Hospitals in Koenigsberg

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The hospitals in Königsberg emerged as private, municipal and state institutions in the “royal capital and residence” in the 19th century. They established the nationwide reputation of Königsberg medicine .

doctors

At the time of the Teutonic Order, Jakob Schillingholz († 1459) was the first physician to work temporarily in Königsberg in 1458. In 1513, Grand Master Albrecht appointed Johann Horn as a personal physician . In 1536 the Jewish doctor Isaak May was allowed to practice in Königsberg. In 1541 Duke Albrecht asked the Frauenburg canon Nicolaus Copernicus to go to Königsberg to treat the seriously ill Georg von Kunheim .

When the university was founded, Johann Placotomus became the first professor of medicine in 1544 . Andreas Aurifaber , the Duke's personal physician, examined the remedy amber . The city surgeon Daniel Schwabe performed the first stomach opening in 1635 . The first anatomical demonstration was held in 1637 and the first vivisection in 1677 . In 1737, Christoph Gottlieb Büttner built the first Theatrum anatomicum on Weidendamm from private funds . In 1793, Prof. Johann Daniel Metzger founded the first midwifery school . In 1893, William Motherby gave the first smallpox vaccination .

In 1851 Helmholtz founded the Association for Scientific Medicine . In 1866 a city physician and five poor doctors officiated in Königsberg. At the natural scientist and doctor conference in Königsberg in 1910, Paul Ehrlich announced the Salvarsan . Königsberg had school doctors since 1918 .

After the conquest of Königsberg by the Red Army , Wilhelm Starlinger headed several disease hospitals in the city. The surgeon Oskar Ehrhardt was expelled in October 1947. Hildegarde Haslinger , Erna Fuehrer and Johann Schubert were the last German doctors to leave Kaliningrad in 1948/49 .

University hospitals

Eye clinic
Bowling evening of the Association for Scientific Medicine

The university clinics were a late addition to the Albertus University . Almost all clinics and institutes were in Neurossgarten .

In 1809 a clinic was built in three rooms of the Löbenicht hospital. In the following year, the provincial maternity hospital in Altroßgärter Predigerstrasse 8 became the university women's clinic with 18 beds. A surgical and ophthalmic clinic was opened in 1816 under Karl Unger . In 1846, the Inner University Clinic was added as the Gray House at Drummstrasse 25-29. The surgical clinic was built in the same street from 1859 to 1863 under Albrecht Wagner . As the Red House , it became an internal clinic in 1881.

In 1873 the new surgical clinic was built in the long row. The eye clinic was opened in 1877 . The clinic for skin and venereal diseases had to make do with a tenement house on Drummstrasse from 1892 to 1921. The mental health department in the City Hospital served as the University Psychiatric Clinic .

In the winter semester of 1894/95, 566 women were treated in the women's clinic.

In 1910 the ENT clinic was founded under Paul Stenger . In 1913 the psychiatric clinic was opened on Alte Pillauer Landstrasse and from 1914–1916 the children's clinic at Volkspark was opened. In 1921 the Clinic for Skin and Venereal Diseases moved into a new building on Alte Pillauer Landstrasse.

Hospitals

In 1764, Fr. R. Farenheid donated 50,000 guilders for the construction of a hospital. It was put into operation in 1768 as the entrance building of the later municipal hospitals. War council JFW Farenheid donated another 20,000 guilders. In 1797 there was a "municipal hospital" with 24 beds in the back garden. In 1811 it was enlarged to 120 beds. When the Farenheid'sche Almshouse was moved to Sackheimer Hintergasse in 1830, the hospital was able to accept 790 patients. In 1832 a smallpox hospital was added. At the suggestion of Lieutenant General Bernhard von Plehwe , the Mercy Hospital was founded in 1848. In 1880 the last "surgeon" at the municipal hospital was retired. In 1881 120 people with smallpox were admitted and a typhus barrack was built. The mentally ill department served as a university psychiatric clinic. City councilor Theodor Krohne became chairman of the hospital administration in 1889. In 1895 a new building for the municipal hospitals was completed. Five doctors looked after 3,144 patients.

In 1894 the Catholic Elisabeth Hospital of the Gray Sisters was opened in Ziegelstrasse. The chief physicians were Professors Oskar Ehrhardt (surgery), Wilhelm Starlinger (internal medicine), Carl Fink (1883–1966, gynecology) and Carl Hubert Sattler (ophthalmology).

