List of fortified churches in the district of Kitzingen
The list of fortified churches in the Kitzingen district includes all existing and former fortified church yards in the Kitzingen district in Lower Franconia . The district has a high density of so-called fortified churches, some of which are now also used as museums .
Historical background
Origin and heyday (until 1618)
Main Franconia and thus also the district of Kitzingen are a center of the so-called fortified churches. Most of these systems date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The city could build walls to protect their populations against possible enemies. The financially weaker villages, however, limited themselves to a village moat with hedges and bushes, the so-called Dorfhaag . In addition, the church yards, which mostly formed the center of the village, were fortified with a curtain wall and gaden, single-storey storehouses were added to them.
A second construction phase of the 15th century can clearly be seen in connection with the so-called First Margrave War . Now at the latest, the Gaden received a basement and was partially extended in half-timbered construction. The fortified churchyard in Kleinlangheim was first mentioned in 1416. At that time, the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach had the opening rights , ie he was allowed to use the fortified church as a troop base. The church yards in the district had an important military function during the Margrave War.
From the High Middle Ages there were fortified church yards in every larger village in today's district. The Gaden was used by the upper classes of the community as a storage room for grain in times of war. On the upper floors there were rooms for drying the supplies ( bulk floors ), while the actual storage facilities existed in the basement. The ground floor was partially equipped with a wine press in order to produce smaller quantities of wine for the self-sufficiency of the villages.
The fortified churches are essential for the supply and defense of the village community. That is why the schoolmaster, as an important authority figure, received the key to the facilities and at the same time exercised the position of gatekeeper. In the High and Late Middle Ages , a gatehouse was usually the only access to the church yards. The teachers often lived in these gatehouses and the classrooms were also housed in the buildings.
Change of use (until today)
The fortified churches only lost their military function in the Thirty Years' War . The buildings could no longer withstand the new types of guns and should have been renewed at great expense. Therefore, in the 17th century, the population often fled to the surrounding forests from approaching enemies and hid their belongings. The agricultural use of the buildings continued after the war and did not end until the 20th century.
After the churchyards had lost their military function, renovations began in the 18th and 19th centuries. In particular, new entrances to the facilities were created, which removed walls and alleys. At the same time, the local clergy called for better light of the mostly low church long houses . In the 19th century, the name fortified church was used for the first time. After the end of the Second World War and the modernization of agriculture, the facilities also lost their agricultural function.
The systematic destruction of the fortified churches began in the second half of the 20th century. The systems often disappeared to make room for wider village squares or to enable a thoroughfare . It wasn't until the 1980s that people started to rethink. In 1981 the fortified church museum Mönchsondheim was founded. Later, individual systems were prepared to increase the tourist attraction of the place. Fortified churches with community houses for the village communities were also built.
list
The list is based on the essay by Hüßner about the fortified churches in the district of Kitzingen from 2011. Further, larger additions are taken from the compilation of fortified churches by Krauss and Bauer from the 1980s. All other works can be found in the respective individual records. The geographic coordinate shows the exact location of the church, which is surrounded by the fortified church. Two types of fortified churches can be distinguished in the district, systems with or without Gaden (Gaden or without). Castles with Gaden are predominantly found in the Steigerwald foreland , while those without Gaden can be found more and more on the Gäuf areas.
The state of preservation is divided into five categories, with the north-west of the district having by far the most completely or largely preserved facilities (completely). In contrast, the partially preserved fortified churches are more evenly distributed, the structure of which can still be clearly recognized. Few remains can be seen, especially at systems in the Main Valley (few). On the other hand there are archival fortified churches and the likely existing facilities (archival or probable).
