Tscherniheim
Tscherniheim was a forest glass hut village in the Gailtal Alps in Upper Carinthia that existed from 1621 to 1879 . Of the forty or so buildings of the Carinthian glassworks, only one Catholic chapel has been preserved on the edge of an alpine meadow. The desert, accessible from the Weißensee at 1163 m above sea level, is located in the municipality of Weißensee .
The themed hiking trail "On the trail of the forest glass" leads from Paterzipf on the Weißensee or from Weißenbach on the Farchtensee state road L34 to Tscherniheim in about 2 hours.
Geographical location
The Bodental is an approx. 8 km long high valley between Weissensee , Gitschtal and Gailtal . To the north of the valley lies the Laka ( 1852 m ), in the south the Golz ( 2004 m ) and the Spitzegelgruppe with the Spitzegel ( 2119 m ). The watershed to the Weißensee lies in the western part of the trench. The eastern part is called Tscherniheimer Graben or forms the uppermost part of the Stockenboier Graben. The western part of the high valley begins at Paterzipf near Naggl am Weißensee and is traversed by the Almbach. The eastern part begins in Weißenbach and is drained by the Tscherniheimer Bach. The highest point of the valley floor at 1231 m is near the Hermagorer Bodenalm (cultivated). The abandoned glassmaking village of Tscherniheim is located in the eastern part not far from the Fischeralm (cultivated) at 1065 m . A closed goods road leads through the valley. Tscherniheim can be reached on foot from Paterzipf (boat station / parking lot) in about 75 minutes or from Weißenbach (parking lot) near the eastern shore of the Weißensee in about 30 minutes. The valley is also accessible with mountain bikes (part of KSB Kärntner-See-Biking). Along the route there are six information boards on the theme trail "On the trail of the forest glass".
Forest glass production site in Tscherniheim
Glass is the oldest man-made material. Forest glass , a potash glass colored green by iron oxides , was a form of glass production from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . Until the 18th century, the raw materials for glass production were mostly just quartz sand, soda , potash and lime and, if necessary, metal oxides for dyeing. Tscherniheim, built from 1621, was a forest glassworks founded late in industrial history. The Austro-Hungarian Empire , especially Carinthia, was agrarian and weakly industrialized. Between the 16th and 20th centuries there were around 30 hiking glassworks in Styria and five in Carinthia. Tscherniheim is Carinthia's oldest glassworks. The St. Vinzenz hut on the Koralpe was only founded in 1687. From Roman times, only one glass production facility at Hemmaberg near Globasnitz is known in Carinthia .
Important raw materials - beech wood | Water | Quartz sand
The location in the Bodental was chosen because of the abundance of wood. 2400 kg of wood were necessary to produce 1 kg of glass, 97% of it as pot ashes. The potash is used to liquefy the glass. One hectare of mixed forest is enough for only approx. 10 kg of glass. In Tscherniheim, 4800 to 6000 cubic meters of wood were used annually. The old primeval forests, especially the beeches , were ruthlessly cut down wherever possible. Some forest glassworks moved on when the wood supply was exhausted, whereas the Tscherniheim production always remained in the same place due to the large forest area. Today's spruce monocultures in the Bodental are a legacy of this time. The production of forest glass in the Czech Republic even led to karstification of larger areas with the corresponding environmental consequences such as floods. In order not to devastate the forest up to the tree line, the mining authorities recommended the use of hard coal from 1790 onwards, but it did not become law until 1870. However, one must assume that the valley was not a quiet alpine pasture as it is today - the forest was cut down to the top Air full of smoke and the noise of the Pocher.
The water of the Tscherniheimer Bach was also very important for the establishment of the production, since stamping mills for material comminution and forging hammers were operated there. An artificial pond at the Pottaschesiederei was used to wash (sludge) the charcoal. Because of the constant risk of fire, a fire extinguishing pond was unavoidable. Another advantage of the location in the Tscherniheimer Graben was the constantly blowing northwest wind, which dispelled the heavy smoke from the glass ovens, coal kilns and ash boilers and enabled the ovens to operate at a higher temperature. An important raw material for glass production was quartz sand , which was low in iron oxide . The sites with particularly fine sand in the area of Alpe Golz were kept secret with the argument that quartz from Gorizia was used . Limestone is also abundantly available in the area. Only the clay for the stove to build the stoves was brought from outside.
Location disadvantage - seclusion
However, its isolation also brought Tscherniheim a disadvantage in terms of location. The alpine location with the severe and long winters did not allow year-round operation. Work was only done between Easter and Martini , Tuesday to Saturday. The ovens would not have gone out because of a single day off.
