Nochten

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Municipality Boxberg / OL
Coordinates: 51 ° 25 ′ 55 ″  N , 14 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 129 m above sea level NN
Area : 36.4 km²
Residents : 265  (Dec 31, 2008)
Population density : 7 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : March 1, 1994
Postal code : 02943
Area code : 035774

Nochten , Wochozy in Upper Sorbian ? / i , is the northernmost and largest district of the East Saxon community Boxberg / OL in the district of Görlitz . The church village of Nochten, located in the Lusatian lignite mining area and in the Sorbian settlement area , is described by the Weißwasseraner Rector Robert Pohl in his home book of the Rothenburg O.-L. district published in 1924. as "a real heather child". Audio file / audio sample

geography

The street green village of Nochten is surrounded by the Nochten opencast mine in the north and west and the Boxberg power plant in the south-west. To the north-east of the village is the Nochten foundling park on a renatured part of the open-cast mine .

While the road originally led from Bautzen via Uhyst and Boxberg through Nochten to Weißwasser, nine kilometers away, and on to Muskau , it has now been relocated by the Nochten and Bärwalde open-cast mines in such a way that it is called Bundesstraße 156 about one kilometer south of Nochten in West- East direction and only a few kilometers away does a north-south direction again.

history

Baroque Nochten church from 1748
View to the altar
Lusatian boulder park in Nochten
Postage stamp issued in 1991: Midday Woman and Nochten Woman

Local history

Nochten is mentioned in a document under an early form of his Sorbian name as Ochoze around 1400. The German name appears in 1433 in connection with a description of a procession of robber barons from Northern Bohemia to Liegnitz ("dy von dem Nocheten"). Nochten, whose church was a branch church of Gablenz at the time , has belonged to the Muskau rulership since 1454 at the latest .

In 1588 the church in Tzschelln, at that time a branch church of Runde , was connected to the Nochten church, with the main church in Tzschelln. However, the land registry of the Muskau lordship still lists in 1590 that the Nochtener Kirchlehn belongs to Gablenz as a branch. Probably due to the construction of a new parish apartment in Nochten, to which the parish priest and parish heath are assigned, the Nochten church has been the main church of the parish since 1627 . When the Boxbergers wanted to bury their plague dead in Nochten in 1632, they were refused. After they were assigned a cemetery in Klitten, Boxberg left the parish of Nochten and is from then on parish to Klitten.

During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Swedish troops burned part of the village, including the rectory, in 1641, and carried away a lot of cattle. After this devastating war for Lusatia, the new lord of Muskau, Kurt Reinicke von Callenberg , had extensive repairs carried out within the lordship, which also gave Nochten a new parsonage. A culturally and historically valuable scrap wood barn still to be restored belongs to the rectory.

Even in the 18th century, wolves were not uncommon in the Nochten area. In 1727 an animal aroused great resentment and repeatedly attacked cattle. There is even said to have been a gallows in the village from which captured or hunted wolves were traditionally hung.

In 1740 the entire village burned down, according to the chronicle of the school, which can be traced back to 1712:

“Everything was quiet on June 19, 1740, when suddenly a shouting could be heard in the village that the farmer Stucka was on fire. At first it seemed as if the flames would not spread very much and the fire would be put out; but then the angry God sent a strong whirlwind, as a result of which the flames spread so much that the whole village with the church, parish and school buildings except for the farmer and judge Domaschke were burned to ashes. "

The church was rebuilt in 1748 in a massive baroque style by the Muskau landlord Johann Alexander Graf von Callenberg . The school did not get a new building until 1810 and until then it was housed in rented rooms.

