Koebeln
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Köbeln
Kobjelin City of Bad Muskau
Coordinates: 51 ° 34 ′ 10 ″ N , 14 ° 42 ′ 40 ″ E
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| Height : | 109 m above sea level NN | |
| Area : | 5.32 km² | |
| Residents : | 460 (December 31, 2008) | |
| Population density : | 87 inhabitants / km² | |
| Incorporation : | July 1, 1950 | |
| Postal code : | 02953 | |
| Area code : | 035771 | |
Location of Köbeln in Saxony |
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Köbeln , Kobjelin in Upper Sorbian , is a district of the Saxon country town of Bad Muskau on the left bank of the Lusatian Neisse . Köbeln is the northernmost town in East Saxony, at 98 m above sea level. NN , the Neißetal in Köbeln is also the deepest state office in the district of Görlitz . The village center itself is about 109 m above sea level. NN a little higher. The place is part of the official Sorbian settlement area in Saxony.
In May 1815, the Muskau landlord Hermann von Pückler-Muskau announced that he was planning to relocate the village in the Right Neiss in order to have more space to design a landscape park. The Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau was added to its World Heritage List by UNESCO in 2004 .
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| Reference-sensitive graphic : Right-Neißische location Köbeln on the map of the Priebussischer Kreis and the rule of Muskau by Johann George Schreiber , published in 1745 |
geography
Köbeln lies along the Neißetal between Bad Muskau and an extensive forest and forest landscape on the Cottbus sand plate . To the north of the village lies the border triangle between Saxony, Brandenburg and the Polish Lebus voivodeship . The border between Saxony and Brandenburg around Köbeln is also the border between Upper and Lower Lusatia . Köbeln lies in the center of the area enclosed by the Muskau fold arch .
Surrounding villages are Pusack (municipality of Neisse-Malxetal ) in the northeast, and Jämlitz and Zschorno in the west. To the east of Muskau Park are Żarki Wielkie (Groß Särchen) , Stare Czaple (Alt Tschöpeln) , Pustków (Gut Tschöpeln) and Bronowice (Braunsdorf) .
history
Local history
The village of Köbeln in the right-hand corner of the Neisse can be counted as part of the Sorbian old settlements, which stretches along the Lusatian Neisse and whose local center is the town of Muskau . This makes Köbeln one of the older villages in north-eastern Upper Lusatia. It was mentioned in documents relatively late. The village Gobelin is mentioned for the first time , probably a misspelling of Cobelin , in a map of Upper Lusatia, which was created around 1590. In a deed of purchase from the Muskau rulership from 1597, the village of Koebeln is mentioned as belonging to the Muskau rulership. It can be assumed that the village has been part of the Muskau parish since its existence, the ten original villages of which probably form the core area of the class rule. In addition to Köbeln, these are Berg , Braunsdorf , Keula , Krauschwitz , Lugknitz , Sagar , Skerbersdorf , Weißkeißel and Weißwasser .
In 1770, Count Johann Alexander von Callenberg from Muskau founded several schools in the class, including in Braunsdorf . The villages of Braunsdorf and Köbeln belonged to the school community, which only got a school building in 1775 for lack of money.
During the Wars of Liberation , Muskau, located on the Niedere Heeresstraße, was used by troops on both sides as a stopover , which the city and surrounding communities suffered from. On May 1, 1815, Hermann von Pückler-Muskau announced in a letter to the citizens of Muskau:
“Since from now on I am determined to have my permanent residence in Muskau for my whole future life, in order to be able to look after the welfare of my good citizens and subjects with paternal care, and prefer to let my income flow to them as strangers So I have no doubt that every inhabitant of this city will gladly allow me to satisfy even a favorite inclination in serious occupation, the execution of which must be for the pleasure of each of them and now and more so for their real benefit. I mean the creation of a park, for which, if something is to emerge as a whole, I have to own the whole district between the road to Sorau and the village of Koebeln, the Neisse on one side and the Braunsdorf fields on the other. […] If the citizenship fulfills my wishes, I also make a claim, counted from the moment when I am in possession of all the designated properties, within six years the town hall, the Köbler Tor and the shooting house at my expense for the city to build. [...] I leave it to Muskau's residents to judge for themselves whether it is desirable to rebuild their public buildings, which have been in ruins for so long, to see their city beautified by a wonderful large garden and to see all of my income flow back to them , or, on the other hand, to forego any of these advantages and lose sight of myself and my assets forever. "
For the village of Köbeln this decision meant that it was almost completely relocated. As a result, it was in the form of a loose line village with a won-like strip corridor on the left, higher Neisse side north of the city and close to the Muskauer paper mill to plans by the pücklerischen Inspector General Leopold Schefer created. Few farmers refused to sell their farms. Taking into account the changed location of Köbeln, the Köbelner Neisse bridge was demolished and rebuilt downstream.
