Jurisdiction of Muskau

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The rulership of Muskau was the largest of the four Upper Lusatian free rulers . From a geographical point of view, it once covered the entire north-eastern part of Upper Lusatia .

The Muskau rulership, detail from a map from 1745

At the time of its greatest expansion, in the last third of the 17th century, the manorial property covered an area of ​​over 500 square kilometers. At that time, in addition to the city of Muskau, it also included a further 36 predominantly Sorbian villages, six vassal villages, 23 farms , three hammer mills , 14 mills, two brickworks, a paper mill , an alum mine and extensive ponds. Up to nine noble vassals took the feudal oath to the Muskau landlord . At that time it was - located in a sparsely populated area - larger than many a German principality.

General

Regardless of the eventful history of Upper Lusatia, the Muskau lords knew from the 14th to the middle of the 20th century how to secure and expand their property and, as far as possible, the special privileges of a class rule . The development was favored by the fact that Upper Lusatia belonged to the Bohemian Crown for a long time without being directly incorporated into the home country. With its system of estates and an independent state constitution, Upper Lusatia had development conditions that favored the development of complexes of goods with a sub-regional character. For Muskau, the peripheral location in Upper Lusatia was also beneficial. Above all, the personal and public rights acquired over the years noticeably emphasized the Muskau rule over the legal qualities inherent in the other noble seats.

The term state rule only became common with the Saxon rule after the Thirty Years' War . However, evidence from the years 1390 to 1410 shows that the Lords of Muskau succeeded in exercising the high and blood jurisdiction , which is so typical and significant for the territorial lords of Upper Lusatia , long before the imperial letter of grace of 1562 , with which the Upper Lusatian estates had full jurisdiction to secure their subjects. The ruling of the Leipziger Schöppen of October 5, 1474 represented a turning point. On the one hand, the Leipzigers recognized the supreme court powers of the Muskau lords and, on the other hand, they declared that the Biebersteins had exercised the supreme court powers there since they had bought Schloss and Muskau from the Penzigs . The correspondence between King Ferdinand and the von Briesen vassal family from 1539 to 1542 provides information about the natural recognition of the Muskau court with all its functions by the king. This confirmed that the Lords of Muskau were fully compulsory to judge , which set them apart from other rulers and emphasized their position as gentry.

Taking advantage of this privileged legal position, the Biebersteins tried to find a solution from the feudal association . Based on the tax refusal dispute of 1531, they tried to implement their interests. They manage to include the noblemen of Hoyerswerda and Seidenberg in this dispute . However, with King Ferdinand's ruling of February 8, 1544, which was published as Decisio Ferdinandea , the attempts at autonomy came to an end. This judgment put an end to further constitutional emancipation efforts of the great Upper Lusatian rulers once and for all.

The rulership of Muskau saw many owners in the more than 700 years of its existence. On the one hand, it owes its emergence and its size to the purposeful acquisition of goods and the continuous erosion of neighboring territories, such as the Priebus - Triebel rule , through them. On the other hand, it owes its development to the creative and successful work of certain ruling families, especially in times of social upheaval.

In the end of the Middle Ages, the Penzig family successfully opposed the attempts by the six towns of Görlitz to extend its jurisdiction to the territory of the rulership. With Ullrich V. at the beginning of the modern era, the Biebersteins made the transition from knightly nobleman to nobleman with an orderly management of property and a sense of commercial gain. Under the Callenbergs , the transition to a commercial entrepreneur took place with a large number of own businesses.

The reforms of the 19th century under the direction of Prussia that the end of the Gutsherrschaft ushered resulted in Muskau for tackling the sovereign status of lords. However, the changes that led to the removal of services for the peasants and the separations in Upper Lusatia took a slower pace, so that they did not take place until the end of the Pückler period (1811 to 1845) and especially during the time when the prince exercised his class of the Netherlands (1846 to 1881) fell.