As a result of the Saxon participation on the French side in the Wars of Liberation , the Kingdom of Saxony had to cede a large part of its land to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. These include Lower Lusatia, which has only belonged to Saxony since 1635, and the north-eastern part of Upper Lusatia. As a result, Nochten is subordinated to the newly founded district of Rothenburg ( Province of Silesia ) in 1816 . In addition to agriculture on rather barren heather soils, the surrounding forests serve as suppliers of raw materials to cover their livelihood. In Nochten, charcoal and pitch production are operated, and construction timber is also produced. The charcoal is used, among other things, for the nearby iron hammers, for example in Boxberg, while the pitch is particularly important for lubricating the wooden axles of the carters' wagons. The annual Kienmesse in Radibor is mainly supplied by traders from Nochten, who come in such large numbers that the village square cannot accommodate everyone. Due to the increasing displacement of the wooden axle by iron wagon axles, the wagon grease is becoming less important, and due to the increasing industrialization, pine and timber are made available more cheaply elsewhere, so that in 1889 only one wagon from Nochten drives to the Kienmesse, which is in this year Radibor is also the last.

With the exception of Boxberg, in the Protestant parish of Nochten, which at the end of the 19th century consisted of the towns of Altteich, Boxberg, Nochten, Sprey and Tzschelln , the Nochten costume was still worn until the turn of the century . However, in the last 15 years of the 19th century it increasingly lost its social position, which coincided with the blossoming of Weißwasser into a large industrial village. The glass industry creates jobs for the Nochten farmers and they also get rid of their goods on the local markets.

Due to increasing Germanization and orientation towards the German image, the Sorbian customs are also decreasing, the Easter singing, for example, takes place for the last time in 1902.

In February 1928, the Nochten district was established by separating the rural communities of Boxberg, Nochten, Tzschelln and Sprey from the Reichwalde district.

Memorial stone for the partial excavation of the place

After the Second World War, the importance of the place slowly declined. The construction of the Boxberg power plant with a workers' housing estate in Boxberg has allowed Boxberg to grow rapidly, while part of Nochten has been relocated from the Nochten opencast mine since 1983 and dredged over from 1987 to 1990. The municipality was incorporated into Boxberg on March 1, 1994 as part of the Saxon municipal reform.

After the recultivation of charred areas, the Lausitz foundlingspark Nochten was built at the turn of the millennium , which can book over 100,000 visitors several times within a year.

Population development

year Residents
1782 184
1825 314
1863 449
1871 436
1885 404
1905 424
1919 444
1925 450
1939 518
1946 578
1950 574
1956 588
1964 545
1971 521
1988 277
1990 271
1991 260
1999 319
2007 280
2008 265

In the land registry of the Muskau lordship from 1552, 2 feudal estates, 13 half-hoofed and 6 quarter-hoofed (a total of 21 possessed men ) are named for Nochten  . The Urbarium also lists 4 gardeners and 10 cottagers . A total of 35 owners are named.

In 1630, still in the first half of the Thirty Years' War, 16 half-hoofed farms were named in addition to the 2 feudal estates; the lack of 6 quarter-hoofed farms reduced the number of owned men from 21 to 18. the Häusler increased to 24, so that Nochten has a total of 47 inns. At that time, Nochten was larger than the Muskau church villages of Gablenz and Runde , which, however, had more farms in their population structure. By 1647, 2 gardener and 7 cottager jobs were desolate.

In 1699, compared to 1647, the total number of owners is unchanged at 38, but the numbers of cottagers and half-hoofed animals have decreased by 2 each, with 4 quarter-hoofed animals being named. Three quarters of a century later, the population has decreased significantly. Almost 40 years after the great fire in 1777, 16 possessed men (4 fewer than in 1699), 4 gardeners (1 more) and 10 cottagers (5 fewer) live in Nochten. Nochten only has 30 inns left, one more is in ruins.

As early as 1782, 18 possessed men, 3 gardeners and 11 cottagers were recorded again, the number of inhabitants for these 32 farms is given as 184. By 1810 the number of cottagers increased by 3 to 14.

In the 19th century the population grew rapidly, until 1863 the number of inhabitants rose to 449. After that, a decline was recorded, which was only compensated for in the interwar period with 450 inhabitants in 1925. Compared to the value determined 100 years earlier, the population has grown by almost half.

