Mill rose
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Mill rose
Miłoraz municipality Trebendorf
Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 30 ″ N , 14 ° 31 ′ 0 ″ E
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| Height : | 125 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 19.74 km² |
| Residents : | 238 (Dec. 31, 2009) |
| Population density : | 12 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | January 1, 1999 |
| Postal code : | 02959 |
| Area code : | 035773 |
Mühlrose , in Upper Sorbian , has been part of the Trebendorf community in the northern part of the Görlitz district in eastern Saxony since 1999 . Mühlrose is the smallest in terms of population and the largest in terms of area of the seven villages of the administrative community . The place in the official Sorbian settlement area is threatened by the excavation by the nearby Nochten opencast mine .
geography
Mühlrose is located in a wooded area southeast of the Muskauer Heide , about 5 km southwest of the town of Trebendorf. Mühlrose is surrounded by the Schleifer districts of Mulkwitz in the northwest and Rohne in the north, the zoo in the east, which is part of the municipality, and the Nochten open-cast mine in the south and west. To the west of the opencast mine, Spreestrasse (Kreisstrasse 8481) briefly runs through the district and provides a connection to the Ruhlmühle part of the village on the Spree . The municipality of Spreetal borders on this with the Neustadt district of Döschko .
The actual village ( alley village with a circular as the center) is followed by the extension of the village with scattered homesteads in the direction of the loop .
history
The village of Mühlrose, first mentioned in 1536, was probably founded by Slavic settlers in the 12th century.
After the von Köckritz family , who were among the richest noble families in Lusatia in the 14th and 15th centuries, disappeared from Runde around 1430, the parish Runde , to which Mühlrose belonged throughout its history, was divided into three manors. At that time, Mühlrose was paying interest - probably together with Mulkwitz and Tzschelln - the Lords of Pannewitz . Fabian von Schoenaich , who expanded the Muskau rulership between 1551 and 1573 with goods, also acquired the lands around Mühlrose, Mulkwitz, Tzschelln and the Ruhlmühle from the Pannewitzers, so that the Muskau rulership expanded in the west to the Spree. The rule was to play a major role in the development of the village over the next 400 years.
Originally built on the edge of an extensive moorland area, over the centuries Mühlrose became a heath village with an agricultural character through the creation of drainage ditches and dams as well as clearing.
In the Thirty Years' War Mühlrose was not spared despite its remote location. When the Imperial General Tiessenbach and his corps were in the Muskau rulership in 1631, Mühlrose went up in flames. Curt Reinicke von Callenberg , who was able to push the Swedes back from Lausitz on the part of Saxony , married the Muskau Countess in December 1644 and immediately initiated the rebuilding of the Muskau rule. A Sorbian legend tells of the sheepfold that he had built in Mühlrose that a pitch-smeared stone was also used in the construction and that there was haunted every night until the stone was removed.
Callenberg's son and successor, Curt Reinicke II. Von Callenberg , fought between 1678 and 1690 with farmers of the Schleifer parish about unpaid labor . In the beginning there were only farmers from Runde, but in 1686 arguments followed with those from Mühlrose, Mulkwitz and Rohne. Determined to break the peasant resistance, he used his lordly possibilities. As a result, several farmers fled to the neighboring rule of Hoyerswerda or Lieskau in Brandenburg .
The school inschleife founded in 1730 for the entire parish was followed by an angle school in Mühlrose in 1770 , to whose school community the neighboring town of Mulkwitz belonged. Their patron was Count Johann Alexander von Callenberg. A school building was not built until 1836.
Although Mühlrose was on the outskirts of the Muskau registry, the place was an interesting location for the registry lords. The Ruhlmühle worked on the Spree, abundant clay deposits were developed for brick production in the vicinity and the vast forests between Weißwasser , Trebendorf and Mühlrose, with the hunting lodge built there, were ideal for hunting and recreation.
The hunt in the woods around Mühlrose brought several events that were documented for posterity. The wolf stone in the zoo is a reminder that the last native wolf was killed here on December 14, 1845. On the Hubertuseck on the road between Mühlrose and Runde, a memorial stone reminds us that on August 7th, 1902, the then chief forester Seitz shot a capital of eighteen .
Towards the end of the Second World War, the hunting lodge and several farmsteads were badly damaged or destroyed.
The expropriation and dissolution of the class rule after the end of the war was followed by a land reform with the redistribution of some lands. Socialist structures could not be established particularly quickly, so that the Agricultural Production Cooperative (LPG) "Frohe Zukunft" was only founded in the context of the "socialist spring" through forced collectivization .
