Reichwalde

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Municipality Boxberg / OL
Coordinates: 51 ° 22 ′ 50 ″  N , 14 ° 39 ′ 45 ″  E
Height : 136 m above sea level NN
Area : 14.87 km²
Residents : 558  (Dec. 31, 2008)
Population density : 38 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : January 1, 1999
Postal code : 02943
Area code : 035774

Reichwalde , in Upper Sorbian Rychwałd ? / i , is the easternmost part of the municipality Boxberg / OL in the district of Görlitz in East Saxony. The place is part of the official Sorbian settlement area in Upper Lusatia . Audio file / audio sample

geography

Reichwalde is surrounded by the Reichwalde opencast mine in the north, Altliebel (Nappatsch) in the east, Kreba and Tschernske in the south, Klein-Radisch and Dürrbach in the southwest and Kringelsdorf in the west. Before the opening of the Reichwalde opencast mine, there were Schadendorf in the north-west, Wunscha in the north, Publick , Zweibrücken and Mocholz in the north-east, and Altliebel and the Reichwalder brickworks in the east.

State road 131 ( Boxberg - Rietschen ) runs through Reichwalde , from which state road 153 branches off to Kreba.

The Schwarze Schöps flows from the east south of the village . Originally the white and black Schöps merged between Reichwalde and Kringelsdorf. Due to the relocation of the White Schöps to the northern edge of the opencast mine, its mouth is currently (as of 2014) a few kilometers upstream between Kringelsdorf and Boxberg. It was planned to run the Weißen Schöps from Werda south of the opencast mine by 2014 . As a result, its mouth in the Schwarzen Schöps should be a few kilometers upstream between Kreba and Reichwalde.

history

First settlement from the 13th century

Extensive archaeological excavations from 1993 to 2001 uncovered several primeval settlement areas in the area, including the oldest in eastern Upper Lusatia. In addition to work and settlement sites from the Mesolithic Age and some finds from the Neolithic Age , a late Ice Age forest is also the result of the excavations.

Reichwald's form of settlement as a square village suggests that a German settlement was founded during the second phase of German colonization in the 13th century. Rychenwald was first mentioned in a document in 1364, as early as 1394 there was evidence of a manor ( Apeczko residem in Richenwalde ) that belonged to the von Metzradt family in 1399 .

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the southern border of the Muskau rulership was not yet consolidated in the line of the Black and White Schöps, so that there was also friction with the Muskau lords in Reichwalde. After a request, the Görlitz council sent eight riflemen to help the Reichwalders in 1419.

Like the Merzdorf church , the Reichwalder church was originally a branch church of the Klitten parish church. The ordination of a Protestant pastor was mentioned in a Wittenberg register in 1527 . The first teacher and church chronicler taught from 1688.

17th to 19th century

Shortly before the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), a house caught fire while baking bread in 1644, which quickly spread and cremated half of the farmhouses including the tavern. Reichwalde experienced similarly severe fires in 1760, when the upper village burned down, and in 1868, when twelve buildings fell victim to the flames.

Two cuirassiers who came on leave after the battle of Kesselsdorf brought the first potatoes to the village in 1745 . The hitherto unknown fruit was initially cut into slices and eaten like cheese on bread, which was, however, very indigestible.

Church from 1747

In 1747 the old wooden church was replaced by a massive new building. The people from the neighboring towns of Publick and Wunscha belonged to the Reichwald parish , and Schadendorf had also been parish here since 1825 .

Ludwig Reichsgraf von Pückler , father of the future Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau and from 1798 until his death in 1811 Muskau landlord, bought the Reichwalde estate in the drought of 1804 at a relatively low price. As a result, Reichwalde came under the rule of Muskau for the second time, after Kurt Reinicke von Callenberg briefly owned the property around 1650. In 1804, Pückler had the church and its tower repaired. Before 1840, the Reichwalde estate, which had been bought as an inheritance for the Prince's sisters, was sold again on account of debt.

After the Wars of Liberation , the Kingdom of Prussia was able to wrest large parts of the country from the Kingdom of Saxony , which is why Reichwalde came to Prussia in 1815 with northeastern Upper Lusatia. In the following year it was subordinated to the newly founded district of Rothenburg ( Province of Silesia ).

With 215 hectares, almost a quarter of the area of ​​the manor consisted of ponds that were used for intensive carp farming. In 1836 the sovereign granted the community market rights and since then there have been up to three cattle and junk markets every year. As a result, craftsmen and traders settled in addition to the farmers, so that Reichwalde soon had a brewery, a steam distillery, a brick factory, several mills, several looms and five inns.

Since only German was preached in the neighboring parish of Daubitz to the east , the predominantly Sorbian villages Altliebel , Mocholz , Nappatsch , Viereichen and Zweibrücken were re- parish to Reichwalde in 1858, since a Sorbian church service followed there every Sunday after the German.

A lightning strike damaged the interior of the church in 1874. During the First World War in 1917 the church had to deliver its bronze bells as a metal donation from the German people . The community borrowed another bell from Kreba. In August 1924 three new bronze bells could be consecrated.

20th century to 1990

To the east of the town, brown coal was mined at the former Reichwalder brickworks in the early 20th century. The villages Eselsberg , Kringelsdorf and Wilhelmsfeld founded a power supply cooperative together with Reichwalde in September 1921, which enabled the first electrical lighting from winter 1922.

