been a decline (in Russia, since 1990, carp pond farming has been reduced by -75%), carp is still relatively popular as food fish in Eastern Europe , while consumption in Western Europe is declining. Internationally, the carp only plays a major role in Asia and Europe, while in Australia and North America it is considered a foreign, invasive species.

In Germany, small-scale carp pond farming is concentrated in Aischgrund in Central Franconia , namely in the districts of Erlangen-Höchstadt and Neustadt-Bad Windsheim , where around 3,300 ponds produce 25% of German table carp . The reason for the concentration of carp ponds is the high annual temperatures in this zone and the associated growth of carp. Apart from Bavaria, table carp production is of greater importance in the federal states of Saxony and Brandenburg . In contrast to southern Germany, the main occupation is the large-scale enterprise . In modern companies, the business data for carp production such as B. Date of fishing, age groups, number of fish, fish mass in kg, and use such as sales from the pond, sales from the container during the year are documented.

Table carp as a regional brand

In the context of product differentiation, different brands are offered on the market. Various regional brands such as the Austrian quality brand "Waldviertler Karpfen", the "Aischgründer Karpfen" or the "Holsteiner Karpfen" (800 years of tradition in carp breeding) with the center in Reinfeld are the seal of quality of Schleswig-Holstein established. The designation of origin Holsteiner Karpfen is protected by law like other specialties (Holsteiner Katenschinken, Kieler Sprats etc.). Carp were first mentioned in the Cistercian monastery in Reinfeld in 1196. For Holstein carp, the edible fish weight is set at 1.5 kilograms with a minimum age of three years. There are also defined requirements for color, consistency and fat content for the quality of the meat. It is decisive for the designation of origin Holsteiner carp that the fish reach slaughter maturity in their last year of life (weight increase by three to five times) in a Schleswig-Holstein water body (approx. 200 family businesses in full and part-time occupation on a pond area of ​​2,000 hectares) to have. Feeding must be limited to grain and soy products.

Production process

Carp are preferred to be kept in waters with higher water temperatures, mud or sandy bottoms and aquatic plants. The advantage here is that the fish tolerates lower oxygen levels (up to 4 mg / l) than trout, for example. The physiological optimum in carp is at a water temperature of 20 ° C to 28 ° C, an oxygen content of 5.0 to 30 mg O 2 / l and a pH value of 7.0 to 8.3.

A fundamental distinction is made between extensive and intensive management. For extensive pond management , nutrient-rich waters are ideal, as the carp look for their food on the bottom of the water. When the carp pound on the bottom, a lot of sediment is stirred up in the water, which often leads to cloudiness of the water. The nutrient content is influenced by targeted fertilization. Liming the ponds is supposed to prevent acidification. It is not possible to keep carp in very acidic waters such as peat cuttings in raised bogs.

Carp ponds are natural or artificial ponds, ponds or lakes of small to medium size, with a minimum depth of 70 centimeters (shallow ponds allow water to warm up quickly and biomass production as early as in spring ). If the ponds are not drained in winter, a minimum depth of 100 centimeters and more must be ensured in places in order to prevent the carp population from dying off in the event of continuous frost and the resulting lack of oxygen; Deep ponds with a water depth of over 150 centimeters warm up correspondingly more slowly in spring, but have a higher heat storage capacity, which can be drained in autumn to fish the carp.

With regard to their water supply, one speaks of spring ponds (fed by groundwater sources, mostly cold water - salmonid ponds - and therefore usually unsuitable for carp farming), sky ponds (only precipitation) or feed ponds (water supply from ditches). When creating carp ponds, numerous legal provisions such as water law , nature conservation law , fishing law , animal welfare law , veterinary law and food law must be observed.