The shortest route to the transport of the wholesale and export glassware to the Drautal would be to Greifenburg , which would have significantly extended the transport route in the Drautal and led to additional costs due to the Ortenburg rule . The path to the Weißensee was probably not an alternative due to the steepness, the bridge over the lake and the lack of access rights. It was around 25 kilometers to the next train station in Paternion on the southern railway , which has been rolling through the Drau valley since 1873. Two modes of transport offered themselves. The somewhat longer route over the Stockenboi -graben or the shorter route over the crosses , which offered the option of getting over the Windische Höhe into the Gail valley and thus quickly to Italy. The glass was usually transported by horse and cart on very poor roads, which were also repeatedly destroyed by the streams. In Paternion there was a separate depot for the glass from Tscherniheim. The carters were mostly Stockenboier farmers. Some Stockenboier generate considerable prosperity with their carts in combination with inns like the "Kavallar" vlg. Zechner. Even on the way over the crosses there were difficult sections such as For example, at Kreuz Plains, inns like the Staber, which in addition to food and drink, also provided horses for the tension . In 1827 the district authorities of Greifenburg complained in a report to the Villach district office about the bad roads to Tscherniheim, “as a result of which the products are often broken up. The profit of the glassworks is actually very small. ”The massive double-horse wagons for transporting glass were called wide-rail frame wagons and had box-shaped structures for glass panes or“ cribs ”woven from hazel branches for hollow glasses. Packers twisted straw bands to wrap the jars. The carter's cash register was forged directly to the car so that the money could not be taken away in the event of robberies. Allegedly, the robbers were more interested in wine and grappa anyway, which could be loaded on the return trip from Italy. There is nothing left of the many tortures and memorial plaques that reminded of accidents along the route.
The retail trade in the local area was carried out by glass carriers who fetched the goods in Tscherniheim and transported them on a back carrier and sold them from house to house. They cut small panes of glass on the spot. The characteristic feature was the use of a truncheon as a weapon and prop.
Owner and administrator
In 1598 the Golzer Alpe was bought by the Counts of Ortenburg in the possession of the Lords of Lind from the Drautal . In 1626 the rule of Greifenburg, to which Tscherniheim belonged, passed to Hans Christoph Prem von Nackendorf. At that time the glassworks was already fully operational and a glass trade was organized as far as Hungary and the Levant, because Prem had founded and built the production from 1621 to 1624. He was provincial vice cathedral administrator of Carinthia and mint inspector at the imperial mint in St. Veit , through which he had good contacts to Emperor Ferdinand II , from whom he received the concession to build a glassworks at the foot of the Alpe Golz. Two stamping works, a large glass furnace and a grinding shop were built under Prem. Due to the Thirty Years' War the emperor had an enormous need for money and Prem, as mint master, complained about the falling gold content of the coins of the Carinthian estates , who wanted to reduce their share of the war costs in this way. With the warning of the currency devaluation ( tipper and rocker time ) he made the gold- crafted plaster from Döllach in Mölltal an enemy. A rhyme has been handed down about this war inflation: the scrap, the step, the prem, the plaster. His god and all the world are of no use. You got the long money. Ultimately, Putz succeeded in convicting the Münzinspektor und Glasgewerke Prem to a long prison term and a heavy fine of 97,638 guilders .
While Hans Christoph Prem was in prison, his administrator Hans Oberrauter ran the business for 100 guilders a year. From his service contract of 1635, referred to as modesty , it emerges that he not only had to perform the usual management tasks such as inexpensive production, but also had to care for the “right” faith in the course of the Counter-Reformation , in this case the Roman Catholic . A particular danger was probably seen from the migrant workers from the Ore Mountains, which are consistently Protestant . All prayer times and holidays were to be observed by all subordinate people such as the master glassmaker, the journeymen, the stoners, the firemen, the binders, the lumberjacks or the ash burners. The administrator was instructed to read from the house postil. One of the secular duties of the steward was to ensure that no worker hid glassware in the forest in order to secretly sell it to glass wearers. Prem died in 1635 and the Tscherniheim glassworks went bankrupt. A year before that he had bought more rights for Tscherniheim. Count Georg von Salamanca-Ortenburg granted his captain and vicar Johann Weber and the Spittal district judge Emmerich Reßl to purchase the firewood required for glass production for 40 guilders annually from the surrounding forest for 20 years . In 1634 Reßl sold "his Alm with the newly built glassworks, endowed with imperial liberties in Tscherniheim, and the associated housing, supplies and tools to the noble Hansen Christoph Prem von Haus und Raggendorf auf Greifenburg."
