Myndos

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southern part of the port bay of Myndos with a view of the Rabbit Island ( Tavşan Adası , Gümüşlük )

Myndos ( ancient Greek Μύνδος , Latin Myndus ) is the name of an ancient city in the historical Caria landscape in southwest Asia Minor , about 20 km west of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum ) on the peninsula of the same name in the Aegean Sea . Around a third of the area formerly surrounded by a city wall is now overbuilt by the Turkish city of Gümüşlük .

geography

Myndos was initially founded as a hilltop settlement, but then moved to the plain on a bay in the Aegean Sea, which forms a natural harbor basin. In the middle of the bay is a (half) island ( Turkish: Tavşan Adası Rabbit Island ), which was connected to the mainland by a wall that was a few centimeters under water today. This made it particularly easy to protect the entrance to the port. Directly on the coast, the landscape rises into a hilly mountain country.

Myth and History

Myndos is mentioned by some ancient authors. The respective statements are always brief, which could have been due to the fact that the city was not of great political importance.

Myndos is said to have been founded as a hilltop settlement by Greek settlers from Troizen , whose port was about 50 km by sea from Athens . The city must have had a port early on, possibly 3.5 km from the settlement area on the coast. Consequently, ships were also equipped for armed conflicts.

For example, Herodotus reports on the participation of a trireme on the Persian side in the attempt in 500 BC. To take the island of Naxos. The skipper with the Greco-Carian name Skylax (with the word stem dog about "old dog!" ) Is said to have not set up a ship's watch at night. The dispute over his punishment is said to have been the cause of the Ionian uprising .

At least in the years 453/452 to 421/420 Myndos was a member of the Attic-Delian League . The tribute of 750 drachmas was relatively small. B. could have been because Myndos provided ships instead or had little political importance.

For the sea ​​battle of Aigospotamoi in 405 BC. BC Myndos put (at least) one trireme with the commander Theopompus, who took part on the victorious side of Sparta under Lysander against Athens. In Delphi , a figure ensemble was donated as a reminder of the victory, which also included a statue of Theopompus of Myndos.

The (later) non-Greek-speaking Legian inhabitants escaped in 362 BC. After a resettlement by Maussolos in his government city Halicarnassus , their place of residence was moved directly to the port. The settlement area on the coast was surrounded by a spacious wall. In view of the obviously disproportionately large city gates, the Cynic Diogenes is said to have coined the saying "Men of Myndos, lock your gates so that the city does not run away!" Both cities, "Myndos" ( Greek  Μύνδος ) and "Old Myndos" ( Παλαιά Μύνδος ), could have been inhabited at the same time for a time.

Arrian claims that Alexander the Great got Myndos in 334 BC. Besieged in vain: During the siege of Halicarnassus, Alexander was told that Myndus would surrender if he appeared at its gates at night. He therefore withdrew part of the siege army from Halicarnassus and went to Myndos. The Myndians did not surrender, but defended the city with reinforcement troops from Halicarnassus brought in by sea. Alexander had a tower on the city wall undermined, which caused it to collapse, but the wall held up. Thereupon Alexander left. Only in the following year 333 BC Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Alessandros managed to capture the city.

In 308 BC Ptolemy I used the port of the city and it stayed in the 3rd century BC. Mostly Ptolemaic.

From 200 BC The influence of the Ptolemies in the Aegean region gradually declined. In the course of the Fifth Syrian War and the Second Macedonian-Roman War taking place at the same time , Myndos moved away from the sphere of influence of Egypt . It was in 197 BC. By Rhodes , an ally of Rome , militarily against attacks by Antiochus III. Protected from Persia . In a peace treaty between Miletus and Magnesia , Myndos is 196 BC. Mentioned as an ally of Rhodes.