Within the production process, carp ponds are divided according to production level into spawning ponds, pre-stretch ponds, waxing ponds and non-drained winter ponds. In their first year, carp carry the designation K0 (edible brood), in spring in the months of May / June Kv (extended brood) and in summer after the development in the months of July to September K1 (one-summer brood), in the second year, in which the growing season lasts from April to September, K2 (biennial seedlings) and in the third year K3 (table carp). The age classes of the fish are usually kept separate from one another in practice due to their food competition. As a rule of thumb: on an area of ​​10,000 square meters, 1,000 kilograms of carp meat can be produced with 10,000 young carp after deducting the losses.

The increase in area is determined with the choice of the stocking density. Unit increase and area increase, influenced by water fertilization (mainly growth-limiting factors such as nitrogen and phosphorus ) as an intensification measure, feeding and weather events (cold and warm periods) are inversely correlated.

feeding

The intensity of the management depends on the degree of natural feed growth and the degree of additional feeding with grain or compound feed. Carp feed on bottom-dwelling microorganisms (benthic organisms), with the size of the food increasing with the size of the young carp. The nutrient content in the dry matter of these organisms consists on average of 40–60% protein , 10–30% fat and indigestible carbohydrates ( chitin armor of insects). At water temperatures of 20 ° C to 26 ° C, carp eat almost continuously and gain weight. With a correspondingly high nutrient content and a long growth period, two-summer carp can gain between 0.5 and 0.75 kilograms per year. With an appropriate food supply, annual growth rates of 0.75 to 1.0 kilograms can also be achieved. The weight gain is controlled by concentrated feed pellets. Among the cyprinids, carp have a very high growth rate, because a fish larva weighing one milligram can grow into a fish weighing more than one kilogram within a year with adequate food and water temperatures of over 20 ° C.

Carp belong to the heat-loving fish species, but are not warm-stenothermic. So even the cold season is survived at water temperatures around 0 ° C, but with weight loss. Carp production in Central Europe was only possible by keeping ponds, as higher temperatures are reached here than in deep natural lakes.

Grain products (GZF - Grain Feeding) made from wheat , rye or maize are often used as feed for carp , as the natural starch is easy to digest. The increase is around 600–1000 kg / ha. Compound feed made from extrudates or pellets , on the other hand, is only used to a limited extent due to the high factor costs .

rearing

Sexually mature spawning carp can produce offspring either in their own spawning ponds (shallow ponds with underwater vegetation as natural oviposition) or by manipulation, the stripping of Milchner and Rogner offspring. The larvae hatch from the fertilized fish eggs, in the initial stage with a yolk sac, later as buoyant brood. The young fish are raised according to their food needs until they have reached a marketable slaughter weight as two or three-summer fish. They are kept in monoculture or polyculture (together with other fish species).

Minor fish

In extensive pond management, so-called “minor fish” are often kept to take advantage of further ecological niches . This is understood to mean species that, like carp, are used economically and can be kept alongside carp as the main fish without major interspecific competition and with a high degree of tolerance.

The most important minor fish is the tench ( Tinca tinca ), which makes similar demands on the type and nutrient content of the water as the carp. It is also often found in "warm water ponds" and usually survives fishing without life-threatening stress. Tench, too, mainly feed on organisms on the bottom of the water and also have a special affinity for snails (e.g. Bithynia barnacle ) and mussels , as well as zooplankton . Tench does not achieve the high growth rates of carp.

Predatory fish can also be found as minor fish in the carp pond :

  • The ecological demands of pike are very similar to those of carp. Due to their cannibalistic behavior (older pike feed on smaller "grass pike"), intensive pike keeping is not possible, and so the pike is kept as a companion fish with a low population density in carp ponds.
  • Under certain conditions, the pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ) can also be kept in polyculture with the carp. In contrast to the pike, the pikeperch is not a sight predator, so that even in the cloudy and troubled water of a carp pond, its hunting behavior is not impaired. His preference for hard water bottoms and his pronounced sensitivity to contamination of the gills and contact with the mucous membrane and scales when fishing speaks against keeping zander together with carp.
  • Stocking with catfish ( Silurus glanis ) can be considered as a third species of predatory fish .