While the rulers in Upper Silesia saw the transition to large-scale industrial entrepreneurship at an early stage, the Muskau rulership initially withdrew from commercial activities during the first reform process . In order to secure their property, the rulers relied on the modernization of the rulers' administrative apparatus and the intensification of forestry as a source of income. Only at the end of the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century was the Pückler landscape park increasingly put on hold by the rulers of the Arnim family , but instead pushed ahead with industrial development based on the intensive use of raw material resources. By skillfully exploiting the remaining legal possibilities, it was possible to develop a self-contained business enterprise called “Standesherrschaft Muskau”, which, thanks to its own dynamic, could develop even in a structurally weak region.

With the expropriation of the Arnim-Muskau family on July 11, 1945 in favor of the Rothenburg district , the Muskau class ceased to exist.

Geographical milieu

Neisse in Muskauer Park with the right-hand ridges of the Neisse gorge through the Lausitz border wall, in the background the Prinzenbrücke and on a hill the Pücklerstein

The geographic milieu is essentially shaped by the phenomena created by the ice ages. The glacier tongue protruding into the country from the north created a unique landscape. As part of the Lausitz border wall, the plateau-shaped elevations form the watershed between the North and Baltic Seas. See also Muskau Arch and Muskau Heath .

In earlier times the settlement took place in the lowlands of the Neisse and Spree valleys and their side valleys. The sources of primeval settlement have only been evaluated to a limited extent. The first settlers in the land that had been emptied by the migration were Slavs. The large forest and heather areas south of Muskau were not populated until the time of the German expansion to the east because of their poor soil fertility. The low population density probably led to the unique coexistence of the German and Sorbian population in the class rule.

history

Beginnings of rule building

Documents know very little about the early owners of the Muskau rule. The beginnings of Muskau's rule are evidently connected to the special traffic situation of the “Niedere Handelsstrasse” and the north-south road Görlitz – Frankfurt (Oder), which crossed at Muskau and a customs post at the ford across the Neisse. Thus, in 1253 and 1283 , Margrave Heinrich the Illustrious of Meißen transferred the revenue from the customs of "Muzckow" to the Grenzburg Schiedlo an der Oder, which he had acquired .

The first clear historical evidence of the rule comes from the fiefdom of Emperor Karl IV. From April 14, 1361 in which the "vesten Muskow" is given to Heinrich von Kittlitz as a fief .

In the time of the Hussite Wars , the Muskauers provided contingents of men and horses in 1426 and 1428 to relieve Lauban and the city of Görlitz . In 1432 the city of Muskau and the surrounding country itself became victims of this war.

The time of the Biebersteins

A number of important construction and administrative measures were carried out during the Bieberstein era. As early as 1450, an official governor was appointed to manage the extensive property and he was given a clerk at his side. This marked the beginning of the manorial chancellery. In 1520/30 the construction of the new castle and the St. Andrew's Church began.

The town charter issued by Wenzel II von Bieberstein in September 1452 was regarded for a long time as the town charter. Its focus is on the granting of privileges and duties that a media city should have. The landlord expressed that the city of Muskau is the place of his residence , in which he as an instance holds landlord rights. Because of this document, the Bieberstein stag bar still adorns the city's coat of arms. Around the year 1540, under the rule of Sigmund von Bieberstein, the Reformation was introduced into the class rule.

Muskau as a finished fief

The rulership fell back to the Crown of Bohemia twice as a settled fiefdom, for example in 1551 under Ferdinand I and in 1589 under Rudolf II. In both cases the property was sold again for profit, for example in 1585 for 38,572 thalers and in 1597 for 95,600 Valleys. Of great importance in this context is the creation of the Muskau land register by the imperial officials in 1552 and 1590/93. In the land register of 1552 Muskau is clearly referred to as a rulership. The land records record the extent, rights, wealth and value of rule.

