Crossing (Parish of Paternion)
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Kreuzen ( Rotte ) Ortschaft Katastralgemeinde Kreuzen |
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| Basic data | |||
| Pole. District , state | Villach-Land (VL), Carinthia | ||
| Judicial district | Villach | ||
| Pole. local community | Paternion | ||
| Coordinates | 46 ° 40 '39 " N , 13 ° 35' 48" E | ||
| Residents of the village | 115 (January 1, 2020) | ||
| Building status | 54 (2001) | ||
| Area d. KG | 47.54 km² | ||
| Post Code | 9711 Paternion | ||
| Statistical identification | |||
| Locality code | 02474 | ||
| Cadastral parish number | 75207 | ||
| Counting district / district | Kreuz -Rubland (20720 003) | ||
 Kreuz Eben in the Gailtal Alps , north view |
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| Source: STAT : index of places ; BEV : GEONAM ; KAGIS | |||
Kreuzen is a village and cadastral municipality in the market town of Paternion with 132 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2020) in the Villach-Land district in Upper Carinthia / Austria . The mountain village in a mountainous forest landscape characterized by small farmers is 8 km south of Paternion and can be reached via the Tauern Autobahn A 10 / exit Feistritz and the Kreuzner Straße L33 towards Windischen Höhe , a pass crossing between Drautal and Gailtal .
Location and economy
The cadastral community of Kreuzen (KG number 75207) is divided into the outer and inner crosses. The area can be reached via the Carinthian state road L33. The outer crosses begin about three kilometers after crossing under the Tauern motorway at Nikelsdorf, where the Kreuzengraben widens and the meadows begin. Along the hamlets of Orter, Landfraß and Weger, the road leads to the main town "Kreuzen - Auf der Eben" with the parish church at 951 m above sea level on a mountain saddle. "Auf der Eben" describes the relatively flat fields directly on the top of the pass. The border of the cadastral municipality runs in the east over the Altenberg ( 1288 m ) to Koflachgraben, Beilgraben and Kobesnock ( 1820 m ). Immediately after the village, the road leads to the Innere Kreuzen, down the Kreuzenbach valley at approx. 900 m above sea level. The Inner Crosses is a heavily forested, hardly populated valley with a length of approx. 10 km and runs from west to east. It ends at Weißbach near the eastern shore of the Weißensee . Farchtensee lies in the western area . The L33 runs only briefly in the valley and continues south.
Up until the end of the 19th century there were several hammer mills for iron ore processing and lead mining along the Kreuzenbach . Mining is no longer economically important. The area is too mountainous for agriculture. Most of the farms have always been run as a sideline . In the past you found employment in mining or forestry work, today you commute to work in Spittal an der Drau or Villach. The most important branch of the economy is forestry, dominated by the largest landowner, the Counts Foscari Widmann Rezzonico'sche Forestry Directorate ( Lordship Paternion ). The companies of the Staber family with their transport companies and the Gasthaus Ebnerwirt are among the few businesses .
history
Centuries of searching for gold
The Celtic Kingdom of Noricum was famous for its weapons- grade Noric steel and its rich gold deposits centuries before the birth of Christ . The Goldeck mountain name shows that people have been looking for it in the area around the crosses since ancient times. The banks of the Weißenbach, where traces of settlement of a Celtic oppidum from the Latène period can be found “Auf der Görz” at its confluence with the Drava, were considered to be an excellent site for alluvial gold . Around 200 BC The cross belonged to the tribal area of the Celtic Ambidravi . The area was probably settled in the Stone Age. Sappl's flint blade , over 4500 years old , was found less than 20 km away. Clay miner's lamps are known from Rubland, four kilometers away. Around the year 1000 the area belonged to the Lurngau , from which the county of Ortenburg became independent in 1135 .
In the Freiherrschaft Paternion there were well over a hundred known ore tunnels and shafts, which were worked for ore at different times from the 15th to the 18th century. Many of them were in the area of crosses. An early indicator of the importance of mining in the area is the wooden church built around 1330, dedicated to Saints Vitus and Leonhard , the patron saints of blacksmiths. Around 1500 it was replaced by a brick church. At that time that was Castle crosses under Emperor Maximilian I , according to tradition as a hunting lodge for bear hunting built. Bear hunting was still very attractive in the area centuries later. The lordly caretaker Johann Heinrich Ainether from and to Aineth of the Paternion rulership reports in his notes on the [= his] hunting route for the period from 1710 to 1734 of around 25 bears and 6 wolves that were shot or shot.