In China, carp are kept along with related species such as grass carp ( Ctenopharygodon idella ), silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) and marble carp ( Hypophthalmichthys nobilis ). This type of polyculture has proven itself for hundreds of years, as these species have a different nutritional spectrum than the carp and therefore complement each other. Grass carp eat higher water plants, silver carp and marble carp feed on phytoplankton .

breeding

In carp, a distinction is made between two genetically differentiated subspecies: the European-Transcaucasian carp ( Cyprinus carpio carpio ) and the Far Eastern or Amuro-Chinese carp ( Cyprinus carpio haemotopterus ). Overall, wild carp developed from three gene centers: Europe- West Asia ( Cyprinus carpio carpio ), Far East ( Cyprinus carpio haemotopterus ) and Southeast Asia ( Cyprinus carpio viridiviolaceus ). This hypothesis has been proven with molecular markers. It has been found that the scaling morphology is controlled by two autosomal gene pairs that are not linked to one another. This fact is used to breed the three scale variants of common carp (genotype SSnn or Ssnn), mirror carp (ssnn) and naked carp (ssNn).

Only mirror carp and homozygous scalp carps can be reproduced in a true manner, line carp and nude carp can only be reproduced as a split-breed with a generation of offspring whose scales do not resemble their parents. Carp breeders found that between performance such as growth rate, vitality, etc. a. and scaling has a pleiotropic effect . Scale carp and mirror carp show the highest performance of all scale variants and have therefore established themselves worldwide. Wild carp and farmed carp differ primarily in their different morphology. While wild carp, v. a. from flowing waters, having a streamlined physique, pond carp are mostly high-backed. The "Aischgründer carp" even shows an extreme high back, which is caused by a defect in the spinal column bones ( chondrodystrophy ).

In today's carp breeding there are different methods of selection , hybridization , polyploidy (triploid and tetraploid gene sets), crossing, gynogenesis (sex control, rearing of fast-growing females / roeurs), gene transfer using vectors and crossing with other species Use.

Breeding goals for carp are:

  • high growth performance with favorable feed conversion
  • vitality
  • high quality of carp meat as a food

In the 1960s, Professor Dr. Reinhold von Sengbusch from the Max Planck Institute for Cultivated Plant Breeding (today the Federal Research Center for Fisheries , branch in Ahrensburg ) and Dr. Christoph Meske (zoologist) the breakthrough in improving the growth rate and feed conversion of carp. The original goal of breeding was to reduce the number of intermuscular bones, which made carp unpopular with some consumers as an edible fish. For reasons of space, the stocking density in the tank basins was reduced to four kilograms of carp in 40 liters of water, which contradicted the doctrine of the time that one ton of carp had to account for 20,000 tons of water. The carp nevertheless showed a very good growth performance. The feed quotient was also reduced from 1:15 (1 kg fish to 15 kg feed) to 1: 2. This even exceeded the performance of fattening pigs, which had a feed conversion rate of 1: 3. The decisive criterion, however, was that the carp kept warm water at a constant 23 ° C water temperature, which allowed continuous weight gain. After only one year of keeping and with dosed automatic feeding with a concentrated fattening feed made from grain, fish meal, shrimp and soybeans, the fish reached an average weight of 1.5 kilograms, twenty times the weight they would have reached in wild waters. von Sengbusch suggested that carp farming should be done with hot water from nuclear or coal-fired power plants.

In the course of European breeding history, local carp populations emerged in so-called land races, which are adapted to the prevailing climatic and environmental conditions. In Hungary, the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation in Szarvas operates a gene bank for the conservation of different carp breeds in Europe. Together with researchers from Vietnam , methods are being developed to secure the genetic material present in carp. The population genetics of the carp are still poorly understood. So far, phylogenetic studies have only been carried out on carp on fish farms and not in wild waters. These studies were limited to differences between the subspecies, the genetic variability between them, and the genetic distance between them.

