Lussonium Castle

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Lussonium Castle
Alternative name Lussonium , Lussunio , Lusione , Alusione , Dunakömlőd Castle, Paks Castle
limes Pannonian Limes
section 7th
Dating (occupancy) around 50 AD
until the early 5th century AD at the latest
Type Cohort fort
b) and c) equestrian fort
unit a) Cohors I Alpinorum peditata
b) Cohors I Alpinorum equitata ?
c) Cuneus equitum Constantianorum
d) Equites Dalmatae
e) Vexillation of the Legio II Adiutrix
size 215 × approx. 70 m
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation Park-like facility. In the area of ​​the north and south gates, some remains of the wall have been visibly preserved and partially reconstructed. One of the former stone gates was rebuilt in full as a simplified wooden structure.
place Dunakömlőd
Geographical location 46 ° 39 '20.7 "  N , 18 ° 52' 55.4"  E
height 119  m
Previous Burgus Bölcske (northeast)
Annamatia Castle (north)
Subsequently Burgus Dunakömlőd (south-south-west)
Fort Tolna (Alta Ripa?) (South-west)
The location of Lussonium on the Lower Pannonian Danube Limes
Paks and Kömlőd (Kimling) on ​​a section of a map from 1809. You can see the Imsós peninsula, the so-called Imsós crossing near Zádor and the Battyán vára (Battyán Castle), where the Lussonium Castle once stood.
The Lussonium fort and the Ländeburgus with the military road leading to Aquincum

The Lussonium fort was a Roman military camp , the crew of which was responsible for security and surveillance tasks on the Limes Pannonicus . Large sections of the Danube formed the Roman frontier. The building remains of the facility are located on a loess hill that can be seen from afar and rises directly above the western bank of the river in the south of the Hungarian village of Dunakömlőd (formerly Kömlöd , German  Kimling ) in Tolna County . The square only became known nationwide through the struggle for freedom against the domination of the Habsburgs that took place here at the beginning of the 18th century . Lussonium is one of the earliest and longest in use Roman garrison varieties in Lower Pannonia.

location

The ancient topographical situation is very difficult to reconstruct on site today, as the course of the Danube has changed completely since then. Until the river was regulated in the 1840s, the river flowed past Dunakömlőd, re-established in 1785 as Kimling , in a mighty arc extending to the north . This arch, the northernmost point of which was previously known as Imses curvature (curvature of Imsós), can still be recognized by oxbow branches and forest fringes in the area. The current course of the Danube, on the other hand, completely leaves out the headland once known as the Imsós peninsula . Coming from the northeast, since the 19th century the current has been flowing directly west instead of northwest to the Imses bend and then bends to the southwest. Near this bend, to which the northern end of the town of Paks already extends, the remains of a late antique Ländeburgus , which once secured a river crossing, were discovered in the Danube . At that time the Danube did not flow in this area from the east, but from the north, from the bend of Imses . Accordingly, the Burgus was not on the north bank of the river, as it is today, but on its east bank on the Imsós peninsula. The Lussonium fort, which existed before the end of the 1st century AD, was built around 1.2 kilometers northwest of the Burgus on a strategically favorable elevation that was on the west bank of the Danube, opposite the former Imsós peninsula. From here the crew had an excellent all-round view and could also see the river crossing. Since around 130 meters of the eastern steep slope slid into the Danube, which borders the hill until the 19th century, since Roman times, part of the original fort area was also lost. The destructive forces that the river is capable of during floods became apparent on March 20, 1847, when the Schanzenberg, located just a little further south - between Dunakömlőd and Paks - with its stock of vines and fruit trees collapsed within a few hours and was completely washed away.

Surname

Lussonium is first mentioned in ancient literature by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. Further names can be found in the Itinerarium Antonini , an imperial road directory from the 3rd century as Lussunio and on the Tabula Peutingeriana , a cartographic representation of the Roman road network in the 4th century as Lusione . The Notitia Dignitatum , a Roman state handbook from the 5th century, which was created in late antiquity, also cites the place; the last time the settlement was handed down to the geographer of Ravenna as an alusione in the 7th century .