The Muskau rule as inheritance

Double coat of arms of the von Callenberg and von Dohna families at the old Muskau Castle

The sale of Muskau to Burgrave Wilhelm zu Dohna fundamentally changed the legal and ownership structure. The sale was made to inheritance and property. In Erblehenbrief Emperor Rudolf II in May 1597, the Muskauer subjects were from the sovereign serfdom given birth and relegated to the Erbpflichtigkeit of civil rule. The new legal situation also consisted in the fact that Muskau could be secured as a free inheritance in female succession. In 1605 the Dohnas start building a new church. In this church services were held in German for the court and the German population. St. Andrew's Church becomes the parent church of the Sorbian parish villages.

The population around Muskau only felt the consequences of the Thirty Years' War from 1631 onwards with the intervention of the Swedes. In 1633 Wallenstein came from Silesia to the Oder and Neisse . In October of the same year he moved into Muskau Castle. Until 1634, imperial units roamed the villages of the class rule. With the Peace of Prague in 1635, Upper Lusatia came to Saxony . The emperor retained the fiefdom. The elector received the sovereign rights. However, just this peace called the Swedes again with arson on the scene. They could not be expelled from Upper Lusatia until 1643. Muskau Castle burned down in the same year. After the war, about 50% of the buildings were desolate and of the 750 or so properties only 390 were inhabited.

The time of the Callenbergs

With the marriage of the Dohnaian heir to the castle countess Ursula Catharina in 1644, the estate came into the possession of the Callenberg family . During the time of Curt Reinicke I , there were various buildings due to the war, such as the restoration of the castle, the town church, but also buildings in the company's own businesses and outbuildings . The establishment of orderly conditions after the war is supported in the state rule by the enactment of police, church and marriage regulations, school, rifle and market regulations. Through purchases of land and goods, the rule extends to over 500 square kilometers. In 1648 the 1st Callenberg had a hunting lodge built south of Weißwasser.

The family successors of Curt Reinicke I. did not miss out on building activity, the reform of the class rule and the development of intellectual life in the soft picture of Muskau:

  • 1680 foundation of the Muskau consistory with sovereign permission,
  • 1700–1785 Abolition of the angle schools and implementation of a literacy program in the villages of the state rule with ten schools founded, several new schools and expansions,
  • 1685–1781 new construction of three village churches and major renovations to five churches,
  • 1762 Creation of an extensive palace library.

Despite the accumulation of an extremely large fortune, the profit situation in the class rulership remained weak until the 19th century. The debt burden was often overwhelming. In 1782 the debts amounted to approx. 340,000 thalers. That led u. a. for the transfer of the class rule to the Pückler family during the lifetime of the last Callenberg and ultimately also for sale by Prince Pückler in 1845.

The rulership in the Pückler period

Hermann von Pückler-Muskau
steel engraving in: German paperback on the year 1837 , Berlin 1837

Count Hermann Ludwig Heinrich von Pückler , Prince from 1822, became the most famous of the landowners in 1811. During his time, the structural and landscape-defining redesigns in the castle area of ​​the class rule fell. With a proclamation dated May 1, 1815, he presented his gigantic park design plan to the Muskau citizens and subjects. Construction began with the demolition of the old castle walls at the end of the year. In the end, a mountain of debt of 600,000 thalers remained. Pückler and his wife only had 12,000 thalers of disposable income of the gross annual income of over 100,000 thalers from the class after deduction of interest and repayment.

As a result of the Congress of Vienna , Saxony lost over 50% of its territory. Northern Upper Lusatia came to Prussia in 1815 . The rulership Muskau was assigned to the district of Rothenburg in the administrative district of Liegnitz . With the transition to Prussia, the reform process according to Prussian standards began for this part of Upper Lusatia.