Growth cap

In a study the growth in length and weight of a synthetic mirror carp strain (HSM - Hungarian Synthetic Mirror Carp) in the Czech Republic was examined. It was found that both features are correlated with each other. Carp with a trout gene also showed significantly improved growth.

In angling for carp (target fish angling of the Specimen Hunting Groups), the maximum achievable final weight plays a major role. The biological upper limit of growth in carp does not seem to have been reached yet. In July 2013, a common carp weighing over 45 kilograms was found dead in Etang de la Saussaie, France, near Nancy . In 2012, a specimen of a mirror carp weighing 46 kilograms was caught in the Euro Aqua lake, near Lake Balaton in Hungary . Both are privately operated fishing lakes that are regularly stocked with fish capable of being caught and fattened to extreme weights, so no general statements about the growth of carp in wild waters can be derived.

Carp diseases

The economically important carp diseases include:

  • Carp louse ( Argulus foliacaeus ), ectoparasite
  • Fish leech ( Piscicula geometra and Hemiclepsis marginata ), blood-sucking ectoparasites, preferentially infest larger carp, danger of mass infestation through blood loss and the transmission of infectious diseases
  • Semolina or white spot disease, also ichthyophthiriosis ( Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ), parasitosis caused by a ciliate , fish lose weight
  • Trichodina, parasitic ciliate
  • Chilodonella, or cloudy, parasitic ciliates
  • Fish mold ( Saprolegniaceen ), fungal attack can result from damage to the mucous layer
  • Gill rot (branchiomycosis), often in K2 and K3, after periods of heat, eutrophication (duck droppings and algal blooms) and bodies of water that have warmed up excessively, losses of up to 50% are possible
  • Ascites (ulcer of infectious ascites) caused by trypanosomes , these are different forms of disease that cause the abdomen to swell excessively.

The control of the well-known carp diseases plays a major role in the economic success of carp production, especially with intensive mass farming and high stocking density.