During this time the place name of Myndos is mentioned in the Deuterocanonical 1st Book of the Maccabees of the Old Testament: A Roman letter of protection for the Jews is described, which was addressed to various kings and countries, including a. a. Myndos, Caria, Halicarnass. ( 1 Makk 15.23  EU )

Myndos was founded in 133 BC. Conquered by Aristonikos ; his father had bequeathed his kingdom (including Caria with Myndos) to Rome in his will. In the course of Aristonikos' suppression by Rome, Myndos was incorporated into the Roman province of Asia Minor .

43 BC Chr. Took Cassius , one of Caesar Killer , the port of Myndos for the preparation of an invasion of the island of Rhodes, Brutus was preparing a campaign in Lycia. Myndos was then temporarily placed under the Rhodian administration by Marcus Antonius , the winner of the dispute (probably in order to be able to collect money from there as reparation for the war damage).

Myndos had a larger Jewish community and was the seat of a Christian bishop in Byzantine times.

Coins

Silver, drachma. Middle of the 2nd century BC From 1996 Myndos-Hoard CH 9.522.
Silver hemidrachm. approx. 150-100 BC From CH 8.481

Coins from Myndos are documented from the second century BC. In addition to the indication of origin ( ΜΥΝΔΙΩΝ ) and the name of a magistrate, the depiction of the headdress of the Egyptian goddess Isis (sun disk with horns, two feathers on it) or a winged bundle of lightning ( thunderbolt , as a symbol for Zeus ) on the lapel as well as the depiction of a deity are characteristic (Head of Zeus or Serapis , Apollon , Dionysus , also Athene and Artemis ) on the obverse . Some of the coins were found as hoards :

year Location Catalog from Myndos when closed
1888 at Bodrum IGCH 1352 6 drachmas 2nd-1st Century BC Chr.
1934 in Caria CH 8,485 91 Drachmen, 8 Hemidrachmen, 71 Trihemi Oboli approx. 100 BC Chr.?
1987 unknown CH 8,481 188 hemidrachms approx. 100 BC Chr.
1989 unknown CH 8,482 22 drachmas approx. 100 BC Chr.
1985 unknown CH 8,495 5 drachms, 39 hemidrachms approx. 100-75 BC Chr.
1996 unknown CH 9.522 approx. 300 drachmas around the middle of the 2nd century BC Chr.
On the approx. 730 coins mentioned above there are 46 names of magistrates:
A. Aigyptus, Alexandros, Amphictyon, Apollodorus, Apollonios, Artemes
D. Damo, Damogenes, Demetrios, Demopeithes, Demophon, Diodoros, Dion, Drakon
E. Epigonus, Etearchus, Exekes
H Hermogenes, Hermolykos, Herodorus, Hestiaios, Hierocles
K Callicles, Callistratus
M. Menedemos, Menestratos, Menodoros, Menodotos, Menoites ?, Menophilos, Metrodorus, Moiragenes
N Nicocles
P Peithias, Pheraios, Philippos, Philon, Pro [.] On
S. Sostratos, Straton, Symmachos
T Taurion, Theainetus, Theodoros, Theodotos, Theocles

The occurrence of the double ax is remarkable, here as an attribute of a main god of the Carians, whom the Greeks called Ζεὺς Στράτιος (the warlike god of the sky). The production of Myndian silver coins ceased at the latest by 49 BC. Chr. Set. However, Roman Imperial bronze coins with the inscription ΜΥΝΔΙΩΝ have been found.

Diocese

In the ranking of the dignitaries of the Eastern Church, Myndos is listed among the last five of the Eparchy of Karia and three or four places after Halicarnassus.

For the years 431 AD and 451 AD, bishops from Myndos are noted as participants in the acts of the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon : Archelaos of Myndos and Alphios of Myndos. For the years 680 AD in Constantinople (III) and 787 AD in Nicaea (II) there is a Joannes episc. Mindi listed.