The key data column refers to historical turning points, conversions and new constructions of the facility. The research on the individual fortified churches pronounced regional differences, which is reflected in the traditional data to the castles. The fortified churches in Albertshofen, Einersheim, Herrnsheim, Hüttenheim, Mönchsondheim and Segnitz are mentioned particularly frequently in the literature as almost completely preserved or typical structures.
| Kirchenburg (municipality) |
position | Type | State of preservation | Key data (if available, according to Bauer or monument lists) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortified church Abtswind ( Abtswind ) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: Church from the 15th century Remains: Gaden from the 17th and 18th centuries |
| Albertshofen Fortified Church ( Albertshofen ) | ⊙ | without | partially | History: In 1461 troops of the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg stormed the remains: closed system, gate passage, tower tower remains, wall remains |
| Astheim Fortress ( Volkach ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Bimbach fortified church ( Prichsenstadt ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Brück ( Dettelbach ) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Buchbrunn Fortified Church ( Buchbrunn ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Dettelbach (Dettelbach) | ⊙ | without | probably | History: Church tower around 1444 Remains: Church terrace from the Middle Ages |
| Church castle Dornheim ( Iphofen ) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Ebersbrunn Fortified Church ( Geiselwind ) | ⊙ | without | little | |
| Eichfeld fortified church ( Volkach ) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: Tower from the 14th and 15th centuries. Remains: basement of the tower with slits, remains of the cellar |
| Euerfeld fortified church (Dettelbach) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Fahr (Volkach) | ⊙ | Gaden | little | |
| Fortified church Füttersee (Geiselwind) | ⊙ | without | archival | |
| Fortified church Geiselwind (Geiselwind) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Gerlachshausen ( Schwarzach am Main ) | ⊙ | Gaden | little | |
| Fortified church Gnodstadt ( Marktbreit ) | ⊙ | without | archival | |
| Fortified church Gnötzheim ( Martinsheim ) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Fortified church Gräfenneuses (Geiselwind) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Großlangheim fortified church ( Großlangheim ) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Hellmitzheim (Iphofen) | ⊙ | Gaden | archival | |
| Herrnsheim fortified church ( Willanzheim ) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: Remains probably expanded in the 16th century : gate passage, walling, partly basement gates |
| Fortified church Hohenfeld ( Kitzingen ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Hüttenheim (Willanzheim) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: Probably built as early as 1400 Remnants: portal at the town hall, walling, sometimes multi-storey alleys |
| Fortified church Iffigheim ( Seinsheim ) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: Church built in the 13th century. Remains: north side round arched gate, remains of walls, remains of a Gaden |
| Fortified church Iphofen (Iphofen) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church in Kleinlangheim ( Kleinlangheim ) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: Complex built in the 13th and 14th centuries, first mentioned in 1416, multiple looting Remains: high walls, gatehouse from 1487, barn-like alleys with cellars |
| Fortified church Krautheim (Volkach) | ⊙ | Gaden | little | |
| Mainbernheim Fortified Church ( Mainbernheim ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Mainsondheim (Dettelbach) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Mainstockheim church castle ( Mainstockheim ) | ⊙ | without | partially | History: Church tower built in the 15th century. Remains: moat in the north, gatehouse, remains of the ring wall, originally with battlements |
| Fortified church Marktbreit (Marktbreit) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Markt Einersheim ( Markt Einersheim ) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: First mentioned in 1414, extensive renovation from 1734 Remnants: gate passage below town hall, remains of defensive walls |
| Fortified church Marktsteft ( Marktsteft ) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: Gaden mentioned in 1593, construction of a half-timbered house in 1750 Remains: defensive wall, Gaden, gate tower with passage and pyramid roof |
| Fortified church in Martinsheim (Martinsheim) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Mönchsondheim (Iphofen) | ⊙ | Gaden | Completely | History: components from the 15th and 16th centuries, renovation in the 1970s, use as a museum Remnants: rectangular complex, gatehouse with passage, surrounding wall, gates: ground floor quarry stone, upper floor half-timbered |