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Gert Füllner, Matthias Pfeifer, Norbert Langner: Karpfenteichwirtschaft , Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft , Free State of Saxony, 2007 ISBN 978-3-00-020931-4 . ( Digitized version )
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Karpfen, a special issue of the BLINKER magazine, Alexander Jahr Verlag
  3. ↑ Werner Steffens: Der Karpfen: Cyprinus carpio, Westarp Wissenschaften, 2008, ISBN 978-3894326494
  4. ↑ a b M. and G. Flajšhans Hulata: Common carp - Cyprinus carpio
  5. ↑ The carp helped the monks through Lent
  6. ↑ a b c d e School lexicon fish farming
  7. ↑ Patrick Götz: Carp in Franconia in the Middle Ages, an economic history study, approval work, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for History, 2009 ( page no longer available , search in web archives: PDF )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.stuarts-history.net
  8. ^ Stormarn district: Mönchsteich: Monks once bred carp here, Hamburger Morgenpost, by Nina Gessner
  9. ↑ www.cipro.de, carp
  10. ^ Carp Genetic Resources in Asia
  11. ↑ Modadugu V. Gupta, Madan M. Dey and David J. Penman: Importance of Carp Genetic Resources
  12. ↑ BR, franc fish source Aisch- and Ebrach reason carp ( Memento from 29 October 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ website of the pond cooperative Aischgrund
  14. ↑ Homepage of the Austrian Teichwirteverband ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.teichwirteverband-noe.at
  15. ↑ Aischgrund pond cooperative, "Aischgründer Karpfen ggA" (geographically protected information) ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.karpfenland-aischgrund.de
  16. ↑ Holsteiner carp, a delicacy with tradition
  17. ↑ funded by the CMA - Centrale Marketing-Gesellschaft der deutschen Agrarwirtschaft mbH
  18. ↑ Legal text on the trademark protection of the Holstein carp (PDF)
  19. ↑ The carp is now a brand, TAZ, August 29, 2009
  20. ↑ organized in the Association of inland fishermen and pond owners Schleswig-Holstein eV, Kiel
  21. ↑ Holsteiner Karpfen, Protected Agricultural Products and Food, Foodwatch, September 5, 2010 ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.food-monitor.de
  22. ↑ also mast ponds
  23. ↑ Zoo, carp farming is a science today
  24. ↑ Indirect fertilization, as the growth of organic matter in the carp pond is controlled, from which the carp benefit indirectly
  25. ↑ Warm stenothermic fish are piranhas, for example, which can only survive at water temperatures of> 20 ° C, carp are eurythmic and tolerate a wider temperature range
  26. ↑ Dimitry A. Chistiakov, Natalia V. Voronova: Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. , Central European Journal of Biology, 4 (3), 2009, pp. 304-312
  27. ↑ Upper case letter - dominant gene, lower case letter - recessive gene
  28. ↑ Genetics of the Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) and other edible fishes, VS Kirpichnikov, Scientific Research Institute on Lake and River Fisheries, Leningrad, USSR
  29. ↑ Aischgründer carp, high-backed and poor in scale
  30. ↑ Zhu Jian: Common carp genetics and breeding in China, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science ( page no longer available , search in web archives: PDF )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.haki.hu
  31. ↑ the later Federal Agency for Fisheries, branch Ahrensburg
  32. ↑ “Basically carp are nothing more than swimming strawberries. Reinhold von Sengbusch, then director of the Max Planck Institute for Cultivated Plant Breeding in Ahrensburg, may have thought something like this when he decided in the 1960s to experiment with this food fish. ” (Quote) From strawberries to fish feed, Thünen -Institute celebrates 50 years of Ahrensburg research location / The importance of aquaculture is growing worldwide ( memento from November 4, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), press release from October 11, 2013
  33. ↑ About carp and coal, Clever fish farmers use the waste heat from a coal-fired power station, Peitzer Edelfisch GmbH, Jänschwalde ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.brandeins.de
  34. ↑ Michael Klug: Carp and eels under cooling towers , in: Potsdamer Latest News , January 13, 2009.
  35. ↑ Carp: grown tight . In: Der Spiegel . No. 35 , 1966 ( online - Aug. 22, 1966 ).
  36. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Genetic Resources of Common Carp at the Fish Culture Research Institute, Szarvas, Hungary (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper), 2002, ISBN 978-9251046586
  37. ↑ The Eurocarp Project
  38. ^ PA Tuan, J. Bakos, L. Váradi and Z. Jeney: Characterization and conservation of carp genetic resources, Planned joint R&D activities between Hungary and Vietnam
  39. ↑ genetic distance
  40. ↑ Marc Vandeputtea, Martin Kocourc, Stéphane Maugera, Marek Rodinac, Amandine Launaya, David Gelac, Mathilde Dupont-Niveta, Martin Hulakc and Otomar Linhartc: Genetic variation for growth at one and two summers of age in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L. ): Heritability estimates and response to selection, Aquaculture, Vol. 277, Issue 1-2, May 2008, pp. 7-13
  41. ↑ Carp With Genes Altered Grow Faster, New York Times, by Keith Schneider, June 2, 1988
  42. ↑ Homepage of the Etang de la Saussaie pond
  43. ↑ World Record Carp,
  44. ↑ Homepage of the operator of the Euro Aqua system
  45. ^ New World Record Carp
  46. ↑ BLINKER catch reports, new world record carp from Hungary, September 18, 2012 ( Memento from November 30, 2014 in the web archive archive.today )
  47. ↑ Werner H. Baur and Jörg Rapp von Parey: Healthy fish: Practical instructions for the prevention, detection and treatment of fish diseases, Parey Im Mvs, 2002, ISBN 978-3826334023 , pp. 124f.
  48. ↑ Werner H. Baur and Jörg Rapp von Parey: Healthy fish: Practical instructions for preventing, recognizing and treating fish diseases, Parey Im Mvs, 2002, ISBN 978-3826334023 , pp. 185f.

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