During the Second World War , parts of the V1 and V2 rockets were assembled in the manor house . When the eastern front moved to Lusatia in the last weeks of the war, the church burned down on April 19, 1945. It was repaired and reopened in 1948/1949. The Reichwalde memorials to the victims of both wars were erected in the churchyard .

As a result of the land reform in 1945, the property was expropriated and redistributed. A kindergarten and a school were located in the manor house , and living quarters were also set up in them. In March 1959 an agricultural production cooperative (LPG) was founded, which in 1960 all but two farmers joined.

The announcement that around two thirds of Reichwalde, including the church and school, would have to give way to an open-cast mine, soon resulted in a population decline. After the construction of the new school complex in Boxberg , the Reichwalder School was closed and a young tourist station was housed in the building. The lowering of the groundwater level prior to the opening of the Reichwalde opencast mine made it necessary to connect the entire village to the central drinking water network in 1977.

Since 1990

The changed political and economic situation in the turnaround time prevented the Abbaggern so that the place the fate yet Tens saves remained. The open pit mine was led past Reichwalde. The state government then repealed the mining protection law and declared Reichwalde a mining village. The old manor house was renovated and a country school home was set up in it.

Together with the communities of Klitten and Kreba-Neudorf ( Niesky district ), Reichwalde ( Weisswasser district ) formed the Heidedörfer administrative association on April 1, 1994, four months before the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District was founded . On January 1, 1999, Reichwalde left the association and became the sixth district in the municipality of Boxberg.

Population development

year Residents
1825 510
1863 602
1871 726
1885 663
1905 695
1925 792
1939 722
1946 897
1950 868
1956 926
1964 855
1971 799
1988 576
1990 551
1995 667
1998 642
2002 625
2007 567
2008 558

In 1777, 11 possessed men , 10 gardeners and 36 cottagers ran in Reichwalde .

From the census of 1825 to the founding of the empire, the population grew almost one and a half times (from 510 to 726 inhabitants). After that the population fluctuated a little, while in 1885 there were still around 660 inhabitants, in 1925 there were almost 800 and in 1939 only around 720. After the war, the community grew to over 850 inhabitants and soon exceeded the mark of 900 people.

Due to the threat of opencast mining, the population decline over the next few decades was greater than in other places, so that by 1990 the population had shrunk by around a third. After the fall of the Wall, the number grew by around 20 percent (over 100 inhabitants) within five years due to the increased construction of new homes, after which the slow decline that was and is to be seen in many communities in the area also began in Reichwalde.

Reichwalde is an originally Sorbian place where Sorbian was also spoken. Of the 625 inhabitants that the place had in 1884, 505 (80.8 percent) described themselves as Sorbs. According to Arnošt Muka , who visited the place for these statistics, all German residents of Reichwald were able to speak the Sorbian language.

With increasing Germanization and industrialization in the first half of the 20th century, the German population increased, so that in 1956 only 184 of the 926 inhabitants (19.9 percent) described themselves as Sorbs.

Place name

The place name, 1364 and 1404 as Rychenwald , 1394 as Richenwalde , 1430 and 1463 as Reichinwalde and 1569 as Reichwalde , denotes either a profitable forest settlement or the settlement of a Rīcho located in a forest.

The Sorbian name is a Sorabization of the German name, which is documented as Richwałd in 1767 , Rychwald in 1800 and Rychwałd in its current form in 1843 .

language

For a long time, Sorbian church services took place in the church, which is why the Sorbian language in Reichwalde was able to last longer than anywhere else. In 1891 three quarters of the pupils spoke Sorbian, although the Prussian government ordered that school lessons only be held in German.

The Sorbian language is hardly used in everyday life in the 21st century, but it is part of the identity of the Sorbian population. Together with the (meanwhile devastated ) Wunscha , Reichwalde had a dialect that belongs to the north-eastern heath dialect of the Upper Sorbian language. The language area of ​​this dialect also included Kringelsdorf in the west and Mocholz in the east. The Nochten dialect joins in the northwest and the Muskau dialect in the north . The two transition dialects had such an effect that the Reichwald dialect developed some peculiarities compared to the other Upper Sorbian dialects. Common Upper Sorbian terms such as pjeršč (' topsoil ') or zaportk ('spoiled egg') are missing , while terms from transitional dialects such as dobotk ('cattle', Upper Sorbian skót ) are used.

Sources and further reading

literature

  • From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District. Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 2006, ISBN 978-3-929091-96-0 , p. 266 f .
  • Robert Pohl: Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. for school and home . Buchdruckerei Emil Hampel, Weißwasser O.-L. 1924, p. 207 ff .

Footnotes

  1. ↑ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 1999
  2. ^ Reichwalde in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
  3. ↑ Von der Muskauer Heide zum Rotstein , p. 266.
  4. ↑ Saxony regional register. Retrieved February 1, 2009 .
  5. ↑ Information from the residents' registration office in Boxberg / OL
  6. ↑ a b Helmut Faßke, Siegfried Michalk : Sorbian dialects VIII: Reichwalde and Wunscha, Weisswasser district . Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1970.

Web links

Commons : Reichwalde / Rychwałd  - collection of images, videos and audio files