Research history

The most important early researcher, who in particular had the Roman remains that were still visible at that time drawn in his detailed maps, was the Italian scholar and imperial officer Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730). However, he still considered the site to be the Lower Pannonian provincial capital Aquincum . In the years 1705/1706 the Hungarian revolutionary troops of the former imperial general János Bottyán (1643–1709) fortified the fort square. Bottyán, had joined the revolt of Francis II Rákóczi after the liberation of his country from Ottoman domination in order to defend himself against the arbitrary attacks by the House of Habsburg that followed. The ancient structural remains and strata , which were further damaged due to the modern fortification work, suffered repeatedly in the following two years from the fierce battles for the Kuruzen fortress , which changed hands several times. Only with the conquest of the Loess Hill by the imperial troops did the fighting end and the Hungarians had to retreat to the east bank of the Danube. The fort square subsequently became known as Bottyán-Sánc .

The village near Lussonium , which was completely depopulated and destroyed in the course of the Turkish occupation , was only brought back to life by Swabian settlers under the name Kimling in 1778 on the orders of Empress Maria Theresia (1717–1780) . For the parcelling and resettlement, an exact measurement of the district was necessary. It has become a stroke of luck for the fort square. A high-quality map is already available from the year the village was founded, which clearly shows the fort that has been preserved as a regular square, the eastern part of which is missing due to the break in the Danube. The following military map series of the Josephinische Landesaufnahme from 1782 to 1785 shows the fortification in this state. The economic statistician and local researcher Elek Fényes (1807–1876) reported around 1850 on Roman coins, inscription stones and other finds that came from the area around the village, and in 1893 the archeology pioneer Mór Wosinsky (1854–1907) collected ancient material from Kömlőd. It was also he who first identified the historic square with Lussonium in 1896 . However, until the second half of the 20th century, no scientific research took place at Bottyán-sánc , so that until then no unequivocal identification of the fort's location was possible. The official history of the excavation does not begin until 1969, when a fragment of a military diploma , which had been badly damaged by fire, was found on the elevation by chance . In the same year, the archaeologist Zsolt Visy started an emergency excavation at the site, during which not only more fragments of this constitution came to light, but another diploma was recovered. In 1972, research began on the actual fort area, at that time still with regard to the question of whether a garrison could be expected there at all. Further excavation campaigns under Visy followed from 1987 to 1990. Since then they have been continued with a few interruptions by various excavation leaders. In 1996 a hill west of the castle hill was explored and in 1998 the systematic investigation of the camp village belonging to the fort was started. Today the fort area is freely accessible to visitors as an archaeological park with the "ruin garden" . In 2003, the simplified partial reconstruction of the north gate and the visitor-friendly refurbishment of the southernmost storage area with the storage gate there and the buildings in this area were carried out.

Building history

The fort area on the loess hill from the north. Where a canal runs today, the Danube flowed until the 19th century. The Roman camp village was located at the site of today's village of Dunakömlőd on the western edge of the loess slope.
The simplified, partially reconstructed north gate in the foreground

Principate

A Roman tombstone recovered near Lussonium pointed out to the archaeologists early on that the fort could have been built as a wood-earth warehouse as early as the Flavian period (69–96). The formerly elongated-rectangular complex, which due to the topography is oriented almost exactly to the cardinal points, encompasses an area 220 meters long × 40 (or 70) meters wide, which is no longer fully accessible today after the destruction by the Danube. Since the early and mid-imperial fortification underwent major changes in late antiquity, research into the Roman founding phase was difficult. During his investigations in 1989 Visy was able to observe two trench sections drawn in a northerly direction in the northwest corner area of ​​the late antique fort in front of the late antique defense ditch. These two pointed trenches were at different times during the 1st and 2nd centuries. or 2./3. AD century in use. The discovery of these weir ditches confirmed for the first time the early Roman foundation of the fort, which had previously only been presumed. The oldest finds up to 1989 came from the earliest ditch and a pit. In particular, the decorated Italian terra sigillata and the terra nigra discovered there could be dated to the middle of the 1st century AD, so that the actual foundation during the reign of emperors Claudius (41-54) or Nero (54-68 ) can be located. The remains of an early earth dam, which formed the defense, and the remains of the crew barracks also belonged to this period. These barracks consisted of half-timbered constructions , of which traces of the wooden posts, which stood at a distance of 0.50 meters, had been preserved. The compartments of the framework were filled with adobe bricks. Changed walls are evidence of a renovation phase.