The Ortenburgers returned the imperial fiefdom, the rule of Greifenburg, to the Lords of Lind. In 1643 Hans Jakob von und zu Lind sold the Alpe and the Prem'schen glassworks to Peter Hattenberger, the administrator of the Widmann estates ( Lord Paternion ) in Kreuzen . In the late phase of the Thirty Years War, however, this did not bring the business up and the glassblowers became increasingly impoverished. In 1664, Peter Hattenberger's widow transferred the glassworks village to the municipality of Hermagor, which owned it until it was closed in 1879. In 1690 there was a dispute between the wealthy Hermagor market judge Kaspar Pregl and the market town of Hermagor over the ownership of Alpe and Glashütte. Pregl, a wealthy merchant and financier, claimed to have bought Tscherniheim for himself and not for the community. With the help of the Abbot of Arnoldstein Abbey , Hermagor was finally awarded the Alpe Golz in 1690 and the glassworks in 1701. However, the operation proved very costly to the market. After a fire in 1726, he became impoverished and lost several trials. Finally, in 1726, the glassworks was leased to the glass master Adam Kagass. Again the community was cheated until the chief miner intervened in 1752. From around 1764 the glassworks "re-established" by the trades Matthias Fitzmayer, who in 1759 had a new caretaker's house built. Jakob Kavallar from Stockenboi and the vulgo Mahr in Boden organized the transports at that time and thus achieved prosperity. One of Filzmayer's wages in 1774 was the duty-free import of 70 quintals of sea salt (soda substitute) to improve potash.
The last master glazier, Johann Breiner, relocated the administration and tavern operations to the vulgo Dullnig (Boden 62), i.e. 3.5 km from the Tscherniheimer Graben to Weißenbach, in order to centralize the glassworks management, tavern operations, food sales and coal transport service. In addition, life was a little easier in winter in the lower ground.
Production | Ancillary trades
A glassworks village under the direction of a caretaker was a company cluster with a high degree of division of labor with several trades necessary for glass production. The employees were not salaried workers , but independent small business owners. Due to the large, non-standardized variety of glass products, production was only made to order and hardly in stock. The remuneration was different. The glassblowers received part of the wages from the caretaker when the goods were delivered. Ancillary trades such as ash burners or stone crushers were paid monthly. Food was passed on at a premium. When in winter the furnaces were cold and outdated, the glassmakers had no merit. In the summer, however, they often work in piecework with 12 to 16 hour shifts. If a harbor burned through during the year, which was the case every two years, the glassblowers were given six weeks of unpaid vacation. It was the master's job to drive to the dealers to get orders. Originally every hut had its sales area. Due to the increasing competition, common transshipment points developed over time.
In the second boom phase under Matthias Fitzmayer, a glassblower , nine journeymen , 36 woodcutters , potashers ( ash burners ), stone breakers , pounders and hammer smiths worked in Tscherniheim in 1773 . More than around 60 adults and around 45 children lived in Tscherniheim. At the best time, almost 90 people could have been actively working in the village. In 1869 there were still 22 inhabited properties with 101 inhabitants, a church, a school, and an inn.
On the one hand due to the watercourse, on the other hand because of the fire protection, the buildings of the village spread over another area. One of the Pocher stood relatively far down by the Wirtsalmhütte in the so-called Pucherreid'n. The hut square and the path separated the dwellings from the ovens, the pochers, piles and ashtrays. The storehouses and loading huts stood at the lower end of the village, the chapel and the first caretaker's house in the upper part. Matthias Fitzmayer built the second Verweserhaus in 1759, the foundation walls of which can still be seen across the stream. It is not known how many ovens there were in the village, but black rye and oat bread was baked on site. There were small house gardens . Around the house of the glazier were the journeyman's huts. The area was inhospitable. Back then there were still many brown bears and wolves there .
As the first location for a chapel, a place above the Wirtsalmgatters has been handed down. There was no cemetery at the current chapel. The dead were brought out to the "Stockenboier Bichl" 10 km away. Similarly long transports of the dead are known from Croatia ( Mirilo ). There was a cemetery for children in the hut area. The church belongs to the parish Stockenboi. The mighty, late Gothic crucifix is now in the parish church of Hermagor. In the pilgrimage church of Maria Thurn near Hermagor hang the Tscherniheim holy images “The Seven Sorrows of Mary”, “The Interest Dime” and “The Adulteress”, which a glass painter could have created. The large chandelier of the Tscherniheim glassblower community also hangs there. One of the Tscherniheim bells is in the chapel at Lärchenhof and one in the chapel at the stone bridge.
