Persian racing rat

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Persian racing rat
Meriones persicus.jpg

Persian racing rat ( Meriones persicus )

Systematics
Family : Long-tailed mice (Muridae)
Subfamily : Gerbils (Gerbillinae)
Tribe : Gerbillini
Sub tribus : Rhombomyina
Genre : Racing rats ( meriones )
Type : Persian racing rat
Scientific name
Meriones persicus
( Blanford , 1875)

The Persian racing rat ( Meriones persicus ) is a type of gerbil belonging to the racing rats and was described in 1875 by William Thomas Blanford as Gerbillus persicus . It is distributed in several subspecies over Iran and Afghanistan as well as over adjacent areas of Pakistan , Turkmenistan , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Turkey and Iraq . It is also kept as a pet .

The body of this medium to large racing rat usually measures 132 to 185 millimeters, the very long tail 136 to 190 millimeters, and it usually weighs 75 to 172 grams. Their soft fur is colored yellow-brown to red-brown on the upper side and white on the underside. The tail has a thick tassel in the rear third . The habitat of the Persian racing rat are mountain slopes and highland steppes. It prefers stony subsoil, is mainly crepuscular and nocturnal and feeds on plant seeds and other plant parts.

Outwardly, the Persian racing rat differs from the royal racing rat by its softer fur, completely white underside, the usually more than full-length tail and the more pronounced tail tassel, from other racing rats such as the tamarisk racing rat by the completely hairless soles of the feet. It also differs from the externally similar Tristram racing rat by the clearer over-eye spot, the lack of lightening under the eye, the greater ear length and the greater length of the hind foot. In contrast to the bush-tailed gerbil , the rear sole balls are smaller.

Persian racing rat, Persian gerbil and Persian gerbil are used as German trivial names .

anatomy

Body measurements

Body measurements of three adult male specimens from Oltu, Turkey

The Persian racing rat is a medium to large, strong and heavily built, but elegant racing rat. Their tail is usually longer than the body and can reach almost one and a half times its length. The hind paws are also comparatively long and narrow, while the front paws are significantly shorter. The auricles are the largest of all racing rats and are comparatively upright. In Transcaucasia, clear differences in size were found between different populations. Males are larger and heavier than females.

In a number of specimens from Armenia, northern Iran and Turkey, the head-trunk length was 132 to 185 millimeters and an average of 162.6 millimeters, the tail length 136 to 190 millimeters and an average of 167.2 millimeters, the hind foot length 30, 0 to 45.0 millimeters and an average of 38.6 millimeters and the ear length 19.4 to 27.0 millimeters and an average of 23.3 millimeters. The body weight was 75 to 172 grams and an average of 119.5 grams. At 17.6 percent, the proportion of specimens weighing over 150 grams in Armenia was low. The tail length was 80.0 to 128.0 percent of the head-trunk length and an average of 102.7 percent of this length. In 62 percent of the specimens, the tail was longer than the body. In human care, the Persian racing rat usually reaches a body weight of 120 to 180 grams.

Fur and color

The fur of the Persian racing rat is soft, dense and fine. The coat color varies individually and depending on the subspecies on top from yellow-brown to strong red-brown with different proportions of black hair tips, which give the coat a speckled appearance. In the middle the back is darker. Specimens in dry areas are rather dark and the coat color becomes generally lighter towards the north. In the desert regions of Mesopotamia the back is pale yellow, in the Kurdish mountains it is reddish brown, in Turkmenistan it is light and in the east of Afghanistan it is dark. In eastern Turkey, the males are yellow-brown in the middle of the back and the females are dark brown. Other coat characteristics are the same in males and females. At 13 millimeters on the shoulder, 17 millimeters on the torso and 10 millimeters on the stomach, the silky soft hair is long. The hairs on the top are ash gray at the base and have fine, black tips, while those on the underside are white to the root.

The head is usually no overall lighter than the back, but there is often a prominent white spot on the top or back of the eye and a tuft of white hair behind each ear. The ears are less pigmented than those of the royal racing rat and are halfway translucent. Inside they are covered with light gray hair and outside with fine, light brown hair. The stiff hair on the edge is white. The forehead is the same color as the back, but a little more matt. The cheeks are darkened grayish below the ears, otherwise they are lightened and pale yellow-brown. The sides of the body can also be slightly lightened. They are usually pale yellow-brown or rust-colored-yellow-brown in dark specimens and may have a clear, yellow-brown-orange stripe. The distinctive transition between the fur on the top and the bottom runs along the cheeks and sides of the body, which is particularly pronounced in dark specimens. The upper part of the limbs corresponds in color to the sides of the body, while the lower part, the insides, the front paws, the upper side of the hind paws, the upper lips and the underside of the body are pure white. Like the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet are completely hairless. The front half and the underside of the toes are light. The back half from the middle of the sole to the heel is usually black-brown, but the subspecies Meriones persicus suschkini lacks the blackish heel color.