Mühlrose has been characterized by lignite mining since the 1960s. In the western part of the Weißwasser district , the Nochten open-cast mine was opened up and will continue to exist well into the 21st century. A new cemetery was established in 1962 and the old one was reburied in 1966/1967 due to open-cast mining. In 1966 and 1967, the Neustädter extension with 21 inns was relocated. This process was repeated in the Tzschellner expansion with 18 inns in 1972 and 1973. The majority of the affected residents moved away from Mühlrose. The formerly stately dominium was demolished in 1969 and the LPG dissolved in 1972, as its areas were taken up by the opencast mine.
In 1973, as part of a civil defense exercise, the hunting lodge in the Tiergarten was blown up. Only a few outbuildings remained, which were used for residential purposes from 1945 until the demolition in 1998/1999.
Coal bunkers and a coal loading facility were built in the immediate vicinity of the town in 1973 and were in operation until 1996. The coal railway to the Boxberg and Schwarze Pump power stations ran around the town center.
With the construction of a new school complex in Runde, the Mühlrosis pupils went to primary school in Rohne and then to high school in Runde since 1972. The school building in Mühlrose was then used as an administration building for the opencast mine.
The turning point changed the development of the town again. In the mid-1990s, the mining industry gradually withdrew from Mühlrose and after 45 years the construction ban was lifted by the status of the brown coal reserve. For the first time, major renovations could be carried out in the townscape thanks to the funding provided.
On January 1, 1999, the municipalities of Trebendorf and Mühlrose merged in order to avoid unintentional forced incorporation.
The Nochten opencast mine is expected to pass Mühlrose again around 2020. Since the village would be located like an island in an open-cast mining landscape, many residents want a complete relocation. On March 28, 2019, the resettlement agreement between the municipality and LEAG was concluded. It is planned to prepare the property for mining use soon after the change of ownership.
On July 18, 2019, the Serbsky Sejm made two statements at a press conference. In the first declaration, which was drawn up together with the Federation for Environment and Nature Conservation Germany and other environmental associations, three reasons are given why Mühlrose must not be dredged. The reasons are: the decrease in the need for coal-based power generation due to the expansion of renewable energies and the phase-out of coal (1), which some of the residents would like to continue to live in Mühlrose permanently (2) for reasons of monument protection and the preservation of the cultural heritage the village may not be further destroyed, even if part of the village community is relocated (3). The second declaration calls for an immediate end to the use of Sorbian or Wendish settlements for lignite mining and at least the participation of the Serbski Sejm in the use and reclamation of areas outside of settlements and on questions of reparation for the damage caused by lignite mining.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1782 | 150 |
| 1825 | 249 |
| 1853 | 391 |
| 1871 | 409 |
| 1885 | 480 |
| 1905 | 572 |
| 1910 | 456 |
| 1919 | 472 |
| 1925 | 515 |
| 1933 | 524 |
| 1939 | 525 |
| 1946 | 586 |
| 1950 | 695 |
| 1964 | 545 |
| 1971 | 362 |
| 1988 | 246 |
| 1990 | 227 |
| 1996 | 230 |
| 1998 | 251 |
| 2000 | 266 |
| 2007 | 235 |
| 2009 | 238 |
From the year 1630, the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) lasted twelve years, a population of thirteen possessed men , two gardeners and ten cottagers are reported . 17 years later, shortly before the end of the war, the village has seven barren farms, one man possessed and six cottagers are missing compared to the number of 1630. No further changes can be recorded for 1647.
In the second half of the 17th century the social structure changed. The number of possessed men, which in 1630 still consisted of eleven one-man and two half-man, decreased to ten. None of them were one-hoppers any more, there were nine half-hoppers and one quarter-hop. The number of gardeners remained at two, that of cottagers rose to twelve. There was an economy less than 1630.
The population structure hardly changed over the next 80 years. For the year 1777 nine possessed men, three gardeners, eleven cottagers and three desolate areas have come down to us. Five years later there were two more possessed men and four fewer cottagers. By 1810 the number of cottagers rose from seven to thirteen, and the population was growing.
Mühlrose had 150 inhabitants in 1782; In 1825 there were 249. Over the next thirty years, around 140 inhabitants were added. Until the founding of the empire in 1871 , the increase was relatively small, at around one inhabitant per year, after which the onset of industrialization and the need for workers at the flourishing European glassmaking center in Weißwasser contributed to renewed population growth (see also demography of Germany ).