The Kreuzen area is part of the Kreuzen- Stockenboi mining district . In 1518 the offices (administrative units) Stockenboi and Feystritz came to the rule of Paternian through a purchase by the barons of Dietrichstein from the Habsburgs . In 1519 the lordship received the privilege of mining law and was no longer subject to the Oberbergrichter of Carinthia. In the sales contract, the operation of washing plants is still mentioned, that is, the gold search and gold panning were still productive.
Iron mining boom from the beginning of modern times
In the High Middle Ages a completely different structured iron mining established itself than in antiquity. Smaller iron deposits ("forest iron") are developed in small, manorial or peasant-organized units, without the need for large capital investment. The iron mining in the Kreuzen was probably initiated with the privilege of 1492 for the construction of hammers and smelting works, that Emperor Friedrich III. his servant Hans Kaltenhauser for the offices of Stochenboi and Feystritz, which belonged to the Ortenburg district court.
The first written mention of the name "Kreuzen" ( Slovenian : Krajcen ) dates from 1505 . During this time, a more intensive mining phase (iron, lead) begins, the first hammer mills and expansion furnaces (smelting furnaces with blowers) for iron extraction are built. The required charcoal with numerous charcoal piles comes from the vast forests in the area. From 1596 Schloss Kreuzen became the seat of the mining administrators. In 1599 (according to another source: 1592) Bartholomäus (Bartlmä) Khevenhüller acquired the rule of Paternion. In 1626, Matthias Rechbacher, the "graffisch Khevenhillerische Oberverweser in der Kreuzen", died, whose tombstone was built into the western outer wall of the Kreuzner church tower. As a supporter of Protestantism , the Khevenhüller family were forced to sell their rule and leave Carinthia in 1629. According to research, the so-called Hundskirche (also known as the altar ), a triangular rock in a ditch between crosses and the village of Boden (also in the municipality of Paternion ), was built during this time of the Counter Reformation . Drawings and inscriptions are carved into the rock, which indicate its use as a secret meeting place during secret Protestantism .
This enabled the Villach merchant Hans Widmann to acquire Paternion from the Khevenmüller family . In 1655 the Paternion rulership was granted the privilege of the ban on blood , with which all legal cases, including those with the death penalty , could be tried on the spot. The most famous ban judge was Georg Wolfgang von Tschabueschnig , a son of the hammer mill administrator from Kreuzen. Large areas of forest in the Kreuzen are still owned by his descendants, the Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico family.
Already from around 1600 the ore mining in the Kreuzen is no longer productive. Ores were brought from the Eisentratten area (45 km) and later also Hüttenberg (115 km) in ox carts to the Kreuzner expansion ovens for further processing. Such long heavy transports were economical because the large amounts of charcoal were available in combination with hydropower. Today there are hardly any traces left from the time when the mountain valley was used intensively for industry.
Lead mining
Die Kreuzen is located near the largest lead deposit in Carinthia near Bleiberg-Kreuth . In addition to the smaller iron deposits, various lead pits were also developed. A first written mention can be found in the sales contract of the Dietrichsteiners from 1518, where there is talk of a “Pleiadian giant in Weißenbach”. At that time the area west of Weißenbach u. a. with the forest glassworks Tscherniheim to cross. Paternioner market citizens were enfeoffed with lead mining z. B. 1765 Matthias Mayr, the postmaster in the village, was with the pits "Mary Conception", "Providence of God", "Holy Spirit", "Sanct Oswald", "Sana Christoph", "Sana Ulrich", "Sana Nicolaus" and "Sanct Martin" on Mitterberg in der Kreuzen enfeoffed.