On the one hand, the class lord welcomed the liberal approaches of the reforms, but on the other hand he also recognized the economic disadvantages that arose for the class rule. Pückler led a constant battle against the Prussian ministerial bureaucracy from the first day of the Prussian Upper Lusatia in April 1822 until the final replacement of the peasant services in 1844, because, in his opinion, the special economic conditions of Upper Lusatia and in particular the class rule in the process of reform implementation were not given enough consideration were.

In fact, the compensation of the gentry for the legal privileges that had been denied them with land grants in the gentry led to a depletion of the peasants and at the same time to the deterioration of the lord's economic situation. Like other manor owners in Upper Lusatia, he simply lacked the financial means for the necessary investments to manage the additional areas. The result was fallow land and the enlargement of the forest area by the manor estate and the decline in cattle among the farmers.

With the prince for lost honorary rights in 1822 Pückler was recognized as a representative of the first estate. However, in contrast to the Silesian territorial lords of Oels , Trachenberg , Carolath and Pless, the title of prince was not associated with recognition of the state as a principality .

The commercial enterprise class rule in the industrial age

According to the knowledge of the Prince of the Netherlands , Traugott Hermann von Arnim-Muskau set the starting point for industrialization in the forest area of ​​the class rule. In the forestry sector, he grouped a number of specific companies for better utilization of the raw material wood. This made it possible to turn the largest forest property in Brandenburg into a high profitability. In the second step, the group of companies was created to exploit the existing geological raw materials of coal, clays and sand. In order to secure the future of the large property, he chose the legal form Fideikommiss in accordance with the zeitgeist .

The economic policy started by Traugott Hermann von Arnim-Muskau was continued by his successors. In his will of April 27, 1941, Hermann von Arnim-Muskau describes Muskau as a business enterprise. Even if the legal possibilities for land ownership of this size became much narrower in the Weimar Republic and in the Third Reich, the owners of the Arnim-Muskau family managed to protect their assets from damaging fragmentation until 1945 through legal tricks and a show of loyalty .

Development of the acquis

Originally the rule was limited to the old settlement area immediately around Muskau. These are villages of the Muskau parish. Only the sources of the acquisition of ownership in the 15th century give a precise insight into the development of the rule. In the last third of this century it comprised 19 villages as well as influence in another 2 villages and an area of ​​approx. 40,000 hectares. The land register of 1552 shows that the Muskau rule included the city and another 25 interest villages and 5 vassal villages.

Around the middle of the 16th century, the Biebersteins acquired the Pannewitz property around Mühlrose and thus the power to advance to the Spree. The Schönaichs pushed the expansion towards the south with the acquisition of the Hammersiedlung Mochholz and towards the east with the annexation of Schönborn and Merzdorf . The Dohnas continued their acquisition policy with the purchase of the villages of Publick and Neudorf and the Pechern manor .

After the Thirty Years' War , the faster recovery of the gentry from the burdens of war also led to increased buying-offs of peasant farms in Upper Lusatia . Callenberg I, who came into possession through marriage in 1644, had also become a wealthy man through the war. Within a few years he bought a dozen manors for around 60,000 thalers. Farmer laying in the sense of the illegal confiscation of peasant land, as in 1560 by Fabian von Schoenaich in Skerbersdorf, is not documented for the time in the class rule. In 1785, the last Callenberg handed over to Muskau his daughter, in addition to the city of Muskau, another 51 villages with its declaration of renunciation.

The acquisition policy among the representatives of the von Arnim family was, in accordance with the signs of the times and the legal situation, less about land growth than about industrial capital acquisition. The focus was on the takeover of coal mines that were previously leased, the introduction of new production methods to increase the degree of utilization of the raw material wood, the purchase and establishment of new businesses. As a result, an estimated tax balance sheet value of 12.46 million marks could be assigned to the class rule bought in 1883 for 6.6 million marks in 1918/19. For 1942, the tax authorities determined a value of 15.7 million Reichsmarks in the tax balance sheet.