In the Roman Catholic Church, the title Bishop of Myndos (as titular bishop ) has been awarded since 1729 .

archeology

The scientific and archaeological exploration of the area of ​​today's city of Gümüşlük began with travel reports and the like. a. by Charles Thomas Newton , John Linton Myres and William Roger Paton in the 19th century. Systematic excavations took place in Myndos from 2004: first by the Museum of Underwater Archeology in Bodrum, from 2006 by the University of Bursa under the direction of Prof. Mustafa Şahin. The University of Hamburg took part with geophysical investigations from 2011 to 2014. The research work was stopped in 2015 after local political disputes.

Legian wall

The so-called Legic Wall stretches across the ridge of the Kocadağ Peninsula, which separates the northern part of the port from the Aegean Sea. Şahin describes the 2.75 m thick wall as "built from larger, less regular, polygonal blocks of hard stone using drywall technology" without a foundation and thus as a Cyclopean wall of type III according to NC Loader. This technique is found mainly in Boeotia and the Argolida , which creates a relationship with Troizen. A lower part of the wall is partly covered with later fortifications. Overall, it encloses a possible settlement area with rock depressions, which presumably originate from houses, as well as traces of rock stairs. Şahin suspects the location of Old Myndos, which GE Bean and JM Cook (and others) suspected on the gray mountain Bozdağ about 3.5 km inland , because there are remains of "Lelegic" settlement as well as a quarry there Signs of historical (silver) mining. Other parts of the city wall, for example on the eastern corner (there is also a tower there), date from the time of the Maussolos and are made of granite using pseudo-isodomeric technology.

Rabbit Island ( Tavşan Adası )

View of the Hare Island (Tavşan Adası) excavations visible

Excavations in 2009 and 2011 uncovered parts of a three-aisled basilica . In the middle nave, an ornamental mosaic floor from the 5th century AD is well preserved. In the northern section of this basilica there were twelve early Byzantine tombs with small grave goods, including coins from the 8th century and fragments of a marble frieze with a hunting scene with horse and lion. A grave was found that only contained eight skulls, in one of which two 6 to 8 cm long nails were driven. It is believed that the head was displayed after the execution and that the nails served as a fixture for it. They could possibly be Christian martyrs. The excavations suggest that the church was used until it was destroyed by an earthquake in the 12th century, but was then not repaired and abandoned.

Nearby, rectangular depressions that are interpreted as cisterns were found , as well as a kitchen area with terracotta tiles and a tandoor oven.

In addition, a U-shaped, badly damaged altar was discovered to the west, which "towers" over the harbor; its exterior may have originally been covered with marble slabs.

A marble block found in 2013 bears an inscription from Marcus Ulpius Traianus to Apollon Archegetes. The named Marcus Ulpis Traianus could be the later Emperor Trajan or his father of the same name , who was proconsul of the province of Asia in 79-80 AD. Accordingly, there was already an Apollon Archegetes temple on Rabbit Island in pre-Christian times, which was later converted into a church and continued to be used.

Rabbit Island is connected to the mainland by a wall that was not originally built underwater.

Underwater finds

In the underwater museum in Bodrum, some finds from the port of Myndos are on display. These include Mycenaean terracota fragments, a part of a kouros , a Hellenistic grave slab and parts with Greco-Roman inscriptions. Intact amphorae from around the 4th century were also recovered.

In the water around the Hare Island ( Tavşan Adası ) there are "dense masses of architecture" including ceramic and amphorae fragments in large numbers and at least one stone cannonball. Architectural parts (stone blocks, partly marble) lie on the shards. It is believed that the buildings on the bank were destroyed by one or more earthquakes and that the parts of the building slipped into the water. At the port entrance, near the breakwater, some of which protrudes from the water, there are large quantities of amphorae fragments and randomly distributed stone blocks (up to 18 m deep).

On the opposite side of the harbor entrance there is a harbor mole , from which a chain could possibly be stretched to the Hare Island to block the harbor entrance. The date of construction is dated to the 5th century BC. Estimated.