Donated by the Paul Tschabuschnig trade, the main altar of the church was built in 1660. The side altar followed in 1683. In 1705 the tower was added. Due to the plague epidemic of 1715, in which 50 people died in the area of Paternion, the construction of the St. Johannes chapel, today's "Hubertus Chapel", is donated. In 1753 the stations of the cross were built at the Johanneskapelle.
In the 18th century, Kreuzen experienced its greatest economic boom to date and, as a mining town with mass quarters, probably had more inhabitants than the Paternion market. After houses, Kreuzen was the second largest town in the Paternion domain.
The French bring freedom
After the Napoleonic Wars (1792 to 1815) Upper Carinthia was assigned to the French kingdom of Illyria . In 1812 the outer and inner crosses, a two-hour walk from Paternion, were part of the Paternion advertising district commissariat rule. There was an iron hammer, a nail factory, and lead mining. In 1814, with the end of Napoleon's reign , the area came back into the possession of the Habsburgs .
As a result of the French Revolution , the old subordinate or manorial system was gradually dissolved. As a result of the March Revolution of 1848/49, the Kreuzner farmers were also liberated from manorial rule. Local communities were formed for the first time in the course of the peasant liberation . With the abolition of serfdom , the Kreuzner farmers became free citizens in 1848 . Another consequence of the revolution of 1848 was the introduction of local self-government, which enabled the tax and cadastral communities to unite with others to form a local community with a mayor to be elected.
End of the last mining period
In 1842 Count Abundius Widmann built the last raft furnace for iron smelting. This type of furnace, technologically an ancestor of the blast furnace , was soon considered to be out of date, as it was only around nine meters high. Iron ore processing began to decline in 1845. In 1849, Kreuzen is still described as a parish village "in the mountains in a rough wild area" with "several hammer mills". In 1851 a flood in the Kreuznerbach destroyed the hammer mills. In 1872 there were only fifteen trade workers left.
Around 1855 there was no longer any iron stone mining in Kreuzen. It can be seen from the operating materials that the Kreuzen smelting works was one of the few works in the monarchy that dealt exclusively with the smelting of slag. There were no abundant ore deposits, south of the Drava the non-ferrous metals dominate. Fresh slag from other blast furnaces or hammer mills was merged. This was particularly economical because the carters did not have any training trips, as they transported relatively expensive charcoal out of the Kreuz and came back with fresh slag. The forest areas in Carinthia were no longer sufficient for the iron industry at that time. The relatively charcoal-intensive slag recycling in the Kreuzen was only possible because the forest and furnace were owned by the same company. There were further slag blast furnaces in Carinthia in Waidisch near Ferlach and in Unter-Drauburg. Fresh slag was rarely recycled by the hammer mills themselves. That was only the case with the ovens in St. Salvator and Radenthein .
In 1879 iron mining in the Kreuzen was finally stopped and the hammer mills closed. The non-ferrous metal mining is operated a little longer. The zinc blende mines in Mitterkreuz and in Rubland to the east were closed in 1898. Most recently, from 1891 to 1906 , 60 miners and 40 processing workers were still digging for ore in old lead and zinc tunnels on Mitterberg, in Innerkreuzen-Boden near Farchtensee . The last mining activities in the area were in Tragin in 1924, when gold mining was to be revived.
With the end of mining, the population of the once prosperous place sank.
Second World War
In the shortage economy during the Second World War in the 1940s, yellow lead ore ( wulfenite ), required for the manufacture of weapons, was mined last under the National Socialists in Rubland . Since then, metal prices have not reached a level that makes a resumption of mining activities in the Kreuzberg appear profitable. The place itself was not directly affected by the war, but was not spared from the Nazi terror. Anton Koperek, pastor of Kreuzner since 1937, was critical of the Nazi euthanasia and the forced resettlement of the Carinthian Slovenes . Since he spoke the Polish language, he had good contacts with the Polish forced laborers who had to work for the farmers free of charge. He was betrayed from the village by the Nazis to the Villach Gestapo . In July 1942 he was sent to the Dachau concentration camp as a “protective prisoner” , where he died in November.
Schools and parishes
In 1770 the first school in the Kreuzner area in the glassblowing village in Terscherniheim is built on the basis of a foundation by Matthias Gasser.
