Kromlau
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Kromlau
Kromola community Gablenz
Coordinates: 51 ° 32 ′ 20 ″ N , 14 ° 37 ′ 40 ″ E
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| Height : | 137 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 5.43 km² |
| Residents : | 316 (Dec 31, 2008) |
| Population density : | 58 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | January 1, 1999 |
| Postal code : | 02953 |
| Area code : | 03576 |
Kromlau , Upper Sorbian , is a district of the Saxon community Gablenz in the district of Görlitz . The village in the Sorbian settlement area of Upper Lusatia is best known for the largest rhododendron park in Germany .
geography
Kromlau is located in the north of the district in the forest and pond area of the Muskauer Heide on the western arm of the Muskau folds . Groß Düben lies in the north-west of Kromlau , to the north and north-east are the Brandenburg towns of Klein Düben , Jämlitz and Zschorno , the Gablenz expansion of Wossinka and the village of Gablenz adjoin to the east, Weisswasser in the south and Halbendorf in the west . Parkstadt Bad Muskau is just ten kilometers east of Kromlau .
A station in Kromlauer Park forms the end of the narrow-gauge railway line Weißwasser – Kromlau of the forest railway Muskau . The nearest transport stations are in Weißwasser and in the loop to the west on the Berlin – Görlitz railway line .
Historically, Kromlau is a Silesian exclave on the border between the margraviate Oberlausitz and Niederlausitz . Due to its district membership it is now generally counted to Upper Lusatia.
history
In 1542 the brothers Phillip and Barthel von Kracht were enfeoffed with Krommolau and Lieskau . At that time Kromlau was already parish in Gablenz and a fief of the Silesian Duchy of Sagan .
During the Thirty Years' War the estate became "very desolate and desolate" and the subjects "abandoned their goods and looked for food elsewhere". The damage was only gradually removed, so that in 1670 the property was still declared as " Non entia " (not being).
From 1664 the Muskau registrar Kurt Reinicke von Callenberg tried to bring Kromlau into the possession of the registrar of Muskau , but this undertaking was not crowned with success until 1670. Instead, Kromlau was sold as a fiefdom on September 6, 1670 to Isaak von List. After he was unable to build it up, his son exchanged it with Johann Balthasar von Tießel and Taltitz for his estate Mühlbach with the consent of the Sagan rulers .
A little later, Tießel sold Kromlau to Ludwig August von der Lochau . Tießel did not inform the Sagan rulership of this until November 1707, after which Prince Ferdinand von Lobkowitz imposed a fine on Sagan against buyers and sellers. After von der Lochau failed to pay, he was arrested, but was able to escape on December 15, 1708 and was finally confirmed as the owner of Kromlau on July 3, 1709. Lochau was dissatisfied with the development of the property and wanted to sell it back to the previous owner in 1715. Both came to an agreement, but shortly before the purchase, Tießel was appointed administrator of the property by Prince Lobkowitz from Sagan, so that the purchase did not take place.
After a duel in which Ludwig August von der Lochau stretched his opponent, he found himself on the run in Brandenburg. He died in 1720 as a result of multiple broken legs without a male heir. His widow tried to keep Kromlau as an inheritance for himself and her four daughters and even turned to the Saxon Elector Friedrich August . This supported their cause, but the Sagan Prince Phillip von Lobkowitz had other plans regarding Kromlau, so he proposed a payout, which was accepted.
As a result, Kromlau was sold on April 22nd, 1729 to Joachim Heinrich von Berge, who already owned Klein Düben . He died on January 30 of the following year and the two estates passed to Heinrich Gottlob von Berge, who died less than five years later on October 25, 1734. For his underage sons Karl Heinrich and Friedrich Gottlob von Berge, Kaspar Christoph von Briesen acted as guardian on Lieskau. He leased Kromlau until the sons of Berge swore the feudal oath on May 27, 1754.
Friedrich Gottlob von Berge built a windmill in Kromlau in 1779, which the farmers in Klein Düben should also use. Since there was no compulsory meal in Klein Düben , this request was rejected. Friedrich Gottlob died in 1782 without a male heir, so that the minor son Karl Heinrich Friedrich asked his brother Karl Heinrich, who had already died in 1767, for rejection. This was granted and Kromlau was then leased because Karl Heinrich Friedrich was in Potsdam “to get involved in the military”. In 1787 he was finally given the estate and sold it to Johann August Thiele von Thielenfeld just two years later. While the value was estimated at 4,200 thalers around 1775, the purchase price was now 7,150 thalers.
Thiele von Thielenfeld took out several loans to increase Kromlaus' profitability. He amassed debts of around 10,000 thalers, which were compared to a valuation of the property from July 1793 of 12,700 thalers. The debt burden forced Thiele von Thielenfeld to sell Kromlaus. In 1797, the Sorau merchant Siegismund August Petri, who paid 13,500 thalers, was the buyer. However, the approval of the sale by the Prussian king was delayed by two years, so that the feudal oath was only taken on September 6, 1799 by Petri.