Water sanctuary

A sighting excavation in the plain northeast of the port, in which the center of the ancient city is suspected, brought among other things a water pipe to light. The pipes lie on specially laid, processed stone blocks and are surrounded by a thick layer of plaster. The aqueduct possibly ends at the so-called harbor church, in which an older water sanctuary is suspected because fragments of orientalizing ceramics were found in it, dating from the period between 740 and 700 BC. Were dated. There is an at least partially intact mosaic under marble tiles. An older stone block with an inscription was reused as a doorstep. The inscription is a decree of honor from the 2nd century BC. For judges from Myndos who were sent to Stratonikeia (approx. 80 km away). For the first time, the name of the city can be found in Myndos.

Imperial baths

Map of the port of Myndos with details of the location of ancient walls and ruins

In the plain northeast of the port are the ruins of a Byzantine bath (hamam). The northern boundary of the 19 m long and 6 m wide part of the building forms a 7.30 m high, vaulted apse . The formerly existing marble wall cladding was removed and burned to lime in a kiln that was conveniently built in the western part of the building. Remnants of the wall paneling can still be seen. The smallest fragments of floor mosaics and waterproof plaster were also found. About 100 m to the southwest are the remains of a 16 m long and 14 m wide church, which was built on the foundations and with building material from an earlier temple (possibly for Dionysus).

Rock tombs

The eastern necropolis extends over an area of ​​200 hectares. The area is largely privately owned and partly overbuilt by today's city. There are graves sunk into the rock, e.g. As with the spoils incorporated into a garden wall altars.

During road construction work in 2005, three untouched rock graves were discovered and uncovered with a rescue excavation. The objects found ( unguentaries made of glass and terracotta as well as a terracotta lamp ) allowed the dating to the 1st century AD.

During construction work on the road to Yalıkavak in 2010, a grave complex with Hellenistic rock graves was discovered in the area of ​​the eastern necropolis and partially destroyed. After the end (!) Of the construction work, a rescue excavation was carried out under Emel Özkan (Bodrum Underwater Museum) in 2013, which resulted in unspecified ceramic parts and jewelry. The graves were closed again and covered with asphalt so that the road could be opened again. Özkan was attacked by politicians for this.

Row of columns

The British Admiralty's (UK Hydrographic Office) map No. 1573 from 1837 shows a series of 52 pillar bases next to the stadium. At least seven of them can still be seen in the area (75 cm diameter, 1.85 m distance). As early as 1857, Newton reported that the stadium was still visible, but had almost disappeared. No excavations have taken place in this area so far. A geophysical survey provided evidence of a theater nearby. The theater could not be exposed due to a lack of funding and political support.

Eklisia

Eklisia Church

In the vicinity of the port there is a former church called "Late Byzantine". Today it is used as an exhibition space for local artists and as a concert hall.

Others

  • According to the ancient writer Athenaios , the Cynic Menippos of Gadara named the city Myndos in the 3rd century BC. A "salt water drinker" ( ἁλμοπότις ), because her wine was mixed with sea water. Due to the way in which the wine is made, the consumption of the drink is said to have not caused a headache, but instead opened the intestines, led to flatulence and helped digestion. Possibly the source from which Menippus (and, through him, Athenaios) got his information about the wine from Myndos was the (no longer preserved) oenological treatise of Rufus of Ephesus . Myndos, together with the nearby town of Halicarnassus, was one of the pioneers of this method of wine treatment, probably because salt production played a special role in the Caria area . From the phase of the late Roman Republic onwards , wine treated with salt water ( οίνος τεθαλασσωμένος ) became fashionable throughout the Roman Empire , especially the Leucocoum called, which was produced on the island of Kos off the Caria coast .
  • In Luna County, New Mexico state, there is a ghost town called Myndus about 30 km east of Deming on the El Paso rail line and Interstate 10 .