The fort square was probably abandoned in the late 2nd century. A possible first stone fort could have been built at another location towards the end of the 2nd century. However, there may still have been a military post on Bottyán Hill. Visy sees the brick stamps of the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata (1st partially mounted cohort of alpine inhabitants) found there as evidence of the continuation of the military continuity in the 3rd century, but in a previously unknown place in the area of Lussonium .

Late antiquity

Enclosure

Access to the partially reconstructed north gate with the ancient state of the gate building, which is only hinted at

A 250 meter long stone fort with a 1.30 to 1.50 meter thick defensive wall was not built on the hill until late antiquity. Visy assigned the emergence of this fortification to the time of the tetrarchy or the reign of Emperor Constantine I (306–337). The elongated floor plan had rounded corners, like the older buildings from the Middle Imperial period. On the western enclosure wall it could be established that the fortification in this area had been re-established on the older Roman layers during the 4th century and was rebuilt with the use of tegulae (burnt bricks). Similar findings came from the preserved southwest corner of the fort. As an obstacle to the approach, the late Roman construction crews first laid a new trench eight meters wide and three to four meters deep around the garrison, which was later replaced by a further outward trench with a width of twelve meters and a depth of four to five meters .

A detail of the Josephine land survey from 1782 to 1785 shows corner towers protruding from the northwestern and southwestern corner of the fort, which Visy initially assigned to a late antique building phase. During the excavations, no tower could be found at any of the preserved corners of the fort. The older trenches, which should have been cut by the protruding late antique corner towers, also showed no corresponding traces. The archaeologist explained these serious differences between map and reality with the fact that the terrain was last leveled again in the 1960s after the Bottyán Fort was removed. As a result, many structures that could have made concrete statements about these towers were lost before the excavation began.

The preserved structures of the defensive wall had only two single-lane gates on the two narrow sides - one in the north, the other in the south. Their conception was still clearly based on the construction methods of the principate's time. Both had been added to the wall at a later date and had two rectangular gate towers flanking the passage, which were flush with the connection of the surrounding wall. The towers were 3.10 × 4.35 meters and had walls 0.90 meters thick. The tower walls were 0.60 meters wide only on the side facing the interior of the camp, on which the ground level entrances were also located.

Interior development

The late antique stone barrack with its reddish-pebbled interior in front of the south gate for illustrative purposes. In addition, the mighty tower above the main street of the warehouse can be seen as one of the last construction measures.

Above the older layers with the half-timbered barracks, a 27 × 14.50 meter stone barrack was built at the south end of the fort immediately behind the defensive wall, with a two meter wide wooden portico in front of it. On its long side, the main camp road led from the north gate to the south gate. The inside of the building was divided into two large groups of rooms. The rooms and passages facing the portico, which are of different widths but of the same length, also had their entrances there. The rear wing of the building was much narrower and, like the portico, was oriented along the other rooms. The building had phases of renovation and several slight architectural changes. Whether this barrack leaned directly against the defensive wall or was separated from it by a Lageringstrasse (Via sagularis) can no longer be decided due to centuries of erosion and damage caused by the struggles for freedom. There was also a stone building in the north-west corner of the fort, which was equipped with canal heating and had a portico in front. This building is possibly connected with the partial civil conversion of the fort area in the course of the 4th century.

Similar to the north Pannonian fort Ad Statuas (Ács-Vaspuszta) , the construction of two beehive-like grain pits of the same size in Lussonium was one of the last Roman construction measures. Towards the end of the 4th century, the fort was finally demolished and the pits filled in. The archaeologists found a large number of objects in this backfill, including three late Roman iron helmets, an iron shield boss, many iron tools, a set of bronze scales and two lead-glass lamps. At the same time, the former moat was leveled.