The tail, which is thickly haired throughout, is clearly two-colored and differently colored depending on the subspecies. The color of the upper side corresponds to that of the back and is covered in varying degrees with black hairs that usually form a black stripe. The underside is more or less light, from grayish-white to rust-colored. In eastern Turkey, the front half of the tail is weakly covered with black hairs and the underside is white to yellow-brown. The hair on the rear half of the tail becomes increasingly longer, reaching a length of 25 to 27 millimeters and forming a thick tassel at the end , which, unlike the royal racing rat, is formed on the sides as well as on the top. Except on the underside, where it is less long, this tassel takes up a third of the tail. The tassel is therefore the largest of all racing rats. It is least developed in specimens in Transcaucasia. It is ash gray to gray-brown, red-brown or black in color. In some specimens the extreme tip of the tail is white, in others it is black-brown.

Other external features

The whiskers on the head of the Persian racing rat are very long. Unlike most racing rats, there are cheek hairs. The upper lip canal hairs usually measure 53 to 60 millimeters and up to 90 millimeters. As is typical for rodents that prefer stony ground, the whisker hairs on the wrist are well developed and the front hairs surround almost the entire palm. The back balls of the sole are small, the four balls of the toes are large and horny. The claws are white or pale horn-colored. They are 3.5 to 3.9 millimeters long on the front feet and 3.6 to 4.5 millimeters on the hind feet. The females of the Persian racing rat have eight teats . In a male the sebum gland in the middle of the abdomen was 19 millimeters long and 6 millimeters wide and in a female it was 13 millimeters long and 3 millimeters wide.

skull

Skull dimensions of three adult male specimens from Oltu
Molar tooth dimensions of three adult, male specimens from Oltu

The skull of the Persian racing rat is strongly built and resembles that of the Tristram racing rat. The snout is greatly elongated compared to the skull. It is less arched and longer than the royal racing rat. The front tip of the comparatively straight nasal bones protrudes further beyond the incisors than this and is blunt. At the back the nasal bones do not reach the level of the tear bones .

Compared to the Tristram racing rat, the skull is narrower across the zygomatic arches . These diverge only slightly, are less widened at the back and in some specimens are almost parallel to each other. The posterior zygomatic arch root is shifted further back than in the Tristram racing rat and the anterior one is enlarged in the side view. The orbital shield of the zygomatic arches is small, the under-eye hole is wider than that of the royal racing rat, and the masseter hump is well developed. The zygomatic plate protrudes less forward than in the royal racing rat and its front edge is straight and runs vertically, or it is more arched and offset backwards at the bottom. In contrast to all other racing rats, the front, upper edge of the zygomatic mandrel is curved outwards, but less than that of the bush-tailed gerbil.

The skull, which is shortened compared to the snout, is narrower than the zygomatic arches, not very deep, not flat, but rounded, and more arched at the back than in the royal racing rat. The skull falls backwards at the level of the parietal bone and the parietal bone. In the side view, the raised skull looks more pear-shaped and at the back it is less shortened than in the royal racing rat. In the top view, the front bones are enlarged, the parietal bones are shifted backwards and the crown seam running between them forms a straight line. The parietal bone is moderately large, egg-shaped or almost egg-shaped. Most of the median line of the supraoccipital is located behind the posterior tip of the skull. Except for the temporal, lambda and mastoid ridges that are pronounced in adult animals, bone ridges are only weakly developed. The supraorbital ridges are not very extensive and hardly reach the parietal bones.

The poorly developed ear capsules, which are not inflated in the front of the auditory canal, as in the Tristram racing rat, are significantly smaller than in the royal racing rat , shorter than the toothless gap between the incisors and molars and are therefore among the smallest of the racing rats. In the territory of the former Soviet Union, they become larger towards the east, and they are largest in Turkmenistan. In the top view, their mastoid part can hardly be seen. The mastoid chamber does not extend beyond the articular processes of the occiput and the paroccipital process of the occiput is visible in the side view over the entire length of the chamber. The egg-shaped or front indented Foveola suprameatica is small, as in the royal racing rat , and closed at the back and thus smaller than in the tristram racing rat. The outer bony ear canal is greatly elongated and its upper edge, unlike in the tamarisk racing rat, is hardly separated from the edge of the ear capsules. Its front margin is not thickened and protrudes laterally almost as far as the posterior zygomatic arch root, but does not touch the zygomatic arch. The hammer and anvil are hidden in the middle behind a well-developed, bony outgrowth of the tympanic bone lying above the hammer handle and eardrum . There is no secondary eardrum .

The egg-shaped incisor holes are never shorter than the upper row of teeth, but due to the long, toothless gap, they do not reach back to it. The posterior palatal holes are narrow, the wing bone is long, and the interpterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone is triangular. There is no alisphenoid bar . Although the last molar is shortened, the upper row of teeth is longer than that of other racing rats. The lower jaw is characteristic of racing rats with small hearing capsules and has no special features compared to that of the Tristram racing rat. It is delicate and the branches of the lower jaw are wide. The muscle process is poorly developed, comparatively heavy and the angular process is also delicate. The tooth socket process is quite small and, unlike in the tamarisk racing rat, is at the level of the lower jaw incision or in front of it. The edge of the masseter is very short and only extends to the second enamel plate of the first lower molar.