Legal relationships

Privileges of the Muskau rulers

Of great importance for the Muskau rulers and their later privileged position as class rulers was the granting of a court court on an equal footing with the two offices of Bautzen and Görlitz. Appeals against judgments of the Muskau court could only be made before the Oberamt. The privileges and rights that were confirmed to the Lords of Muskau in a wide variety of documents and fiefdoms represent an almost complete catalog of feudal constitutional rights.

Countryside

In contrast to the rest of Germany, the Upper Lusatian estates have only been divided into two curiae since then . The country Assen was provided by the lords, the clergy and the knights, the other, the cities Curia, by the six sovereign cities . Each booth only had one vote. From the end of the 16th century to the end of the Electoral Saxon period, the Muskau landlords were at the head of the aristocratic state. This is expressed in the precedent dispute that has been waged between the rulers of Königsbrück and Muskau since Callenberg I. This was finally decided in 1686 by cabinet order in favor of Muskau. In the state parliament protocols from then on, the Muskauer followed the bailiff and only then did the other rulers.

Also on the separate state parliaments of Ostoberlausitz, the former principality of Görlitz, the Muskau noblemen stood at the head of the noble persons.

A change in this status did not occur until after 1815 under Prussian rule. With the laws on the provincial estates of 1823/24, the rulership of Muskau lost its rulership . The resigned Upper Lusatian gentlemen created a replacement with the municipal landscape based in Görlitz. In this, the Muskau nobleman stood at the head of the first estate as he had always done.

The Muskau Castle - seat of the class rule

One of the most essential qualities of a rulership, and especially of the class lords, has always been the place from which the authority was exercised. For the rulers of Muskau this was associated with the Muskau fortress in the 13th and 14th centuries. This is a moated castle built in the immediate vicinity of the river crossing on the Neisse, to secure two trade routes and thus to expand German rule in the east .

Muskau Castle around 1850 after a picture by August Friedrich Wilhelm Nothnagel

After several expansions, this fortified place was the residence and place of representation of the aristocratic rule, but also the seat of the court and administrative center of the manorial establishments. This gives the Muskau Castle the quality that characterized it as a residence at an early stage and thus differs from the buildings of knightly courtyards . Even if the functional areas were spatially separated in later centuries due to increased demands and tasks, this typical unit of a manorial palace complex was retained until the 19th century. Only after the full implementation of the Prussian reforms and the necessary reorganization of the class rule in the course of the implementation of the requirements of the industrial revolution did the character of the Muskau Palace change, as it increasingly only performed the function of the residence of the class lords.

Owners and lords of Muskau

literature

  • Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke : Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-549-06695-3
  • Countess Sophie von Arnim: Pictures from Muskau's past. Volume I and II, Görlitz 1934/35, Volume III, Munich 1973.
  • Willi A. Boelcke: Farmer and landlord in Upper Lusatia. A contribution to the economic, social and legal history of the East Elbe manor. Bautzen 1957.
  • Willi A. Boelcke: Constitutional Change and Economic Structure. The medieval and modern territorial history of East Central German aristocracy as an example. Wuerzburg 1969.
  • Walter von Boetticher : History of the Upper Lusatian nobility and their estates 1635-1815. Görlitz 1912–1923.
  • Walter von Boetticher: The nobility of the Görlitz soft picture around the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Goerlitz 1927.
  • Lars-Arne Dannenberg , Matthias Donath : Castles in western and central Upper Lusatia. Meissen 2008.
  • Hirtz, Helbig: Documentary contributions to the history of the noble lords of Biberstein and their goods. From the handwritten estate of Major General Paul Rogalla von Bieberstein communicated by Albert Hirtz. Edited, explained and supplemented by a regesta by Julius Helbig. Self-published by the local history association of the Jeschken-Isergau, Reichenberg 1911.
  • G. Köhler: The free class rule Muskau. In: New Lusatian Magazine . Volume 30, Görlitz 1853 ( digitized version ).
  • E. Merkle (Ed.): Chronicle of the city and park Bad Muskau. Weißwasser 1997, ISBN 3-932541-00-6
  • Johannes Mörbe: Detailed history and chronicle of the city and free class rule Muskau . Muskau 1861.
  • Hans Schmidt: Bad Muskau. In: From Muskauer Heide to Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District. Bautzen 2006, ISBN 3-929091-96-8