At the southern end of the fort, after the area had been leveled over parts of the barracks and the main road, a mighty 10 × 10 meter, multi-storey tower with 2.30 meter thick walls was built. In the vicinity there were two graves with Germanic finds dating back to the first third of the 5th century. Obviously, during the post-Valentine period, ancient life was not only concentrated in the southern part, but also in the north-western area of ​​the leveled fort. During the excavations by Visy between 1987 and 1990, wooden post constructions from the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century AD, which were based on the ruins of the heatable building that had already been converted under Valentinian, came to light. Late Roman finds and smoothed ceramics were found there and in the vicinity. As the smoothing ceramics collected at other points of the fortification make clear, the pieces made of Lussonium have a very rich treasure trove of shapes and can possibly be traced back to a local manufacture. Due to the range of finds from late antiquity, the archaeologist Magdolna Kiss came to the conclusion in 1993 that Lussonium was held by a small garrison of Germanic federations in the early 5th century .

Chronology of the fort square

Construction phase Dating event
Phase I. around 50 AD A wood and earth fort is founded on the Bottyán Hill and will be rebuilt until the end of the Marcomann Wars (166-180). In the early 3rd century the garrison site will likely be abandoned. A subsequent stone fort - if it existed - was built in a different place. Military brick stamps on the hill nevertheless indicate building activity in the 3rd century.
Phase II End of the 3rd / beginning of the 4th century The late antique stone fort is built on the hill and is used with several modifications until the post-Valentine period.
Phase III Late 4th century The fort site is leveled. Simple wooden buildings are being built in the northern part and a mighty stone tower in the southern part of the site. This complex lasted until the end of Roman rule in Pannonia (433 AD).

Troops and officers

In 2001 the archaeologist and epigrapher Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012) put together his troop line-up for Pannonia, which is supplemented in this list by other researcher opinions and by the late antique units in Lussonium .

Time position Troop name comment
around 105 AD Cohors I Alpinorum peditata The 1st infantry cohort of the alpine inhabitants can be proven by inscriptions as a regular occupation in the Lussonium from the Middle Imperial period. The only piece from there that can be precisely dated is the statue base with an honorary inscription for Emperor Mark Aurel (161–180) from AD 163.

The cohort came to Pannonia during the Flavian period and was perhaps initially stationed in Poetovio ( Ptuj ) on the Drava . The troops left brick stamps there . Around 105 AD, the Alpine inhabitants were assigned to Lussonium to protect the provincial border from the warlike Sarmatian people of the Jazygens , who had settled on the other bank of the Danube since the 1st century AD. Their brick stamps were also found here. After the Marcomanni and Sarmatian Wars, the troops may have been relocated to the Kölked Castle (Altinum) to the south . According to other researchers, the inhabitants of the Alps could have been moved from Lussonium to the Kastcsény-Szigethpuszta fort , the presumed Alisca, at the same time .

early 3rd century Cohors I Alpinorum equitata The fort on the loess hill will probably be given up. The brick stamps of the 1st partially mounted cohort of the alpine inhabitants discovered there could nevertheless indicate a military continuity in Lussonium . In addition, a cohort prefect of this unit donated an altar at this garrison location after AD 202.
4th century Cuneus equitum Constantianorum , Equites Dalmatae , Vexillation of Legio II Adiutrix , In the 4th century, according to Notitia Dignitatum, the cavalry troops of the Cuneus equitum Constantianorum - who then came to Intercisa -, the Equites Dalmatae and finally parts of the Legio II Adiutrix were stationed in Lussonium.

Border patrol commanders of the Cohors I Alpinorum peditata

Surname rank Time position comment
Lucius Iulius Passenianus Praefectus cohortis AD 151–230 The commander from Latium donated a votive altar for Jupiter Dolichenus around 200 AD . Since he does not name the troops he commands on the age, his membership of the Cohors I Alpinorum peditata is only conjectured.

Border patrol commanders of the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata

Surname rank Time position comment
Publius Clodius Severus Praefectus cohortis 202–284 AD According to the findings from the fort, the early 3rd century can be assumed. He donated a votive altar for Fortuna Salutaris .
Publius Aelius Lucilius Centurio cohortis 2nd half of the 2nd century / early 3rd century He donated a standard for the local sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus .

Vicus

As the excavations of 1972 showed, the civil structures of the camp village ( vicus ) belonging to the fort were found west of the loess slope. Today it is partially overlaid by the village development of Dunakömlőd. In the area of ​​the steeply sloping slope, the ancient building traces were already affected by the erosion. The development of the settlement can be traced from early wood and clay buildings of the 1st century to stone houses built in the 3rd and 4th centuries.