Clinic Unterberger
Private clinics
Dr. Christiani
Heinrich Hoeftman , orthopedics
Reinhold Unterberger , gynecology

Detailed reports on the first post-war years in the “German” hospital in Königsberg have been written by Johann Schubert (Hans Deichelmann, 1949) and Dr. Margarete Siegmund (1983).

Disease hospitals

St. Elisabeth Hospital

At the end of April 1945, a good two weeks after the fall of Königsberg, the Red Army ordered the establishment of an epidemic hospital in the former university psychiatric clinic. As the epidemics spread , it soon turned out to be too small, so that the former Yorck garrison hospital and the former St. Elisabeth Hospital were seized. In autumn 1945 the highest level of 2,000 beds was reached. Under the prevailing extreme conditions, Wilhelm Starlinger , a number of other doctors, a tribe of nurses and auxiliary staff trained by them tried, with some success, to contain the waves of infection . There was almost no medication available. Since the hospital facilities were largely destroyed, rescue teams searched the destroyed parts of the city for anything useful. In the second half of May 1945 a typhus epidemic broke out, which peaked in September 1945. 1,500 seriously ill people were admitted to the German Disease Hospitals ("DSK"); the daily peak was 89. By the end of the epidemic in late summer 1946, 8,000 people with typhus had been treated. A typhus wave lasted from autumn 1945 to April 1946. Scarlet fever , diphtheria and intestinal infections were kept within limits. After isolated cases in the summer of 1945, in the late summer of 1946 a wave of malaria hit Königsberg and all of Northeast Prussia . By October 1946, the DSK admitted 6,000 patients with the most severe forms of malaria. Even recovered from a serious infection, Hugo Linck felt "Christianity" in the fight against this misery .

With 2,700 deaths among 13,200 admissions between April 1945 and March 1947, the total mortality was 20%. Broken down, it was 85% for leprosy , 36% for colitis , 24% for typhus, 25% for typhus, 0.6% for diphtheria, and 12.5% ​​for tuberculosis . A comparison of the mortality in the DSK with that in the total population shows that "the former was less than 4% of the latter, that is, violence, hunger, cold and exhaustion were many times more murderous than all epidemics combined". Of the approximately 110,000 people who survived the fall of the city, 20,000 to 25,000 had died of exhaustion, illness, manslaughter and murder by June 1945. Another 12,000 deaths occurred every month. According to calculations by Starlinger, the head of the disease hospitals, in October 1945 only 55,000 to 60,000 people lived in the “city”, in March 1947 a maximum of 25,000. This remnant was transported to Central and West Germany in late autumn 1947 and in spring 1948 .

literature

  • Wilhelm Starlinger : Limits of Soviet power, as reflected in an east-west encounter behind palisades from 1945 - 1954. With a report by the German disease hospitals Yorck and St. Elisabeth on life and death in Königsberg from 1945 - 1947; at the same time a contribution to the knowledge of the course of coupled large epidemics under elementary conditions . Supplements to the yearbook of the Albertus University Königsberg / Pr., IX. Holzner-Verlag, Kitzingen-Main 1954
  • Günther Tietz: Hospitals in Königsberg , in: Joachim Hensel (ed.): Medicine in and from East Prussia. Reprints from the circulars of the "East Prussian Medical Family" 1945–1995 . Starnberg 1996, ISBN 3-00-000492-0 , pp. 339-358.
  • Eberhard Neumann-Redlin von Meding : Königsberg, birthplace of ophthalmology in Prussia around 1850–1875 . Königsberger Bürgerbrief No. 70 (2007), pp. 53–55

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bernhard Dietrich Haage: Medical Literature of the Teutonic Order in the Middle Ages. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 217-231; here: p. 221.
  2. ↑ a b Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt : Königsberg from A to Z. A city dictionary. Munich 1972, ISBN 3-7612-0092-7
  3. ^ Robert Albinus: Königsberg Lexicon . Würzburg 2002, ISBN 3-88189-441-1
  4. ↑ Margarete Siegmund: My time from June 1945 to October 1947 in Königsberg / Pr. , Königsberger Bürgerbrief, No. 78 (2011), pp. 24–33
  5. ^ A b Herbert Marzian : Death in Königsberg 1945–1947 . Ostpreußenblatt , August 20, 1955
  6. ^ W. Starlinger, report to the East Prussian family of doctors in June 1954, printed in: Frontiers of the Soviet Power , Würzburg 1954