The intermittent slump in numbers between 1905 and 1910 could be absorbed. From 1914 to 1945 the population grew only slowly. After the end of the Second World War, refugees and displaced persons came to Mühlrose. In 1946 Mühlrose had more inhabitants again than around 1900. In 1950 almost 700 people lived there; In 1964 there were 545 people.
According to official information, 195 residents were resettled when the two suburbs were demolished in the middle of the 20th century. The pollution of the opencast mine caused the number to shrink again by around 100 inhabitants by 1990, so that only around 230 local residents were recorded. The decline in the birth rate and the emigration of young people in particular were and are a problem for the town. In the meantime, the population has been compensated by moving from the nearby towns, but the recurring opencast mining prevents a permanent increase in population.
According to Arnošt Muka , in 1884 the proportion of the Sorbian population was 99.6 percent. The Schleifer dialect was spoken and the Schleifer costume was worn. 1956 were nevertheless still 78.4 percent of Sorbian linguist, the language was at school but offered only as a second language.
Place name
Name forms are for example 1536 Müllrose and Milleros , 1597 Muhlroß , 1704 Mühlrosa , 1759 Müllerose and 1768 Mühlrose .
Paul Kühnel (1892) and Jan Meschgang (1973) attribute the place name as an adjective to the Old Sorbian name Miłorad . Accordingly, Mühlrose is the place or settlement of a Miłorad.
Ernst Eichler (1975) takes up Kühnel's explanation of the word Miłorad as a combination of the terms miły "dear" and rad "gladly", but does not derive it from a personal name. In developing the German place name, it refers to the formation of the names Lieberose , Gastrose and Müllrose , all of which end in -rose and can be derived from the Sorbian form -raz / -raź. He also refers to Mühlrädlitz / Silesia, today Miłoradzice in Poland.
Sources and further reading
literature
- Manfred Noack: Mühlrose / Miłoraz. Festschrift - 30 years of the Spielmannszug - 80 years of the fire brigade . Pressure zone, 2006 (local chronicle).
- From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District . Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 2006, ISBN 978-3-929091-96-0 , p. 227 f .
- Hermann Graf von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse . Ullstein publishing house, Frankfurt / M, Berlin, Vienna 1978.
- Cordula Ratajczak: Mill Roses Generations. German-Sorbian survival strategies in a Lusatian open-cast mining area . Lit Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-8258-7000-6 .
- Matthias Mack : Mühlrose / Miłoraz. A Sorbian Brethren Congregation . jOTA Publications GmbH Hammerbrücke, 2013.
Web links
Footnotes
- ^ A b Robert Pohl: Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. for school and home . 1st edition. Buchdruckerei Emil Hampel, Weißwasser O.-L. 1924, p. 185 f .
- ↑ Helmut Hantscho: loop Slepo. Village chronicle 1272–1997 . Lausitzer printing and publishing house, Bautzen 1995, p. 69 .
- ↑ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 1999
- ↑ The resettlement contract for Mühlrose has been signed. Retrieved March 29, 2019 .
- ↑ zeit.de April 23, 2019: The last village for coal? (Report)
- ^ Sabine Seifert: Village under . In: The daily newspaper: taz . November 28, 2019, ISSN 0931-9085 , p. 4–5 ( taz.de [accessed November 28, 2019]).
- ^ Press conference of the Serbsky Sejm. Retrieved July 24, 2019 .
- ↑ a b von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau. Page 602
- ^ Mühlrose in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ↑ Community directory Germany 1900. Retrieved on April 24, 2008 (sum of the population of the rural community and the estate district of Mühlrose).
- ↑ From Muskauer Heide to Rotstein , page 228
- ↑ Saxony regional register. Retrieved April 24, 2008 .
- ^ Municipality of Loop - administrative community. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 7, 2015 ; Retrieved March 11, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Frank Förster : Disappeared Villages. The demolition of the Lusatian lignite mining area by 1993 . In: Series of publications by the Institute for Sorbian Folk Research in Bautzen . tape 8 . Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1995, ISBN 3-7420-1623-7 , pp. 309 .
- ^ Paul Kühnel: The Slavic place and field names of Upper Lusatia . Central antiquariat of the German Democratic Republic, Leipzig 1982, p. 90 f (photomechanical reprint of the original edition (1891–1899)).
- ^ Jan Meschgang: The place names of Upper Lusatia . 2nd Edition. Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1979, p. 78 (edited by Ernst Eichler ).
- ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book . In: German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . tape 28 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 191 f .