Personalities

  • Skylax, triarch under Aristagoras of Miletus and the Persian ally Megabates during the siege of Naxos
  • Theopompus, Nauarch under the Spartan Lysander against Athens in the sea battle at Aegospotami. Alypos made a statue of him.
  • Apollonius , grammarian and / or astrologer
  • Zeno , grammarian
  • Alexander (also Alexandros), Greek author (including the history of the animal world)
  • Alexon , Greek author (mythology) possibly identical to Alexander
  • Eusebios , Neoplatonist, philosopher
  • Pantaleon Demofontos, athletes (wrestlers or pentathletes)
  • Theocles and his son Theogenes and Herophantos, judges
  • Archelaus, bishop, participant in the ec. Council of 431 AD at Ephesus
  • Alphios, bishop, participant in the ec. Council of 451 AD in Chalcedon
  • Joannes ep. Mindi, bishop, participant in the ec. Council 680 AD in Constantinople (III.)
  • Joannes ep. Mindi, bishop, participant in the ec. Council in 787 AD in Nicaea (II.)

credentials

  1. ↑ Pausanias 2,30,7 google books .
  2. ^ A b c Walther Ruge : Myndos 1. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswwissenschaft (RE). Volume XVI, 1, Stuttgart 1933, Col. 1075-1079.
  3. ↑ Herodotus 5:33 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10236269~SZ%3D00072~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  4. ↑ Herodotus: Histories . Ed .: Simon Hornblower. Book V. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, ISBN 978-0-521-70340-6 , pp. 135 (English).
  5. ↑ Björn Paarmann: Aparchai and Phoroi . A New Commented Edition of the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists and Assessment Decrees . Dissertation. Friborg (Suisse) 2007 ( online [PDF; 17.2 MB ]).
  6. ^ Allen Brown West: The Tribute Lists and the Non-Tributary Members of the Delian League . In: The American Historical Review . tape 35 No. 2. Oxford University Press, January 1930, JSTOR : 1837438 .
  7. ^ Henry Stuart Jones : Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture . Macmillan, London / New York 1895, p. 136 ( online [PDF]). ; Pausanias 10,9,7 google books .
  8. ↑ Strabon 13,1,59 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10238315~SZ%3D00050~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  9. ↑ Diogenes Laertios 6.57 in the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dapeltdiogeneslaertios1sub~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn311~ double-sided%3D~LT%3DInternet%20Archive~PUR%3D .
  10. ↑ Pliny , Naturalis historia 5,107 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10217965~SZ%3D00271~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  11. ↑ Arrian , Anabasis 1,20,5–7 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10238934~SZ%3D00071~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  12. ↑ Arrian, Anabasis 2,5,7 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10238934~SZ%3D00109~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  13. ↑ Diodorus 20,37,1 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10235740~SZ%3D00087~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  14. ^ Karl Julius Beloch : Greek History . 2nd Edition. IV 2. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1927, DNB  456064354 , XVIII, p. 336 ff ., § 156 (in the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dgriechischegeschv4p2belo~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn336~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3DInternet%20Archive~PUR%3D ). .
  15. ^ Livius , Ab urbe condita 33, 20, 11 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10245777~SZ%3D00366~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  16. ^ Albert Rehm : Contract with Magnesia am Meander, N. 148 . In: Theodor Wiegand (Ed.): Milet. Results of excavations and investigations since 1899 . Volume I Issue 3. Berlin 1914 ( Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dmiletergebnissed13staa~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D217~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3DInternet%20Archive~PUR%3D ). .