In 1847 the innkeeper and farmer Johann Staber donated a school building. Construction of the new school building in Kreuzen began in 1931 and was in operation as a primary school between 1934 and 2011. Since then, the children have had to go to school in the valley.
The Catholic parish church is looked after from Feistritz.
literature
- The lead and zinc ore mines in the Kreuzen-Stockenboi area. In: Hermann Wiessner: History of the Carinthian mining industry. Part II. History of the Carinthian non-ferrous metal mining with a special focus on lead and zinc mining. (= Archive for patriotic history and topography, Volume 36/37), Verlag des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt 1951, pp. 163–167.
- Gustav Forstner: 450 years of paternion. Herbert Dunkl / Kärntner Bildungswerk (ed.), Paternion 1980.
- Stephan Steiner: Traveling without return. The deportation of Protestants from Carinthia 1734–1736 . Munich 2007.
- Simone Madeleine Lassnig: Monuments of the Reformation period and secret Protestantism in the Paternion area . The Hundskirche and surrounding monuments. Vienna 2010, Chapter: The historical background u. ff., p. 9 ff . ( Full text online [PDF; accessed on July 19, 2019] Diploma thesis at the University of Vienna ).
Web links
- Market town of Paternion - official website
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kärntner Landesstraßen in the wiki of openstreetmap.org.
- ↑ Parish Paternion: Chronicle of Crosses. Notice board.
- ^ Hunting route 1710 - 1734: Notes on the hunting route of the lordly caretaker Johann Heinrich Ainether vuz Aineth for the period 1710 - 1734. In: Website der Gräfl. Foscari Widmann Rezzonico'schen Forest Service in Castle Paternion , undated, accessed on July 19 of 2019.
- ^ Lit .: Steiner, Munich 2007 , p. 32f.
- ^ Lit .: Wiessner, Klagenfurt 1951 , p. 163.
- ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer : Place name book of Carinthia. Part II, 1958, p. 130.
- ↑ Simone Madeleine Lassnig: Monuments of the Reformation period and secret Protestantism in the Paternion area . The Hundskirche and surrounding monuments. Vienna 2010, chapter: Hundskirche, stone monuments in Boden and Sgrafittohaus , p. 24–51 , here in particular from p. 43: Inventory: inspection and first evaluation - Die Hundskirche ( full text online [PDF; accessed on 19 July 2019] diploma thesis at the University of Vienna ).
- ^ Lit .: Wiessner, Klagenfurt 1951 , p. 163.
- ^ Lit .: Forstner, Paternion 1980 , p. 50.
- ↑ Lit .: Forstner, Paternion 1980 , p. 25.
- ↑ Lit .: Steiner, Munich 2007 , pp. 45–46, 49.
- ↑ The Illyrian Provinces and their Inhabitants. Camesiasche Buchhandlung, Vienna 1812, p. 303 ( full text in the Google book search).
- ↑ Eugen Kuhn: Topographisch-statistic-historical ... Lexicon of Germany, a complete German regional, folk and political history. Bibliographisches Institut, Hildburghausen 1849, p. 830 ( full text in the Google book search).
- ↑ Lit .: Forstner, Paternion 1980 , p. 25.
- ↑ Josef Rossiwall: The iron industry of the Duchy of Carinthia in the year 1855. A representation of the ironworks there according to its status and operations including a description of the more excellent ironworks with their iron stone and lignite mines and their peat cuttings. Kaiserlich Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei commissioned by W. Braumüller, Vienna 1856, p. 16 ( full text in the Google book search).
- ↑ Lit .: Forstner, Paternion 1980 , p. 54.
- ↑ Anton Koperek. Biographical entry in: Hans Haider: National Socialism in Villach. Edition kärnöl 2005, 3rd ext. Edition, Kitab, Klagenfurt / Vienna, ISBN 978-3-902005-99-1 , pp. 27-28 ( full text online (PDF) on the kärnöl website ).
- ^ Chronicle of Staber Holding GmbH. In: Website of the Staber Holding GmbH, undated, accessed on July 19, 2019.
- ↑ Church guide: Parish Church Kreuzen. In: Website of the parish Feistritz-Drau , undated, accessed on July 19, 2019.