Also in May 1815, the Saxon King Friedrich August gave in on the question of the division of Saxony; 57.5% of the state area, including the entire rulership of Muskau, was ceded to Prussia. The population was informed of this in June. In 1816 the district of Rothenburg was founded in the Prussian province of Silesia , to which Köbeln is now subordinate.
The Braunsdorf school, which has also been attended by Zschorno children since 1841 , was replaced by a new building in 1859. Köbeln broke up in 1876 with the establishment of a classroom in Braunsdorf; Zschorno was schooled in the neighboring Jämlitz in 1888 . In 1891 a school was inaugurated in Köbeln.
In 1925 the Köbeln volunteer fire department was founded.
Since 1874, the rural community to belong District Muskau I, which was divided into the new districts Keula and Lugknitz 1,933th Unlike Köbeln and the lordly managed Burglehn Muskau , the municipalities of Berg and Lugknitz could not defend themselves against incorporation into Muskau in 1940 (the Wehrmacht occupied Poland in 1939 ). The Lugknitzer district was renamed the Gablenz district ; until 1945 it comprised Gablenz , Köbeln and the Burglehn.
Towards the end of the Second World War, the eastern front moved towards Köbeln. In February 1945 the main battle line was moved to the Lusatian Neisse. On April 16, 1945, the first day of the Battle of Berlin , the Red Army also crossed the Neisse in Köbeln. Several buildings were damaged or destroyed. After the end of the war and the determination of the Oder-Neisse border in August 1945, a small part of the municipality of Köbeln came to the neighboring municipality of Nowe Czaple .
Köbeln was incorporated into Muskau on July 1, 1950 (Bad Muskau since January 1, 1961).
A children's holiday camp was set up near the paper mill in 1952 , and since 1986 Polish children have come to this camp to relax.
Paper mill / paper mill
The history of Köbeln is also linked to the history of the Köbelner paper factory, which was built around 1640 after the fighting disappeared from the Muskau area during the Thirty Years War (1618–1648). At that time there were already several paper mills in Upper Lusatia , but they were destroyed or derelict due to acts of war. The first paper mills were in the two big cities. The Bautzen paper mill existed before 1443, the Görlitzer was built around 1530. The first paper mill in the rulership worked between Muskau and Keula. The year it was founded is unknown, but there is only evidence of a renewal of the privilege of this paper mill by the Muskau landlord Christoph von Biberstein in 1551. Another pre-war paper mill was built in 1612 in Podrosche .
The exact year the paper mill was built is unknown, but later sources assume 1640 as the year of foundation. At first it was not yet connected to Köbeln, but when the village was moved to the left bank of the Neisse in the 19th century, it was perceived as a Köbel paper mill, as it was much closer to Köbeln than Muskau.
Gottfried Fischer from the Fischer family of papermakers, well-known in southern Germany, bought the paper mill from the rulers in 1731. From August 24, 1732, he was able to fully dispose of the paper mill, which is why the year 1732 was considered by the Fischer family to be the year their company was founded. The paper mill remained in the family for six generations and was constantly expanded. In 1902, Franz Fischer sold the now industrially working paper factory at the request of his father, who had died the previous year.
The factory burned down in 1911, but was rebuilt by 1913. The fine and cigarette paper factory Aktiengesellschaft Köbeln-Muskau OL emerged from it in 1922 . The factory known as Kömag only produced cigarette paper in the years that followed. In 1923 it was connected to the narrow-gauge railway network of the Muskau Forest Railway with a seven-kilometer-long track . Due to inflation and the economic crisis, the factory made great losses and was temporarily shut down. Production did not resume until 1927. In September 1930 Edmund Janowski became operations manager. In December 1945 the works council issued a political assessment according to which Janowski saved some people from the concentration camp and made sure that up to 100 prisoners of war were always treated well. This enabled him to continue running the business until he did not return from a trip to West Germany in 1949.