  17. ↑ Florus 1,35,4 (or 2.20) in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10247786~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  18. ↑ Appian , Bellum civile 4.65 to 77 in the MDChttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10234755~SZ%3D00442~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  19. ^ Appian, bellum civile 5.7 in the MDZhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10234755~SZ%3D00506~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dim%20MDZ~PUR%3D .
  20. ^ Sebastian Heath and Andrew Meadows: Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. International Numismatic Council, accessed September 1, 2016 .
  21. ↑ Ute Wartenberg, Martin Jessop Price and Kaelyn A. McGregor (eds.): Greek Hoards (=  Coin Hoards . Volume 8 ). 1994, OCLC 83916334 .
  22. ^ Andrew Meadows and Ute Wartenberg (eds.): Greek Hoards (=  Coin Hoards . Volume 9 ). 2002, ISBN 0-901405-63-9 .
  23. ↑ B. Zabel and AR Meadows: The 'Myndos' 1996 hoard (CH 9. 522) . In: Greek Hoards (=  Coin Hoards . Vol. 9). 2002, ISBN 978-0-901405-63-0 , pp. 299 ff . (at academia.edu ).
  24. ^ Eduard Meyer : History of antiquity . 8th edition. tape 1 Section 2 Third Book. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1965, p. 713 (at zeno.org ).
  25. ^ Lucia Francesca Carbone: Money and Power: The Disappearance of Autonomous Silver Issues in the Roman Province of Asia. (PDF; 40.1MB) In: OMNI n ° 8. November 2014, pp. 10–34 , accessed on September 9, 2016 (English).
  26. ^ Bronze Coin, Myndus, AD 211 - AD 217. 1974.110.2. In: Mantis. Retrieved September 9, 2016 .
  27. ↑ Notitiae Episcopatuum: I 346, III 300, VIII 398, IX 308, X 414, XIII 264 at google bookshttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DWIpdAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPR08~ double-sided%3D~LT%3Dgoogle%20books~PUR%3D
  28. ↑ a b Mansi IV 1158 and 1215 in HathiTrust
  29. ↑ a b Mansi VII 125 and 187/188 at HathiTrust
  30. ↑ a b c Mansi XI 211/212 and 858 at HathiTrust and Mansi XII 997/998 at fscire.it
  31. ^ William Roger Paton: Excavations in Caria - Myndos Peninsula . In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . tape 8 , 1887, p. 66 ( in the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Djournalofhelleni08soci~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D66~ double-sided%3D1~LT%3Dim%20Internet%20Archive~PUR%3D ).
  32. ^ William Roger Paton, John Linton Myres: Karian Sites and Inscriptions . In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . tape 16 , 1896, pp. 188-271 ( on the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Djournalofhelleni16soci~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D188~ double-sided%3D1~LT%3Dim%20Internet%20Archive~PUR%3D ).
  33. ↑ a b c Mustafa Şahin: Myndos - a Carian port city on the west coast of Asia Minor . In: Ancient World . 45th year, issue 6. von Zabern, 2014, ISSN  0003-570X , p. 46 ff . ( online as pdf ).
  34. ↑ Martina Seifert: Geophysical prospection: Myndos / Turkey. Retrieved August 28, 2016 .
  35. ^ NN .: Excavation stops because of a parked caravan. (No longer available online.) In: Hürriyet Daily News. July 1, 2008, archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; accessed on September 5, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hurriyetdailynews.com
  36. ↑ NN .: Myndos kazılarının yeniden başlamasını talep ettiler. In: Yeni Asır. Retrieved September 5, 2016 (Turkish).
  37. ↑ Mustafa Şahin: Old Myndos: Some considerations on localization and city walls . In: Frank Rumscheid (Ed.): The Karer and the Others . Habelt, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3632-4 , pp. 503-515 ( academia.edu ).
  38. ^ Nancy Claire Loader: The definition of cyclopean: An investigation into the origins of the LH III fortications on mainland Greece . Thesis. Durham University 1995 ( [1] [2] ).