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hirtz-Helbig: Documentary contributions to the history of the noble lords of Biberstein and their goods. From the handwritten estate of Major General Paul Rogalla von Bieberstein communicated by Albert Hirtz. Edited, explained and supplemented by a regesta by Julius Helbig. Self-published by the Association for Local Studies of the Jeschken-Isergau, Reichenberg 1911, No. 1158.
  2. ↑ Ibid., No. 2113, 2136, 2155 and 2156.
  3. ↑ Ibid., No. 1875.
  4. ^ Decisio Ferdinandea: Collection work. Volume 2, 1544, p. 1324 f.
  5. ↑ Hermann Gf. von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, pp. 642f.
  6. ^ Robert Pohl: Home book of the district of Rothenburg Oberlausitz. Weißwasser 1924, p. 6.
  7. ^ Document book of the Neuzelle monastery. Volume I, No. 1. Passed on as an insert in a Neuzeller document from 1328.
  8. ^ Böhmer-Huber: Regesten Karl IV. (1897/1889). No. 3639 and Diplom Ileburgense Volume I. 1877, No. 355.
  9. ↑ Codex diplomaticus Lusatiae superioris . Volume IV, p. 701.
  10. ↑ Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis . Volume I / 20, p. 428.
  11. ↑ Christoph G. Langner: Record-based report on the foundation, construction and inauguration of the Sorbian St. Andreas Church in Muskau in Upper Lusatia. Budissin 1788, pp. 21-23.
  12. ↑ Codex diplomaticus Lusatiae superioris. Volume IV, pp. 759f.
  13. ↑ For the land register of 1552; Archives of the registry office Muskau. No. 1179, LA Bautzen. For the land register of 1590/93; KG Bruchmann: The holdings of the State Archives in Breslau relating to Upper Lusatia. In: New Lusatian Magazine . Volume 115, Görlitz 1939, p. 172.
  14. ↑ Archive of the Muskau registry office. No. 302. LA Bautzen.
  15. ^ Countess S. von Arnim: Der Landvogt von Callenberg. Images from Muskau's past. Görlitz 1934, p. 16.
  16. ↑ Ibid., P. 17.
  17. ^ K. Seidemann: Not in the country. The Land of Görlitz at the end of the Thirty Years War. In: The home. Supplement to the New Görlitzer Anzeiger. Görlitz 1936, 9th and 10th continuation.
  18. ^ Countess S. von Arnim: Der Landvogt von Callenberg. Images from Muskau's past. Görlitz 1934, p. 18.
  19. ↑ a b Archives of the Muskau Civil Authority. No. 415. LA Bautzen.
  20. ^ Directory of Oberlausitz documents II. Görlitz 1799–1824, p. 314 and 316.
  21. ↑ J. Mörbe: Detailed history and chronicle of the city and free class rule Muskau. Muskau 1861, pp. 158-160.
  22. ^ Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau: Correspondence and diaries. Volume 9. Edited by Ludmilla Assing-Grimelli. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1873–1876, H. Lang, Bern 1971, pp. 19–21.
  23. ↑ Ibid., Volume 5, pp. 336 and 338.
  24. ↑ During the Weimar Republic there were 35 estates with over 1000 hectares. The Muskau territorial lordship was the largest with 26,770 hectares. See: Ingo Materna , Wolfgang Ribbe (Hrsg.): Brandenburgische Geschichte. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , p. 586.
  25. ^ Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-549-06695-3 , p. 371ff.
  26. ^ Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, p. 467ff.
  27. ↑ Article 155, Paragraph 2 of the Reich Constitution of 1919 called for the family fideikommisse to be dissolved. See: Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, p. 380.