In December 1804 Petri sold Kromlau again for 19,500 thalers. The buyer was the Prime Minister of Electoral Saxony, Karl Gottfried von Rabenau . He paid off most of the debts still on Kromlau and almost completely rebuilt the manor house. During the Wars of Liberation he was seriously injured while fighting on the Saxon side and died on March 28, 1813. His only daughter, Ernestine Luise Laura von Rabenau, inherited the estate. The Kromlau estate was administered by a guardian, while Ernestine lived primarily in Moritzburg . She finally sold the estate in 1818 to Christiane Dorothea Goltsch from Forst (Lausitz) for 20,000 thalers.
In the years after the Congress of Vienna , Prussia was reorganized. While the largest part of the rulership Muskau was assigned to the Silesian district of Rothenburg (Ob. Laus.) , The two Silesian exclaves Kromlau and Jämlitz were incorporated into the Brandenburg district of Sorau (Lausitz) . Hermann von Pückler-Muskau , registrar in Muskau, made an effort to ensure that Jämlitz is also assigned to the Rothenburg district and even went as far as the Prussian king. Encouraged by Pückler, Christiane Dorothea Goltsch also made a similar application for Kromlau, but ultimately both were unsuccessful in this matter.
After Kromlau had grown to 17 farms over decades - partly through division, partly through new construction on stately property, but mostly unregulated based on good faith - Goltsch brought about a regulation in 1824 that clarified the ownership structure of the individual farms. She also laboriously restored the estate to good condition and improved meadows, ponds and fields. In addition, they had new manorial farm buildings built in 1829 and brought about the separation in 1828 "for mutual benefit".
The upgraded good should be sold for a profit. The buyer was Friedrich Hermann Rötschke , who took it over in 1842 for 30,500 thalers. This was a large landowner who, among other things, had previously owned Sänitz near Rothenburg / OL and who at that time owned the nearby Zschorno . Rötschke paid off the last remaining debts by 1857. In December 1863, Rötschke sold a plot of 100 acres for 80,000 thalers to dismantle clay and coal stores to the Borussia share association for brown coal exploitation, pottery and furnace production in Berlin and acquired shares worth 65,000 thalers.
Friedrich Hermann Rötschke was also a nature lover and began building a park based on the Pückler park in nearby Muskau in the mid-19th century . The "little Pückler" spared hardly any costs and had ponds built and hills poured on the almost 800 acres of land made available, which he crowned with oaks. Rare trees, mythological and rococo statues, basalt grottos and an arched bridge made of field stones and basalt stone were further design elements of his park . He also had the cavalier's house on the edge of the park expanded and surrounded with flower beds.
In September 1875 Rötschke gave up Kromlau and exchanged his property with Otto Busse, who had building sites in Deutsch-Wilmersdorf near Berlin. The value of Kromlaus has now been estimated at around 250,000 thalers. Rötschke then settled in Bärwalde, around 20 kilometers away , and created another park there.
In the following years Kromlau changed hands several times until it was finally in April 1889 by Friedrich XI. Leopold, Graf von und zu Egloffstein -Arklitten. Together with the Groß Düben manor, also acquired in 1889 , Kromlau was incorporated into the Arklitter Majorat. Contrary to the prevailing opinion that Count Egloffstein would not stay long in Kromlau either, he was able to redesign the estate in a profitable manner. Forestry and agriculture as well as fish farming in the ponds became very productive.
The park was retained in Rötschke's basic layout, but expanded to include winter-proof rhododendrons and azaleas.
As the last of the four parishes in the Gablenz parish, Kromlau received its own cemetery in 1903. It was inaugurated on September 1 of that year during the first funeral. In the autumn of 1908 a morgue with a cemetery chapel and two tower bells was added. The consecration took place on May 20, 1909, the following Ascension Day, as part of a divine service.
From 1966, a pond created from a former lignite mine was converted into a bathing pond. The aim was to use the idyllic park and to develop Kromlau into an attractive place to relax. At the end of the seventies, a campsite was built on the north bank, and a bungalow settlement was built in the former forest garden.
After the fall of the Wall , the Muskau forest railway , which was closed in the 1970s, was rebuilt. First, the route between Weißwasser and Kromlau was put back into operation in 1992.
