Weißwasser district

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Basic data (as of 1993)
Existing period: 1952-1993
District : cottbus
Administrative headquarters : White water
Area : 425 km²
Residents: 58,760 (1990)
Population density: 138 inhabitants per km²
License plate : Z (1953–1990)
ZS (1974–1990)
WSW (1991–1993)
Location of the district in the GDR
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About this picture

The district of Weißwasser , in Upper Sorbian Wokrjes Běła Woda , was an administrative unit in the Cottbus district in the GDR from 1952 to 1990 . The district , located in the Sorbian settlement area , continued to exist after German reunification as the district of Weißwasser in Saxony until the district reform in 1994 . His area is now in the district of Görlitz . District seat was the eponymous city of Weißwasser .

geography

location

The Weißwasser district was located in the southeastern part of the GDR on the German-Polish border. Extensive forests, which have only been cleared to a greater extent since the middle of the 19th century through agriculture, industrialization, open-cast mines and the Upper Lusatia military training area, are characteristic of the entire district .

In the north-east of the 425 square kilometer district is the Muskau Arch , the highest point of which is the 163 meter high Drachenberg. By dumping the overburden of the Nochten opencast mine , the 420 hectare Mulkwitz outer dump was created in the northwest by 1974, which rises up to 34 meters above the surrounding area. The highest point, however, is in the south of the district. Tilting the overburden of the Reichwalde opencast mine resulted in the Reichwalde dump from 1985 to 1987, which rises up to 40 meters above the surrounding area.

One of the largest inland dune areas in Central Europe runs through the central district in an east-west direction . The dunes, which are up to 25 meters high and sometimes several kilometers long, were partially destroyed by open-cast mining.

A large number of natural and artificially created ponds and lakes are distributed over the district area. In the north, the Halbendorfer See , the Jahnteich and the Braunsteich are among the largest . The southern district area is part of the Upper Lusatian heath and pond landscape .

The Lausitzer Neisse bordered the district in the east, the western border was partially formed by the Spree and the Schwarzen Schöps . The North Sea-Baltic watershed runs between the Spree and the Neisse, among other things through the district town. The tributaries of the Spree that determine the landscape are the Struga in the north and the Schwarze Schöps in the southern district area and its tributary, the Weisse Schöps .

Neighboring areas

The district of Weißwasser bordered counterclockwise in the north, beginning with the districts of Forst , Spremberg , Hoyerswerda and Niesky . In the east it bordered on Poland .

history

By order of the Soviet military administration , the part of the district of Rothenburg (Ob. Laus.) West of the Lusatian Neisse was reclassified to the state of Saxony on July 9, 1945 , and the administrative headquarters were relocated to Weißwasser in October of that year. On January 16, 1947, the district was merged with the neighboring district of Görlitz to form a new district of Weißwasser-Görlitz , whose headquarters were relocated from Weißwasser to Niesky in September 1947. This was followed on January 12, 1948, when it was renamed the Niesky district .

During the administrative reform in the GDR , which came into force on July 25, 1952, the Weißwasser district was formed from the northern part of the Niesky district. Kromlau was the only municipality that previously belonged to the Sorau (Lausitz) district . The district area is almost congruent with the larger part of the Muskau class to the west of the Neisse, to which all places north of the two Schöps rivers, apart from Kromlau, Pechern and Wunscha, have belonged for centuries .

On May 17, 1990, the district was renamed the district of Weißwasser.

After the political change in 1989/90, the discussion arose about the affiliation of the Weißwasser district to the state of Brandenburg and the Free State of Saxony, which were to be rebuilt in the GDR. On February 13, 1990, representatives of the Sorbian Round Table sparked the public debate about country affiliation with their plea for the Cottbus district to join Saxony. They pursued the goal of a uniform allocation of their settlement area in a single federal state. Naturally, the representatives of the districts that by and large would form the future state of Brandenburg, especially the council of the district of Cottbus, were of a different opinion. In particular, several groups of citizens from the circles concerned turned against the alleged preliminary decisions, also with collections of signatures. This ultimately led to a referendum, the result of which was counted in Weißwasser on July 21, 1990. A clear majority of 82.2% of the citizens voted in favor of returning to Saxony. This result was taken into account with the Land Introduction Act.