Operations management
The steward was the highest ranking person in production. In addition to his duties mentioned above, he had to deter the men from poaching , brawling and theft and to protect the apprentices from mistreatment. The caretaker had the right to serve wine (in moderation) and to fish for personal use. The administrator had to be able to read and write so as not to be taken advantage of by the master or the journeymen. The next “better one” in the village hierarchy was the teacher. In addition to conveying the trivium (writing, reading, arithmetic), the preparation for confirmation and confirmation was responsible. Learning was mainly done in winter, because in summer the children had to help with work.
Out and about in the field - Holzknechte | Koehler | Ash burner | Stone crusher
The logging by the lumberjacks took place in late autumn, the transport over giants, gullies and in horse-drawn trains. In winter, the logs for the coal kilns and the potash were straightened and the simple houses were built. These were simple chests made of wood blocks on a wall wreath with small windows and a shingle roof with a smoke kitchen, living room and a goat barn. The charcoal burners produced the charcoal they needed . The ash burners feasted the ashes (Kohllösch) in a pond for the potash they needed . The stone breakers broke and transported the quartz from the secret sites on the Alpe Golz and brought it to the Pochern.
Stationary in the village | Processing of raw materials & glass production
In the round glass melting furnace (radius approx. 180 cm) under a pent roof on a stone foundation stood the brick-built, hemispherical furnace, the Kobel. Fresh air and fuel came through the poke hole above the barrel-shaped furnace. The heaters regulated the temperature. The smelter was responsible for the correct composition of the melt. The glassmakers led the glassmaker's pipes into the furnace through the working holes at chest height. At the level of the combustion chamber there is a platform on which the glassblowers could stand and work with pipes pointing downwards. The melting pot, the port with the liquid glass, is in the furnace . The pipes for receiving the glass tears were made of copper, brass or iron. Other tools were the iron spoon for skimming off the unclean foam, various scraper irons for holding the hot glass, scissors, pincers, gripping clips and shovels. Master glassmakers and journeymen took the glass tears with the glass pipe, which were then often blown (pressed) into wooden models. The apprentices were responsible for providing the model . These were made of apple, pear, birch or alder wood and always had to be moist when in use so as not to burn. Some wooden models for pressed glass e.g. B. for bulge vases have been preserved and can be taken into account in the Spittal Folk Culture Museum. The master took over the difficult work steps. The hot glass was slowly cooled in the side-mounted cooling oven, otherwise it would crack. The products were refined by painting, etching, grinding or gilding. The highly respected glass painters also visited the farmers in the villages and painted “black” chests and boxes there.
Young people aged 13 and over were accepted for apprenticeships . The first work was the preparation of the tools for the master or the opening and closing of the model. After four years they were allowed to remove and pre-blow glass independently. In the course of the rolling, tests on the different types of goods had to be taken from different masters. The master's degree was achieved with the masterpiece after about seven years of training.
Glass production originally took place in two steps. The raw glass was sorted, smashed and later melted again. With the use of soda , the process could be carried out in one go. Soda glass is white sheet glass from which window panes have been produced using the cylinder process. You needed space for that. So-called "cutting rooms" were created behind the forest glass ovens. In this process, developed in France, the rolled, viscous glass was heated on a table in the oven and slowly cooled.
Stationary around Tscherniheim | Pocher | Grinder | Wrought
The work machine of Pocher were powered by a water wheel with a peg provided Well tree, which the shooter ( Pochstempel ), vertically positioned let down with shod iron heavy wooden beams lifted and fall. Four punchers, each with several shooters, stood by the stream. One smashed the clay for the glass harbors or the burnt out glass harbors, the second pounder was used to produce potash, the third pulverized the quartz sand, and the fourth was used to pound clay pot glaze and raw glass. Two Schießer were for food production, the "Noien" of pearl barley , oatmeal , poppy and dried fruit reserved (Talgg'n).
At the old Verweserhaus on the other side of the stream, the dosers and polishers have been working since 1856, cutting and sorting the window and mirror glass. The grinding shop was about 2 km below Tscherniheim on the bridge opposite the Jonas Almhütte at the junction to the Kavallaralm. The last administration in Weißenbach was about 3.5 km from Tscherniheim.