On January 1, 1999, the park community was incorporated into Gablenz.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1818 | 70 |
| 1846 | 140 |
| 1871 | 144 |
| 1895 | 146 |
| 1900 | 244 |
| 1910 | 273 |
| 1925 | 331 |
| 1939 | 317 |
| 1946 | 359 |
| 1950 | 373 |
| 1964 | 355 |
| 1990 | 234 |
| 1991 | 225 |
| 1995 | 284 |
| 1998 | 312 |
| 2008 | 316 |
Kromlau is said to have been significantly larger before the Thirty Years War . The Gablenz pastor Georg Cunisius (1634–1692, in Gablenz since 1687) left an entry in the church book according to which 13 possessed men (1 double, 10 one and a half, 2) with a total of 18 hooves (about 720 acres ) and 3 Büdner in Kromlau lived. Pastor Adolf Aisch (1867–1954, in Gablenz from 1901 to 1916) wrote in his chronicle published in 1909 that this information was “possible” and “conceivable”, a much larger population at the time of the Hussite Wars , “how one likes to be told ”, but is“ very doubtful ”.
An applied on 30 August 1785 for Kromlau Urbarium recorded nine gardeners , 2 Büdner and 1 Schenker . If Cunisius' information had been taken into account, Kromlau would have experienced a population decline and a deterioration in the social structure.
After the recession that took place in 1828, 17 farms were recorded, including 9 large gardeners, 4 semi-gardeners, 2 allotment gardeners, 1 donor and 1 blacksmith. They owned approximately 293 acres of land while the manor owned over 1,888 acres.
The number of inhabitants rose steadily in the 19th and early 20th centuries and in 1925 had increased to 331, almost fivefold compared to 1818. A small population decline until the beginning of the Second World War was followed by further growth at the end of the war through the admission of refugees and displaced persons from the eastern regions, so that almost 400 inhabitants were reached. Their number fell slightly in the 1950s and more sharply from the 1970s. After the reunification, a low of 225 inhabitants was reached in 1991, after which the number grew again annually until it was incorporated.
In the 1880s the inhabitants were mostly Sorbs . Arnošt Muka identified 134 Sorbs and 20 Germans, which corresponds to a Sorbian population of 87%. In addition, the population was predominantly of Protestant faith. In 1905 there were 161 Protestant and 5 Catholic residents in the community, the manor district had 69 Protestant and 3 Catholic residents.
Place name
Traditional forms of names include Kromola, Krommolau, Krumla, Grommelau, Grumelau and Crumlau. Even if Sorbian names with Kromoła (1843, 1884) and Kromula (1848) are handed down relatively late, the German name is likely to be derived from a Sorbian. According to Ernst Eichler , the place name is "apparently based on a field name Kromoła , field piece located on the edge '". It refers to the Lower Sorbian word kroma, kšoma "edge, hem, bar".
Eichler rejects the derivation from the Old Sorbian / Old Czech kromoła / kramola "Zank, Streit", as Jan Meschgang, among others, thinks possible, on the grounds that the origin of this appellative was taken from Latin and no Old Slavic use for it is proven.
Administrative division
For centuries Kromlau belonged to the Duchy of Sagan and was a Silesian exclave in Lusatia. In the Prussian administrative reform that began in 1815, Kromlau was assigned to the Brandenburg-Lower Lusatian district of Sorau . The village was located “in the most south-westerly corner of the Sorau district, where this deeply in the Silesian district of Rothenburg O.-L. [incision]".
After the Second World War, the western part of the Sorauer Kreis was administered by the formerly independent city of Forst (Lausitz) . Jämlitz, Klein Düben, Kromlau and Zschorno were assigned to the Spremberg district in 1948 , with Kromlau being added to the Weisswasser district in 1952 when the Upper Lusatian district was rebuilt. With this, Kromlau came to the State of Saxony in 1990, to the Lower Silesian Upper Lusatia District in 1994 and finally to the Görlitz District after its dissolution in 2008 .
Attractions
→ see also: List of cultural monuments in Kromlau
- Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau with Rakotz Bridge
- Kromlau mansion
- Kavaliershaus, also called Schweizerhaus
Sources and further references
literature
- Adolf Aisch : History of the Protestant Parish Gablenz O.-L. Görlitz 1909, p. 122–144 ( digital copy from SLUB Dresden ).
Footnotes
- ↑ The place. (No longer available online.) In: Kromlau.de. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014 ; accessed on January 28, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ StBA Area: changes from 01.01. until December 31, 1999
- ↑ Kromlau in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ↑ Information for 14 2 84 190 Kromlau municipality. In: Regional Register Saxony. State Statistical Office of the Free State of Saxony , accessed on January 28, 2014 .
- ^ Ernst Tschernik : The development of the Sorbian rural population (= German Academy of Sciences in Berlin - publications of the Institute for Slavic Studies . Volume 4 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954, p. 78 .
- ↑ Ernst Eichler , Hans Walther : Oberlausitz toponymy - studies on the toponymy of the districts of Bautzen, Bischofswerda, Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Kamenz, Löbau, Niesky, Senftenberg, Weißwasser and Zittau. I name book (= German-Slavic research on naming and settlement history . Volume 28 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975, p. 149 .
- ^ Jan Meschgang : The place names of Upper Lusatia . 2nd Edition. Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1979, p. 68 (edited by Ernst Eichler ).