The VEB Oberlausitzer Feinpapierfabrik Muskau OL. (ofm) took over the entire fixed assets of Kömag in 1959, which continued to exist as a legal entity until 1968. The ofm became a plant of VEB Papierfabriken Penig in 1982 , but kept the name Oberlausitzer Feinpapierfabrik Bad Muskau . In the GDR, ofm was the only manufacturer of thin and extremely thin fine papers.
After the fall of the Wall , ofm's sales collapsed. It was able to return to full employment in 1992 with a reduced number of workers. After several changes of ownership, production was stopped on April 30, 2000.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1782 | 173 |
| 1825 | 234 |
| 1871 | 560 |
| 1885 | 578 |
| 1905 | 665 |
| 1925 | 761 |
| 1939 | 837 |
| 1946 | 788 |
| 1999 | 523 |
| 2002 | 537 |
| 2008 | 460 |
A land register of the Muskau rulership from 1630 shows that there are 21 possessed men in Köbeln . Shortly before the end of the Thirty Years' War, 12 farms in Köbeln are still occupied in 1647, the remaining nine are in desolation. By 1699 the village recovered from the war and all 21 farms were again occupied. The population has also increased by four cottagers . The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) and the famine years of 1771/1772 inhibited population growth somewhat, but in 1777 there were 20 possessed men as well as a gardener and eight house owners. Still, an economy lies desolate. Five years later, the population is given as 173 inhabitants, divided between 20 possessed men, a gardener and five cottagers. By 1810 the number of cottagers rose again to eight and the number of possessed men rose to 23. This increase in population was accompanied by a decrease in the number of whole farmers from 18 to 13.
In the 19th century the population of Köbeln increased sharply from 173 in 1782 to 578 in 1885. Of these 578 inhabitants, according to research by Arnošt Mukas, the Sorbs make up the majority with 373 inhabitants (65%). By 1939 the population increased further to 837 inhabitants. Due to flight and destruction, the number of inhabitants in the years after the Second World War is lower.
Due to the incorporation of Köbeln, the separate determination of the population figures was suspended as early as 1950. Around 60 years later, the village still has around 450 inhabitants (main residence).
Place name
The German name is derived directly from Sorbian, the meaning of which is interpreted differently. Paul Kühnel (1892) derives it from the Old Slavic kob- , Upper Sorbian kobjel 'Korb, Kober'. Jan Meschgang (1973) and Ernst Eichler (1975), on the other hand, see the origin of the name in the Sorbian word kobła "mare", which means Köbeln would be a "stud farm".
literature
- Hermann Graf von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse . 3. Edition. Ullstein publishing house, Frankfurt / M, Berlin, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-550-07377-1 .
- From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District. Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 2006, ISBN 3-929091-96-8 , p. 217 .
- Robert Pohl: Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. for school and home . Buchdruckerei Emil Hampel, Weißwasser O.-L. 1924, p. 164 f .
- Ottfried Rießner: History of the paper mill in Bad-Muskau-Köbeln. An illustrated timetable . In: Contributions to the town history of Bad Muskau . tape 9 . Bad Muskau September 1989.
Web links
- Ottfried Rießner: Paper production began in Koebeln 370 years ago / Part 1. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . April 22, 2010, archived from the original on April 24, 2010 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ quoted from von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau . P. 314 f
- ↑ Fierce fighting raged near the Neisse in April 1945
- ↑ Measurement table sheet 4454 Muskau. Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, Berlin 1903 ( online ), accessed on July 16, 2020.
- ↑ a b Data quoted from von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau . P. 601.
- ↑ Köbeln in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ↑ From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein . P. 217.
- ↑ Ernst Tschernik: The development of the Sorbian rural population . In: German Academy of Sciences in Berlin - Publications of the Institute for Slavic Studies . tape 4 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954, p. 118 .
- ^ Paul Kühnel: The Slavic place and field names of Upper Lusatia . Central antiquariat of the German Democratic Republic, Leipzig 1982, p. 84 (photomechanical reprint of the original edition (1891–1899)).
- ^ Jan Meschgang: The place names of Upper Lusatia . 2nd Edition. Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1979, p. 64 (edited by Ernst Eichler ).
- ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book . In: German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . tape 28 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 130 f .