| Fortified church in Nenzenheim (Iphofen) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: 1370 "Haus in dem Kirchhoff" Remains: rectangular complex, quarry stone outer walls, half-timbered alleys, gatehouse from 1544 |
| Fortified church Neuses am Berg (Dettelbach) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Kirchenburg Nordheim am Main ( Nordheim am Main ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Obernbreit ( Obernbreit ) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Obervolkach (Volkach) | ⊙ | Gaden | probably | |
| Prichsenstadt fortified church ( Prichsenstadt ) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Repperndorf (Kitzingen) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Reupelsdorf fortified church ( Wiesentheid ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Fortified church Rödelsee ( Rödelsee ) | ⊙ | Gaden | archival | |
| Segnitz Fortified Church ( Segnitz ) | ⊙ | without | partially | History: Church tower from the 13th century. Remains: ditches, battlements, fortification towers |
| Fortified church in Seinsheim (Seinsheim) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: Church from the 19th century. Remains: enclosure wall partially preserved, supporting pillars, underground passages |
| Sickershausen Fortified Church ( Kitzingen ) | ⊙ | not clear | little | |
| Fortified church Sommerach ( Sommerach ) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Church castle Stadelschwarzach (Prichsenstadt) | ⊙ | Gaden | little | |
| Fortified church Stadtschwarzach (Schwarzach am Main) | ⊙ | not clear | probably | |
| Sulzfeld am Main fortified church ( Sulzfeld am Main ) | ⊙ | without | little | |
| Fortified church Tiefenstockheim (Seinsheim) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: First mentioned in 1333 Remains: high walls on the north side, some gaden preserved |
| Fortified church Unterickelsheim (Martinsheim) | ⊙ | not clear | archival | |
| Fortified church Westheim ( Biebelried ) | ⊙ | Gaden | probably | |
| Fortified church Wiesenbronn ( Wiesenbronn ) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: 1461 battle for the churchyard, 1556 Gaden signs Remains: Remains of the surrounding wall, two Gaden preserved, gate demolished around 1860 |
| Wiesentheid fortified church ( Wiesentheid ) | ⊙ | Gaden | probably | |
| Willanzheim Fortified Church (Willanzheim) | ⊙ | Gaden | partially | History: Built in the 14th century, destroyed in 1945 Remains: high wall remains, Kirchgaden, built over the original gate system |
literature
- Hans Bauer: District of Kitzingen. An art and culture guide . Market wide 1993.
- Hans Bauer, Rudi Krauss: Fortified churches . In: District Administrator and District Council of the District of Kitzingen (ed.): District of Kitzingen . Münsterschwarzach 1984. pp. 204-207.
- Hartmut Holl, Valentin Schwab: Village settlements in Lower Franconia. Insights into a building culture . Wuerzburg 1990.
- Reinhard Hüßner: "A solid castle is our God ...". Appearance, distribution and importance of fortified churches in the district of Kitzingen . In: Under the spell of the Schwanberg. Yearbook for the district of Kitzingen 2011 . Dettelbach 2011. pp. 343-351.
- Karl Kolb: Fortified churches and fortified churches in Franconia . Wuerzburg 1977.
- Hans-Eckhard Lindemann: Historic town centers in Main Franconia. Story structure development . Munich 1989.
- Ursula Pfistermeister: Defensive Franconia. Castles, fortified churches, city walls. Volume 2: Around Würzburg . Nuremberg 2001.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Krauss, Rudi (among others): Kirchenburgen . P. 204.
- ↑ Hüßner, Reinhard: "A solid castle is our God ..." . P. 345.
- ↑ Hüßner, Reinhard: "A solid castle is our God ..." . P. 343.
- ^ Krauss, Rudi (among others): Kirchenburgen . P. 206.
- ↑ See: Lindemann, Hans-Eckhard: Historische Ortskerne in Mainfranken . Pp. 90-93.
- ↑ Hüßner, Reinhard: "A solid castle is our God ..." . P. 349 (map).
- ↑ Krauss, Rudi (among others): Kirchenburgen . P. 207 (map).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Hüßner, Reinhard: “A solid Burg is our God ... “ . P. 349 (map).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Krauß, Rudi (among others): Fortified churches . P. 207 (map).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bauer, Hans: Kitzingen district . Pp. 137-139.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kolb, Karl: fortified churches and fortified churches . Pp. 134-136.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Hüßner, Reinhard: "A strong castle is our God ..." . P. 350.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Pfistermeister, Ursula: Wehrhaftes Franken . Pp. 52, 59, 65, 77, 83 f, 107 f, 128.
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