In 1996, civil traces of the vicus from the 3rd and 4th centuries were also found on the hill west of the castle hill . The archaeologists found rubbish pits, a cistern and a house with a colonnade built on a stone foundation.

Other important finds

Military diplomas

In 1969 two of these inscribed documents, which are so important for research, were found, which lay under the rubble of a house that was probably destroyed during the Marcomannic Wars and which came from the 2nd century. As was only shown in 1989, the site was only about 30 meters further north of the oldest moat of the fort. The fragment of a third constitution was recovered in the summer of 1990 from the bulk material of the late antique ditch, which was probably filled in at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. The first two diplomas to be discovered belonged to two honorably discharged soldiers of the Cohors I Thracum Germanica (1st cohort of the Thracians "Germanica"), whose stationing location was assumed by Visy and Lőrincz for the neighboring, north-located fort Baracspuszta (Annamatia) becomes. The veterans belonging to the native Eravisker people apparently lived with their families in the house, which was later destroyed, after they left the army on February 8, 157 AD. Monnus, son of Tessimarus, had married Nicia, daughter of Tricanus, while his comrade Culsus, son of Atedumus, married Verveda, sister of Monnus.

The fragment recovered in 1990 came from autumn 152, which also belonged to the diploma of a veteran of the Cohors I Thracum Germanica . Due to this accumulation of constitutions of the Cohors I Thracum Germanica in Dunakömlőd, Visy thought it possible that the troops could have occupied the Lussonium camp before the Marcomann Wars . In 2001 Lőrincz tried to prove that there was no evidence to support such an assumption.

Brick stamp

A large number of stamped bricks originate from Lussionium , indicating various military units and officers and documenting various construction activities. Roman military installations were mostly supplied by military companies. This also applied to the building material. The legions and some cohorts therefore operated brickworks along the Danube Limes and often shipped the material to the respective construction sites. At some locations, inscriptions could also be used to prove the presence of construction crews who withdrew after completing their task. Important stamps from Lussonium are, besides those already mentioned above, the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata :

  • [E] XER (citus) PAN (noniae) IN [f (erioris)]
  • LEG (io) II AD (iutrix)
  • COH (ors) VII BR (eucorum) and Coh (ors) VII BR (eucorum) GORD (iana)
  • TEREN [tius V (ir) P (erfectissimus) DVX]
  • AP LVPO ORD
  • OF ARN MAXENTI A VIN
  • OF AR MAXENTI AR
  • QVADRIB (ur) A

Both the Legio II Adiutrix stationed in the provincial capital Aquincum and the Cohors VII Breucorum civium Romanorum equitata (7th partially mounted cohort of the Breuker Roman civil rights) sent their bricks to various military sites. The main camp of the Breukers was in the Dunaszekcső fort ; the unit ran its own brick factory there. Their stamps from the Middle Imperial period are known from the Upper Pannonian legionary camp Brigetio from the Lower Pannonian provincial capital Aquincum , and from the fort sites Intercisa , Ad Militare , Mursa and Sirmium . After its formation under Emperor Trajan, the Exercitus Pannoniae inferioris (Lower Pannonian Army) also left its stamps at various garrison sites during the Principate's time.

The bricks of Terentius dux , who was in command of the province of Valeria from AD 367/368 to AD 371 at the latest, come from a construction phase under Emperor Valentinian I. The stamp that can be read as Ap (parante) Lupo ord (inario) of the centurion Lupus (not Lup (pian) o , as often mentioned in the older literature) can also be assigned to the Valentine era. His bricks often appear in association with the stamps of Frigeridus dux , the immediate successor of Terentius. which makes a temporal assignment possible. The stamps of the lupus were also found on the Burgus Dunakömlőd. The stamps of the OF ARN group (uncertain resolution of the letters to: Officinae auxiliares ripenses ) can be dated to the time of the rule of the emperors Constantius II. (337–361) and Valentinian. Since the stamp abbreviations AR , ARN and ARAN cannot be clearly explained for the time being, the previous translation suggestions remain speculative. According to Lőrincz, the bricks of the officer Maxentius can be assigned to the time between 351 and 354 AD. Other research results, which analyzed the brick stamps of Maxentius in the provinces of Pannonia I and Valeria as well as in neighboring Barbaricum , place the appearance of these stamps either at the end of the 50s of the 4th century or in the last years of Valentinian I.