  39. ^ GE Bean - JM Cook: The Halicarnassus Peninsula . In: The Annual of the British School at Athens . Vol. 50, 1955, pp. 85-171 , JSTOR : 30104444 .
  40. ↑ Bahadir Berkaya, Poul Pedersen: Bozdag - an ancient town and marble quarry near Myndos on the Halikarnassos Peninsula . In: Halicarnassian Studies . Vol 5, 2008, pp. 43-51 .
  41. ↑ a b c d Excavation reports from Uldulağ University Bursa: 2004 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr
  42. ↑ a b Excavation reports from Uldulağ University in Bursa: 2009 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 2010 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 2011 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr
  43. ↑ Mustafa Şahin, Serkan Gündüz, Erdogan Aslan: Myndos underwater research - 2006 . In: Çiğdem Özkan Aygün (Ed.): SOMA 2007: Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Mediterranean Archeology . Archeopress, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-1-4073-0382-6 , pp. 337 f . (at academia.edu ).
  44. ^ Mustafa Şahin: The ports of Myndos and their trade relations as reflected in the amphorae finds. A preliminary report . In: Martina Seifert and Leon Ziemer (eds.): Gateways. Hamburg contributions to the archeology and cultural history of the ancient Mediterranean . Aachen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8440-4163-7 , pp. 99-109 (at academia.edu ).
  45. ↑ Oktay Dumankaya: East Habour Mole of Myndos . In: TINA - Türkiye Sualtı Arkeolojisi Vakfı . No. 3 . Istanbul 2015, p. 12 ff . (at academia.edu ).
  46. ↑ excavation reports of Uldulağ University Bursa: 2006 Yılı Kazi Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr
  47. ↑ Derya Sahin: Myndos Mosaics . In: Mustafa Şahin (Ed.): 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics . Istanbul 2011, ISBN 978-6-05560781-4 , pp. 865 ff . ( online [PDF]).
  48. ^ Wolfgang Blümel and Mustafa H. Sayar: Decree of honor from Stratoneika in Myndos . In: Epigraphica Anatolica . No. 44 . Dr. Habelt, Bonn 2011, p. 115-120 ( online [PDF] EA 44 115).
  49. ↑ a b Excavation reports from Uldulağ University in Bursa: 2005 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 13, 2016 ; Retrieved August 28, 2016 (Turkish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / arkeoloji.uludag.edu.tr
  50. ^ NN .: Turkish museum director accused of having 'ISIL mentality'. In: Hürriyet Dayily News. March 17, 2015, accessed on August 18, 2018 .
  51. ↑ Peter Hofmann: Eklisia - Old Church Gümüslük. Retrieved September 9, 2016 .
  52. ↑ Athenaios , Banquet of the Scholars 1,32e and 33b in the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Ddeipnosophistsor01atheuoft~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D54~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3Dim%20Internet%20Archive~PUR%3D
  53. ↑ Roger Brock, Hanneke Wirtjes: Athenaeus on Greek Wine. In: David Braund, John Wilkins (Eds.): Athenaeus and his World. Reading Greek Culture in the Roman Empire. University of Exeter Press, Exeter 2000, pp. 455-465.
  54. ↑ Stavroula Kourakou-Dragona: Vine and Wine in the Ancient Greek World. Foinikas Publications, Athens 2016, ISBN 978-960-6849-51-0 , p. 127 f.
  55. ↑ Stavroula Kourakou-Dragona: Vine and Wine in the Ancient Greek World. Foinikas Publications, Athens 2016, ISBN 978-960-6849-51-0 , pp. 121-135.
  56. ↑ CIG 1590 in the Internet Archivehttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3DGIBMIIVGreekInscriptionsInTheBritishMuseum4VolumesIn1File%2FGIBM%26%2332%3BI-IV%26%2332%3B-%26%2332%3BGreek%26%2332%263BInscriptions % 2332% 3Bin% 26% 2332% 3Bthe% 26% 2332% 3BBritish% 26% 2332% 3BMuseum% 26% 2332% 3B% 284% 26% 2332% 3Bvolumes% 26% 2332% 3Bin% 26% 2332% 3B1% 26 % 2332% 3Bfile% 29 ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3Dn233 ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3DInternet% 20Archive ~ PUR% 3D
  57. ↑ Klaus Hallof (transl.): Honorary decree for judges from Myndos. In: Inscriptiones Graecae. Retrieved August 28, 2016 (gr-de). (= IG XII 6.1.95)

Coordinates: 37 ° 3 ′ 11 ″  N , 27 ° 14 ′ 0 ″  E