An important secondary trade was the blacksmith's shop , which maintained and produced tools, fittings, horseshoes, wheel rails, hoes, wedges, chains and other iron utensils for the glassblowing village. A heavy, water-powered blacksmith hammer, the Nageler-Schwanzhammer from Tscherniheim has been preserved and is now in the Spitaller Museum for Folk Culture.
The glassmakers - a non-integrated subculture
The glass village residents mostly stayed in Tscherniheim for less than ten years. Only the big kids stayed longer. The Tscherniheimers were not integrated into the rural life of the mountain farmers. The locals called them “a breed of their own” because they were a wandering people, their flocks of children appeared in the orchards, fished black and did mischief.
Despite “lung worms” (lung diseases), the glassmakers were considered funny people who developed their own culture in the seclusion. In the night work was sung vielstrophige Moritate . Glassmaker's life, hey, that means being funny! When other people are sleeping, we have to blow, stand on the stage, turn the glass. Monday, Monday, it has to be celebrated and what's left on Sunday has to be drunk.
In addition to their own songs and customs, there were glass parties with schnapps and harmonica music , for example when building the glassworks and lighting the stove or when opening a new harbor. For this purpose, fine-walled glass spheres were created and thrown against the walls, causing a bang like a light bulb. New Year's Eve was celebrated with banging glass balls, noise and firing guns.
The working environment at the glass furnaces, coal kilns and potash production was dusty and hot. Alcoholic beverages were preferred as thirst quenchers, which was not conducive to life expectancy. Cover letters in the inn belonging to the village were common. Every glassblower had its own wooden stick, in which a notch was cut with every consumption. On the day of the wages, the landlord settled the accounts with the help of these Rhenish staffs .
The glassblowers, preferably with wide-brimmed hats as heat protection, “had croaking voices because they quenched thirst with extremely hot and cold drinks. They were noticed by drooping cheek pouches and bloated necks, as well as by muscular chest cages. ”Glass blowing is a job that puts a lot of strain on the lungs. The home remedy of choice was Hundsschmalz (dog fat) to combat consumption, a collective term for various diseases, including tuberculosis , that could not be accurately diagnosed. Therefore one should have kept dogs at all houses.
The products
Many of the forest glassworks mainly produced simple hollow glass and pane glass for the local area. Over the years, the production was expanded to include decorated glass and later pressed glass. The new types of production first emerged in the Bohemian-Moravian region and were spread throughout the monarchy by wandering glaziers. An interpretation of the name of "Tscherniheim" means that the name goes back to a well-known Bohemian glassmaker named "Tscherni" (Cerny - the black) or the black, dark forests of the area. On the other hand, the area was already called Zarniechhaimb in the time before the glassblowers , which means something like Saure-Wiesen-Heim or Swamp-Wiesen-Heim (derived from the Gothic Sar = Sauerwiese). The anonymous work of the glassmakers, the exchange of know-how by the migrant workers and the copying of popular products make it very difficult to reliably assign glasses to a specific production facility. Here you are almost always dependent on information from the owner.
According to a travel diary, around 9,000 to 12,000 Schock (60 pieces) ordinary hollow glass and 4000 Schock sheet glass were produced annually by 400 to 600 employees in the glassworks . In view of the up to 40 identified wooden block buildings, this information is doubtful.
The glassware was sold throughout the monarchy, the Levant and even Moscow. It wasn't unusual. The somewhat larger hut St. Vinzenz in Lavanttal was particularly famous for mirrors and supplied a. a. the Versailles Palace , the Kremlin , the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.
An important branch of production was the manufacture of slug panes for glass windows. A Tscherniheim specialty was the production of filament glass. Glass threads were pressed onto hollow glasses. The product range also included vases, drinking cups and chandeliers. Wedding gifts such as salt barrels, decorative boxes and goblets, ground and with a monogram and year, were created in the workshops in Tscherniheim. The chandelier of the Maria Thurn near Hermagor branch church, which used to be in the Tscherniheim chapel, can be safely assigned. In 1838, the Tscherniheim tenant Johann Breitner exhibited cut blue glasses, bottles, wine boutilles, carafes and jugs at the trade exhibition in Klagenfurt. He also showed particularly good window glass, which had air bubbles, but was very clear and elastic.
Probably the largest collection of glass products from Tscherniheim can be seen in the Museum of Folk Culture in Porcia Castle in Spittal an der Drau . Some pieces can also be found in the Carinthia State Museum .