In the course of the Saxon district reform , the district of Weißwasser was merged with the district of Niesky and parts of the district of Görlitz to form the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia district on August 1, 1994 . Erich Schulze , district administrator of the district of Weißwasser since 1990, was elected district administrator of the new district. As a result of a new district reform on August 1, 2008, the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District was merged with the Löbau-Zittau district and the previously independent city of Görlitz as the new district seat to form the new district of Görlitz .

Encodings

The four-digit GDR postcodes of the district followed the scheme 75 ** , since the introduction of the five-digit postcodes in 1993, the former district area has belonged to the postcode area 029 ** .

Telephone codes since 1992 are 03576 for Weißwasser and 03577 * in the surrounding area.

politics

coat of arms

Coat of arms of the district

On October 25, 1990, the district council decided to introduce a coat of arms. It is based on the coat of arms of the city of Bautzen , which is typical for rural districts in Upper Lusatia . The white waves on a blue background are a double suggestion of the name, on the one hand in their W-shape, on the other hand by their color. The Dresden regional council approved the coat of arms on March 22, 1991.

Blazon

In the blue over a golden wall with three pinnacles, two silver wavy bars in the form of a stylized letter W.

economy

Agriculture

A large part of the agricultural areas are sandy heather soils with low yields. At the beginning of the eighties 90.7% of the area was worked by the two agricultural production cooperatives (LPG plant production) of the district. The LPG (P) Halbendorf farmed 6769 ha (67.69 km²) in the northern and eastern district between Mulkwitz and Pechern, while the LPG (P) Rietschen farmed 3543 ha in the southern district. The bases of the two cooperatives were spread across the entire district.

Most of the livestock was kept in the seven LPG animal production facilities. In 1983 that was 98.1% of the dairy cows, 92.4% of the beef cattle, 92.5% of the pigs and 83.3% of the sheep. Locations were in the municipalities of Daubitz, Halbendorf, Kringelsdorf, Runde, Trebendorf, Viereichen and Weißkeißel.

Industry

In the economy of the GDR, the Weißwasser district had large shares in glass production as well as coal mining and power generation. In addition to lignite , important raw materials are lawn iron ore , alum and high-quality clay minerals .

Glass has been produced in Weißwasser since 1872. At the turn of the century, the glass-making town had developed into the European center of glass production, but this collapsed in the last two years of the Second World War. After the war, production was resumed and expanded so that at times 20,000 people were employed in glass production. In connection with the political change in Central and Eastern Europe and the associated loss of a large export market, there was a second collapse of glass production in the district, so that only a few hundred workers were still active in glass production.

When units 13 and 14 were put into operation (1978 and 1980), the Boxberg power plant had an installed capacity of 3520 MW, making it at times the largest power plant in the GDR. About 20% of the GDR's energy production came from him. This energy was mainly obtained from coal from the Nochten opencast mine . In 1982, 23.4 million tons of raw lignite were mined in the Weißwasser district, that is about nine percent of the total output of the same year in the GDR. In the eighties, the Reichwalde opencast mine opened up another large open- cast brown coal mine.

The Keula district of Krauschwitz is the location of the Keulahütte , the largest metalworking company in the district.

Communities

On October 3, 1990 the district of Weißwasser consisted of 25 municipalities, two of which were cities:

Municipalities:

As a result of incorporations, the number of communities was reduced from 25 to 17 until the district was dissolved. In the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District, the number of independent communities on the territory of the former district of Weißwasser was reduced to ten by 1999 through further mergers.

Desolation

All localities that became desolate in the district during the existence of the district were directly or indirectly affected by lignite mining or the expansion of the military training area. Were devastated:

For the construction of the Boxberg power plant and the development of the Nochten open-cast mine , it became necessary to discontinue military training operations at these locations. As a result, the Nochten military training area was relocated to the eastern part of the Muskauer Heide. The place Haide, which is located in this area near the federal highway 115 , was preserved. The settlement of Brand further to the east and the settlement of Tränke to the south-east were disarmed for practice.

With Tzschelln, one place had to give way completely to the Nochten opencast mine. Mühlrose and Nochten were partially devastated for this opencast mine. The much smaller Reichwalde opencast mine was opened in the 1980s in a more densely populated region. It was through him that the municipality of Wunscha was demolished from 1984 to 1986. At the beginning of the 1990s demolitions took place in the municipality of Viereichen.