By 1939 the population rose to over 500, after the war there was further growth due to the reception of refugees and displaced persons from the formerly German eastern regions, so that in 1956 there were almost 600 inhabitants. By 1971, the population had decreased moderately to 521.

By the opencast mining operations part of local demolition and relocation in the turnaround time , the number of inhabitants reduced to 1991 to 260, resulting in a halving of the population is within 30 years. It is noticeable that, according to official information, only 130 people (37 families) have been resettled, for the remaining 131 other reasons are to be sought.

After the mining edge of the open-cast mine passed Nochten, the population has increased again due to influx, so that Nochten has 319 inhabitants again in 1999. But as early as 2007, with 280 inhabitants, the value was again close to the level at the time of the transition. Just one year later, Nochten has only 265 residents.

Originally the population was almost entirely Sorbian. In 1863, according to statistics, 413 of the 449 inhabitants are Sorbs (92%), Arnošt Muka counted only 2 Germans among the 392 inhabitants around 1880, which corresponds to a Sorbian population of 99.5%.

Even if the Sorbian costume was taken off at the turn of the century and the use of the Sorbian language was forbidden during the Nazi era, 429 of the 556 inhabitants (77.2%) still described themselves as Sorbian linguists in 1956. This means that the language holds up much better here than in the neighboring industrial town of Boxberg. In the meantime, the Sorbian language has largely disappeared from everyday life.

Place name

The Sorbian name Wochozy , who in 1400 as Ochoze and 1416 as Wochoza is busy, probably derives from altsorbischen ochoza on what means a forest area for logging and subsequent settlement is planned. Further forms of the name are Wochosy in 1767 and Wochozy in 1843 .

The interpretation of the German name, which can be traced as Nocheten in 1443 , as Nochten in 1461 and as Nachten and Nochten in 1597 , is more difficult because the -t- is atypical in the context. It is possible that when the name was adopted, the phonetic group -ch-s- did not develop into -ks- (written -x- ), but into -ch-t- . Other interpretations, for example as a derivation from the Old Sorbian ochota “willingness” or from the Upper Sorbian nahota “nakedness, nudity”, do not come into consideration without considerable difficulties in sound formation.

Personalities

The Lower Sorbian linguist and co-founder of Domowina , Bogumił Šwjela (1873–1948), worked as vicar in Nochten from 1908 to 1913 .

literature

  • From the Muskauer Heide to the Rotstein. Home book of the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District . Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 2006, ISBN 978-3-929091-96-0 , p. 261 .
  • Hermann Graf von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau. Jurisdiction between the Spree and the Neisse . Ullstein publishing house, Frankfurt / M, Berlin, Vienna 1978.
  • Robert Pohl : Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. for school and home . Buchdruckerei Emil Hampel, Weißwasser O.-L. 1924, p. 187 ff .

Web links

Commons : Nochten / Wochozy  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ^ A b Robert Pohl: Heimatbuch des Kreis Rothenburg O.-L. , P. 187 ff.
  2. ^ Territorial changes in Germany and German administered areas 1874–1945: Nochten district. Retrieved February 1, 2008 .
  3. ↑ StBA: Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 1994
  4. ↑ a b von Arnim, Boelcke: Muskau. Page 603
  5. ^ Nochten in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
  6. ↑ a b From Muskauer Heide to Rotstein , p. 261
  7. ↑ Saxony regional register. Retrieved February 1, 2008 .
  8. ^ Frank Förster : Disappeared Villages. The demolition of the Lusatian lignite mining area by 1993 . In: Series of publications by the Institute for Sorbian Folk Research in Bautzen . tape 8 . Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1995, ISBN 3-7420-1623-7 , pp. 309 f .
  9. ↑ Ernst Tschernik: The development of the Sorbian rural population . In: German Academy of Sciences in Berlin - Publications of the Institute for Slavic Studies . tape 4 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954, p. 119 .
  10. ^ Ludwig Elle: Language policy in the Lausitz . Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1995, p. 255 .
  11. ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book . In: German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . tape 28 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 208 f .