Milestones

At the Porta principalis dextra , the south gate, a fragment of a milestone was found that indicates a distance of 68 Roman miles to Aquincum. Another milestone from Dunakömlőd was set up during the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222-235) and mentions 73 miles to Aquincum. The third specimen was a piece from the reign of Emperor Maximinus Thrax (235-238) known. There are given 97 miles to Aquincum. It becomes clear that some milestones have been removed from their original location and used as spolia .

Cult objects of a Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary

One of the two votive triangles from Dunakömlőd with a textless tabula ansata above the shaft.

As at other military locations along the Limes, evidence of a Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary was found in Lussonium - in this case indirect . The found material included three pieces of equipment from such a sanctuary, which were found in 1815 "at the Bottyán ski jump in Kömlöd" . Typical for the cult is a votive triangle made of sheet bronze with traces of silver and gilding, which shows the soldier god from Asia Minor standing on a bull. The god dressed as a Roman general wears his distinguishing attributes, a double ax and a bundle of lightning. Behind the god there is a reduced form of a goddess of victory with a wreath and palm fronds. The founder of the votive triangle has immortalized himself under the bull:

Iovi Dulcheno P (ublius) Ael (ius)
Lucilius c (enturio) coh (ortis) I Alp (inorum) ped (itatae)

Translation: “For Jupiter Dolichenus. Publius Luculius, centurion of the 1st infantry cohort of the Alpine inhabitants. "

The reading in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), where instead of ped (itatae) the word eq (uitata) is to be read at the point in question, is considered obsolete.

Another votive triangle comes from the same sanctuary, which in terms of its equipment and size corresponds to the first mentioned in many areas. The hand of one and the same provincial Roman artist can be clearly seen on both pieces. An already engraved tabula ansata contained no text. Both triangles were originally joined with their backs and were carried on a carrying pole, as it came to light in a metal version at Brigetio.

The third item in this context was the bronze statuette of the goddess of victory Victoria, who - standing on a globe - carried a palm branch and a lost wreath. Comparable finds, for example from the Jupiter-Dolichenus sanctuary of the Rhaetian fort Pfünz, prove that these Victoria statuettes were attached to the votive triangles.

The votive altar, which was also found in 1815 on the banks of the Danube below the Bottyán Hill and was partially badly damaged, also points to Jupiter Dolichenus:

I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo) Dol (icheno)
L (ucius) Iul (ius) Quirina
Passenianus
praef (ectus)
pro sua salute
et M (arci) Iul (i) Catul [li]
patris [v (otum)] s (olvit) [l (ibens) m (erito)]

Translation: “For Jupiter Dolichenus, the best and greatest. The prefect Lucius Iulius Passenianus from the tribe Quirina for his salvation and for his father Marcus Iulius Catullus. He fulfilled his vow gladly and of his own free will. "

The cult's decline began after 235 with the end of the Severan dynasty. Most of the sanctuaries were abandoned or burned down. There is very little evidence of the worship of Jupiter-Dolichenus from the following epoch. When in 253 or 256 the Sassanid king Shapur I had the main shrine of the god, which was located in Doliche , a city in the province of Syria , destroyed, this could have contributed to the shaking of the adherents who had remained until then. The whereabouts of the valuable cult objects in the sanctuary of Lussonium beyond the end of the religious community raises questions.

Lost property

Finds from Lussonium are now kept in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest.