License Plate

Motor vehicles (with the exception of motorcycles) and trailers were assigned three-letter distinctive signs starting with the pair of letters ZS from around 1974 to the end of 1990 . The last number plate series used for motorcycles was ZU 20-01 to ZU 30-00 .

At the beginning of 1991 the district received the distinguishing mark WSW . It was issued until July 31, 1994. It has been available in the Görlitz district since November 9, 2012 .

literature

  • Series of local history contributions for the
    • Weißwasser district. ZDB ID 849009-0
      • Issue 1, 1962: Willi Schnelle: The situation of the peasant population in the Muskau class in the mirror of selected documents. A collection of sources from 1527 to the beginning of the 19th century.
      • Issue 2, 1962: Wolfgang Duschk: The development of the workers gymnastics and sports movement in the glassmaking town of Weißwasser from 1797–1933.
      • Issue 3, 1963: Ten articles on local history and natural history.
      • Issue 4, 1964: Herbert Tschätsch : The development of ice hockey in the glassmaking town of Weißwasser.
      • Issue 5, 1985: Helmut Panoscha: Timeline of the history of the Weißwasser district. Part 1: 6th century to 1871.
      • Issue 6, 1988: Hanspeter Smers : Places in the Weißwasser district on historical maps up to 1815.
    • District of Weißwasser / Upper Lusatia. ZDB ID 921048-9
      • Issue 7, 1991: Eberhard Blume, Hanspeter Smers, Lutz Stucka : On the economic development of the Weißwasser / Oberlausitz district in the second half of the 19th century.
      • Issue 8, 1992: Fritz Brozio : Nature conservation in the district of Weißwasser - nature reserves and nature conservation strategy .
    • District of Weißwasser / Upper Lusatia
      • Issue 9, 1993: "... there I saw them lying beautifully, our villages" - Sorbs in the district of Weißwasser / Oberlausitz.
      • Issue 10, 1994: “Because knowledge does no harm, but ignorance does astonishingly harm” - schools in the district of Weißwasser / Oberlausitz.
      • Issue 11, 1994: Nature conservation in the district of Weißwasser - Landscapes, habitats, protected species.
    • Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District. ZDB ID 2088172-1
      • Issue 12, 1995: Personalities of life in Upper Lusatia. Part 1: Muskauer Heide.
      • Issue 13, 1997: Fritz Brozio: Nature conservation work in the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia region.
  • Markus Vette , Johannes Vette, Andreas Vette: Anyone who knows Weißwasser ... - On the history of the constitution, regional planning, economy and culture of an Upper Lusatian region . Eugenia-Verlag Vette, Werder 2005, ISBN 3-938853-00-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Andreas Oettel: On the administrative structure of Saxony in the 19th and 20th centuries . In: State Statistical Office of the Free State of Saxony (Ed.): Statistics in Saxony . 175 years of official statistics in Saxony (Festschrift). No. 1 , 2006, p. 82 f . ( Online [PDF; 6.3 MB ; accessed on June 4, 2011]).
  2. ↑ a b Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Municipalities 1994 and their changes since 01.01.1948 in the new federal states . Metzler-Poeschel, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8246-0321-7 .
  3. ↑ Law on the self-administration of municipalities and districts in the GDR (municipal constitution) of May 17, 1990
  4. ↑ Michael Richter: The formation of the Free State of Saxony - Peaceful Revolution, Federalization, German Unity 1989/90 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-36900-X ( available online here in the Google book search).
  5. ↑ StBA Area: changes from 01.01. until December 31, 2008
  6. ↑ Eckhart Leisering: The coats of arms of the district-free cities and districts in the Free State of Saxony . mdv, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle / Saale 2000, ISBN 3-89812-069-4 .
  7. ^ A b c Secretariat of the district leadership of the SED and council of the district of Weißwasser (ed.): Our successful balance sheet . 1983.
  8. ↑ Andreas Herzfeld: The history of the German license plate . 4th edition. German Flag Society V., Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-935131-11-7 , pp. 303 .
  9. ↑ Andreas Herzfeld: The history of the German license plate . 4th edition. German Flag Society V., Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-935131-11-7 , pp. 494 .