  28. ↑ Law on the extinction of family entails and other bound assets of July 6, 1938. Cf.: Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, p. 460.
  29. ↑ In the first third of the 15th century, the Muskau parish included the villages of Berg , Braunsdorf , Keula , Köbeln , Krauschwitz , Lugknitz , Sagar , Skerbersdorf , Weißkeißel and Weißwasser .
  30. ^ First mentioned: For Keula (1380); Codex diplomaticus Lusatiae superioris. Volume II, pp. 62f. For Whitewash (1452); Ibid, Volume IV, p. 764. For Berg (1392); Ibid, Volume III, p. 213. For Krauschwitz (1453); v. Mansberg: Mercy of the Wettin lands. Volume IV. 1908, p. 295. For Eselsberg (1419); Ibid, Volume IV, p. 436. For Sagar, Skerbersdorf, Gablenz, Boxberg and Braunsdorf (1366); Hirtz-Helbig: Documentary contributions to the history of the noble lords of Biberstein and their goods. From the handwritten estate of Major General Paul Rogalla von Bieberstein communicated by Albert Hirtz. Edited, explained and supplemented by a regesta by Julius Helbig. Self-published by the Association for Local Studies of the Jeschken-Isergau, Reichenberg 1911 No. 277, 278, 279. For Runde, Rohne and Groß Düben (1464); Ibid, No. 1087. For Halbendorf (1458); Ibid, no. 1002. To Sprey and Nochten (1454); Ibid, no. 3191. For Buchwalde (1456); Ibid., No. 974. For Klein Priebus (1492); Ibid, no. 1384. Lugknitz and Köbeln probably branched off from the Triebel rulership after 1300.
  31. ↑ Archive of the Muskau registry office. No. 1179, LA Bautzen. These are the villages: Berg , Boxberg , Braunsdorf , Buchwalde , Eselsberg , Gablenz , Groß Düben , Keula , Klein Priebus , Köbeln , Krauschwitz , Lugknitz , Neustadt bei Muskau, Nochten , Podrosche , Rohne , Sagar , Loop , Skerbersdorf , Sprey , Trebendorf , Viereichen , Weißkeißel , Weißwasser and Werdeck as well as around the vassal villages : Beinsdorf , Bogendorf , Haasel , Zibelle and Zilmsdorf .
  32. ↑ Archive of the Muskau registry office. No. 536, LA Bautzen.
  33. ^ Willi A. Boelcke: Farmer and landlord in Upper Lusatia. A contribution to the economic, social and legal history of the East Elbe manor, Bautzen 1957, p. 15.
  34. ^ Willi A. Boelcke: Constitutional change and economic structure. The medieval and modern territorial history of East Central German aristocratic rule as an example. Würzburg 1969, p. 79.
  35. ^ Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, p. 333.
  36. ↑ Ibid., P. 367.
  37. ↑ Ibid., P. 466.
  38. ↑ Privilege Emperor Rudolf II of 1597. In: Die Standesherrschaft Muskau. Loc. 106 111, LHA Dresden.
  39. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: The free state rule Muskau. In: New Lusatian Magazine. Görlitz 1853, No. 30, p. 229 ( digitized version ).
  40. ^ Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, p. 18f.
  41. ↑ Land register of the Principality of Görlitz. Rural archive. No. 317, LA Bautzen.
  42. ^ Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau: Correspondence and diaries. Volume 6. Edited by Ludmilla Assing-Grimelli. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1873–1876, H. Lang, Bern 1971, pp. 252, 258 and 268.
  43. ↑ L. Jacobi: The property and the agricultural conditions of the Prussian Upper Lusatia. Görlitz 1860, pp. 37-39.
  44. ^ Count Hermann von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main and Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-549-06695-3 , pp. 596f.