The decline
With the advent of the railways from the middle of the 19th century, forest glass production was no longer competitive, as hard coal was now available inexpensively along the railway lines and the products produced could be transported away easily and safely. The Tscherniheim glass production also suffered from a collapse in important sales markets. The Russo-Turkish wars repeatedly led to sluggish sales to Russia, Turkey and the Levant. Since 1870, the environmental regulations were stricter and the use of hard coal was prescribed. Production was shut down in 1879. There were still 25 houses in total. In 1910 there was only one unoccupied house. The end is lamented in a traditional carter's song : “ I've been driving on strange roads on wide and wide fields for a long time, the bodywork, I have to leave it, sunst is far from it with me. … Hiats pfiat enk God! The glass is out! Heint lead the other last bit. Kumm nothing more z'ruck on the street, have to go into the world and hoam zan die. "
Today almost nothing is left of the glass production that has been going on for over 258 years. Of the 40 or so houses, only a chapel and a few remains of the wall are left. In the vicinity of the creek there are still scattered pieces of glass and cinder residue. Some hall and house names such as "Glaser", "Pucher", "Nageler" (nail smith), "Auf der Glashütt'n" and "Modl" can still be found in the cadastre.
Scientific processing
The site was explored in 1971 by employees of the Spittal District Home Museum through excavations and measurements. In autumn 2012, the old main glass furnace, which was presumably in operation until it was closed, was excavated by archaeologists from the Villach City Museum . The stove is attached, preserved and has a protective wooden roof. Exhibits from Tscherniheim glassware are also on display in the Gailtaler Heimatmuseum in Möderndorf Castle .
literature
- Helmut Prasch : Forest glass from Upper Carinthia 1621-1879 - Tscherniheim glassworks. Self-published by the Bezirksheimatmuseum Spittal-Drau 1971. Excerpts (27 pages with images) printed in Pressglas-Korrespondenz , No. 2008-4 at www.pressglas-korrespondenz.de (PDF; 11.3 MB), accessed on July 26, 2012
- Georg Lux, Helmuth Weichselbraun: Derelict & Forgotten - Lost Places in the Alps-Adriatic Region . Styria Verlag, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2017, ISBN 978-3-222-13551-4
References and comments
- ^ Georg Lux: What remained was a heap of broken glass. Small newspaper, print, July 25, 2020.
- ↑ a b Heinz Grötschnig: Wind instruments Alois, the last. In: Kleine Zeitung, Extra, November 16, 1997, pp. 7-8.
- ↑ Museum of Folk Culture (Spittal) : Forest glassmaking under www.museum-spittal.com called July 26, 2012
- ↑ Helmut Prasch : Forest glass from Upper Carinthia 1621-1879 - Tscherniheim glassworks. Self-published by the Bezirksheimatmuseum Spittal-Drau 1971. Excerpts (27 pages with images) printed in Pressglas-Korrespondenz , No. 2008-4 at www.pressglas-korrespondenz.de (PDF; 11.3 MB), accessed on July 26, 2012 , P. 166
- ↑ Weissensee community. Information boards On the trail of the forest glass
- ^ Matthias Maierbrugger : Tscherniheim the missing glassworks village In: Heimliches Kärnten . European publishing house, Vienna, 1966, pp. 99-101. (without ISBN)
- ↑ Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 158
- ↑ a b c Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 155
- ↑ a b Maierbrugger, Tscherniheim the missing glassworks village
- ↑ a b Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 163
- ↑ Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 168
- ↑ Gräfl. Foscari Widmann Rezzonico Forest Directorate | History | Hunt. www.foscari.at , accessed on July 26, 2012
- ↑ Catholic Churches Carinthia Parish Stockenboi
- ↑ a b c d Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 169.
- ↑ Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 149
- ↑ Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 150
- ↑ For illustrations see: Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 156
- ^ Catalog for the Carinthian State Exhibition 1995 , accessed on September 26, 2012
- ↑ Prasch, Waldglas 1971 , p. 171
- ↑ Harald Schwinger: Murano is also on the Weissensee. An excavation at the Weißensee is now uncovering the last melting furnace in a glassblower settlement. Villach archaeologists help. ( Memento from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) At www.kleinezeitung.at, September 25, 2012
- ^ Leopold Salcher: Forest glass from the Gailtal Alps . On www.kleinezeitung.at, August 19, 2014
Web links
- Museum of Folk Culture (Spittal an der Drau) , with an exhibition on the 2nd floor on forest glass production in Tscherniheim
Coordinates: 46 ° 40 ′ 31.1 ″ N , 13 ° 23 ′ 58.5 ″ E