Limes course from Lussonium fort to Dunakömlőd castle

Traces of the Limes structures between the Archaeological Park on the Bottyán-Sánc and the Dunakömlőd Ländeburgus.
route Name / place Description / condition
6th Dunakömlőd (Burgus Lussonium 7) Around 700 meters south of the Archaeological Park, an aerial photo from 1953 shows a dark anomaly that can be interpreted as a late antique Burgus. The location is on the steeply sloping east side of a gravel road that follows the course of the ancient Limes road. The property is surrounded by a double square moat. The outer was around 50 × 50 meters, the inner around 30 × 30 meters. An inspection of the area revealed small amounts of bricks and rubble.
6th Dunakömlőd (Burgus Lussonium 1) The building remains from the Ländeburgus Dunakömlőd be reached due to the profound change in the Danube river bed in the 19th century only for underwater archeology.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Roman sites in Dunakömlőd and the surrounding area, as archaeological sites according to § 3.1, belong to the nationally valuable cultural property. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Ferenc Fazekas: Bronztárgyak a lussoniumi (Paks-Dunakömlőd) római erődből (bronze finds from the Roman fort Lussonium (Paks-Dunakömlőd)) . In: Ferenc Fazekas, Anna Priskin (ed.): "Ripam omnem quaesivit". Ünnepi tanulmányok Prof. Visy Zsolt 65. születésnapjára tanítványaitól. (= Specimina nova Supplementum 8), Paksi Múzeumi Füzetek 6. Pécs, Paks 2009, pp. 45-66.
  • Ferenc Fazekas, Antal Szabo: Selected bronze vessels from the Lussonium fort . In: Christiane Franek, Susanne Lamm, Tina Neuhauser, Barbara Porod, Katja Zöhrer (eds.): Thiasos. Festschrift for Erwin Pochmarski on his 65th birthday. (= Publications of the Institute for Archeology at Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 10), Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85161-001-7 , pp. 243-254.
  • Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. (= Az István Király Múzeum közleményei. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976
  • Magdolna Kiss: Building traces with post construction from the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century in the fortress Lussonium. In: Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Oxford 1997, ISBN 1900188473 . P. 411 ff.
  • Magdolna Kiss: The Lussonium Fortress - late 4th - early 5th century. In: A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, 30–31 / 2, 1993, p. 105.
  • Tünde Kiss: Mortaria from the Roman fort of Lussonium (Dunakömlőd). In: Bodien Abels, Carine van Rhijn (Ed.): History of Daily Life. Papers of the fifth ISHA Conference April 4-8. Atlanta 1994, pp. 217-220.
  • Zsolt Visy: Lussonium: archaeological excavations 1988-89. In: Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. University of Exeter Press, Exeter 1989, ISBN 0859893642 , pp. 263-267.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 . Pp. 112-114.

Web links

Commons : Lussonium Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Information page on the ruin garden of Lussonium at www.museum.hu , accessed on May 26, 2014

Remarks

  1. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 114 (drawing).
  2. ↑ a b Burgus Lussonium 1 at 46 ° 38 '15.67 "  N , 18 ° 53' 9.35"  O .
  3. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, Geography II. 15.4
  4. ^ Itinerarium Antonini 245, 1.
  5. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum occ. 33, 26.
  6. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 112.
  7. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 112-113.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 113.
  9. ^ Zsolt Visy: Lussonium: archaeological excavations 1988-89. In: Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. University of Exeter Press, Exeter 1989, ISBN 0859893642 , pp. 263-267; here: p. 263.
  10. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 9630579804 , p. 92.
  11. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 114.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: A new auxiliary diploma from Dunakömlőd. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 89, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1991, pp. 160-166; here p. 160 ( PDF ).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: Lussonium: archaeological excavations 1988-89. In: Roman frontier studies 1989. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. University of Exeter Press, Exeter 1989, ISBN 0859893642 , pp. 263-267; here: p. 264.
  14. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: A new auxiliary diploma from Dunakömlőd. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 89, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1991. pp. 160-166; here p. 164.
  15. ↑ a b c d e Zsolt Visy: Lussonium fort. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 122.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Zsolt Visy: Lussonium fort. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 124.
  17. ^ Dénes Gabler in: Communications from the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . 5, Budapest 1976, p. 208.
  18. ↑ Magdolna Kiss: Building traces with post construction from the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century in the fortress Lussonium. In: Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Oxford 1997, ISBN 1900188473 , pp. 411-414.
  19. ↑ CIL 3, 3318 .
  20. ↑ a b c Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliary troops in Pannonia during the principle time . Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 28.
  21. ↑ Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 111.
  22. ↑ a b CIL 3, 3315 .
  23. ^ Sándor Soproni : Contributions to the question of the list of Valeria der Notitia Dignitatum In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, 1974, pp. 59-70; here: p. 68.
  24. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086025 , p. 27.
  25. ↑ a b CIL 3, 10297 .
  26. ↑ a b CIL 3, 3316 .
  27. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3902086025 , pp. 80/104.
  28. ↑ AE 1983, 785 .
  29. ^ AE 1983, 784 .
  30. ^ Zsolt Visy: A new auxiliary diploma from Dunakömlőd. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 89, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1991. pp. 160-166; here p. 162.
  31. ↑ AE 1991, 1322 .
  32. ^ Zsolt Visy: A new auxiliary diploma from Dunakömlőd. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 89, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1991. pp. 160-166; here p. 166.
  33. ↑ CIL 3, 14370 .
  34. ↑ CIL 3, 10659a .
  35. ↑ CIL 3, 10660 .
  36. ↑ CIL 3, 3757 ; CIL 3, 10668 .
  37. ↑ CIL 3, 3762 ; CIL 3, 10677 .
  38. ↑ CIL 3, 3765 .
  39. ↑ CIL 3, 10685 .
  40. ↑ CIL 3, 10685a .
  41. ↑ CIL 3, 03770a .
  42. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3806204888 , p. 109.
  43. ↑ CIL 3, 10668n ; CIL 3, 10668q ; CIL 3, 10668v .
  44. ↑ CIL 3, 10668h ; CIL 3, 10668m .
  45. ↑ CIL 3, 10668g .
  46. ↑ CIL 3, 10668c .
  47. ↑ CIL 3, 10668b .
  48. ↑ CIL 3, 10668a .
  49. ↑ For example: Edit Thomas: Roman villas in Pannonia. Contributions to the Pannonian settlement history. Publishing house of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest 1964, p. 226.
  50. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, footnote 12.
  51. ↑ Translation: “Administration of the Border Troops” According to Titus Kolník: Cifer-Pác - a late Roman station in the Quadenland? In: Jenő Fitz , Ed .: Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress (Székesfehérvár, 30.8–6.9.1976). Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest 1977, ISBN 963-05-1301-3 , p. 187.
  52. ↑ a b Barnabás Lőrincz: The brick stamps of the ship landing of Bölcske. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , p. 77 ff., Here: p. 80.
  53. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
  54. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz, András Patay-Horváth: Recensiones. In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 55, 1-2, 2004, p. 175.
  55. ↑ CIL 3, 3731 .
  56. ↑ CIL 3, 3732 .
  57. ↑ a b Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). EJ Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 136.
  58. ^ Jacob Becker : Castellum Mattiacorum. The Roman Castel. Adolph Stein, Wiesbaden 1863, p. 356.
  59. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 113 (photo of the votive triangle).
  60. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). EJ Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 133.
  61. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). EJ Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , pp. 133, 136.
  62. ↑ Zoltán Kádár : The Asia Minor-Syrian Cults in Roman Times in Hungary. Brill, Leiden 1962, p. 31.
  63. ^ Johann Gabriel Seidl : About the Dolichenus Cult. In: Meeting reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Philosophical-historical class. Vol. XII, No. 1, W. Braumüller, Vienna 1854, p. 36.
  64. ↑ Péter Kiss, Réka Mladoniczki, Jörg Scheuerbrandt , Eszter Harsányi: The Colonia Claudia Savaria from the middle of the 1st to the 3rd century AD Colonia Claudia Savaria a Kr. U. 1. sz. közepe és a 3rd sz. között. In: On behalf of the eagle. A római sas szolgálatában. Publius Ferrasius Avitus. Book accompanying the German-Hungarian special exhibition 2012. ISBN 978-3-00-037759-4 . P. 90.
  65. ↑ Péter Kiss, Réka Mladoniczki, Jörg Scheuerbrandt, Eszter Harsányi: The Colonia Claudia Savaria from the middle of the 1st to the 3rd century AD Colonia Claudia Savaria a Kr. U. 1. sz. közepe és a 3rd sz. között. In: On behalf of the eagle. A római sas szolgálatában. Publius Ferrasius Avitus. Book accompanying the German-Hungarian special exhibition 2012. ISBN 978-3-00-037759-4 . P. 79.
  66. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  67. ↑ Burgus Lussonium 7 at about 46 ° 38 '59.9 "  N , 18 ° 52' 47.21"  O .
  68. ^ Zsolt Visy: A ripa Pannonica Magyarországon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, ISBN 9630576910 . P. 96.