In a number of specimens from Armenia, northern Iran and Turkey, the condylobasal length was 34.3 to 41.4 millimeters and an average of 37.7 millimeters, the zygomatic width 19.3 to 23.5 millimeters and an average of 21.3 millimeters , the ear capsule length 10.0 to 14.4 millimeters and an average of 11.6 millimeters and the upper row length 5.9 to 6.9 millimeters and an average of 6.3 millimeters. In three males from eastern Turkey, the occipitonasal length averaged 43.2 millimeters, the condylobasal length 39.3 millimeters, the basal length 37.1 millimeters, the nasal length 17.4 millimeters, the zygomatic width 22.5 millimeters, the interorbital width 7, 3 millimeters, the skull width 17.7 millimeters and the mastoid width 13.4 millimeters. The average length of the ear capsule was 12.7 millimeters, the palatal length 19.9 millimeters, the cleft palate length 7.7 millimeters, the diastema length 12.5 millimeters, the upper row of teeth 6.3 millimeters, the lower row of teeth 6.5 millimeters and the mandible length 23, 7 millimeters. The first upper molar was on average 2.7 millimeters long, the second 1.7 millimeters and the third 0.8 millimeters. The first lower molar was on average 2.5 millimeters long, the second 1.7 millimeters and the third 0.9 millimeters. The zygomatic width is 51.7 to 60.1 percent and an average of 56.6 percent of the condylobasal length, the brain skull width 52.6 to 57.8 percent and an average of 55.2 percent of the condylobasal length and the brain skull height through the auditory capsules 38.0 to 45 .3 percent and an average of 40.5 percent of the condylobasal length. At an average of 30.6 percent of the length, the length of the ear capsule is usually less than a third as long as the condylobasal length.

Digestive tract

1 · 0 · 0 · 3  =  16
1 · 0 · 0 · 3
Persian racing rat tooth formula

The upper incisor teeth of the Persian racing rat form a less pronounced acute angle with the skull axis than that of the king racing rat and are somewhat stronger than those of the tristram racing rat. The enamel of their front is colored yellow to orange with a single furrow. The molars do not differ much from those of the king rat or the tristram rat in any characteristic. The first upper molar has three roots , the second has two roots, and the third has one root.

The ratio of intestinal length to body length in the Persian racing rat is 4.6 to 1. The small intestine makes up 67 percent of the intestinal length, the large intestine 19 percent and the appendix 14 percent of the length. The increase in volume of the appendix due to the ampulla coli is small. The colonic spiral has two turns. A gallbladder is present and the square lobe of the liver is poorly developed.

penis

The penis of the Persian racing rat is stick-shaped and has no special features. The papillae in the mouth crater of the urethra are simply built and correspond to the original characteristics of the racing rats. The upper papillae are not creased, the lower ones are narrow and have two points. The glans is cylindrical.

The penis bone consists of three cartilaginous parts distant from the body and an ossified part close to the body, the actual penis bone. This consists of a stick-shaped shaft and a pentagonal base, the edge of which is rounded near the body. In two specimens from eastern Turkey, the length of the actual penile bone was 4.4 millimeters and its width at the base 2.1 and 2.6 millimeters.

Body function

The metabolism of the Persian racing rat is subject to seasonal changes. The metabolic rate is highest in autumn and winter and lowest in spring and summer. The hemoglobin concentration in the blood and the basal metabolic rate are subject to marked fluctuations. The upper critical temperature , on the other hand, is usually 35 degrees Celsius all year round, but a critical temperature of only 25 degrees Celsius was determined in autumn. The oxygen consumption is lowest in spring and autumn and lowest in the summer on.

genetics

The karyotype of the Persian racing rat has 42 chromosomes in a double set of chromosomes . This value, which is low for racing rats, is presumably the same across all populations. As with most racing rats, the two-armed chromosomes outweigh the one-armed ones and the number of chromosome arms varies from 74 to 78. In specimens from eastern Turkey, 17 pairs of autosomes are meta- or submetacentric and three pairs are acrocentric . The sex chromosomes are submetacentric and medium-sized. The Y chromosome is not much smaller than the X chromosome.

Reproduction

The breeding period of the Persian racing rat is mainly season-dependent and falls into the warmer season as an adaptation to the harsh winters of the higher elevations. In Turkmenistan, it begins in March, when up to 20 percent of all females are pregnant , and peaks in May with 30 to 50 percent of pregnant females. In the south of Transcaucasia, the breeding season depends heavily on the climate. In the arid subtropics, it has its peak with 30 percent pregnant females in March and ends in May to August. In the mountain steppes it is strongly elongated with 25 percent pregnant females in May, June and July. In the semi-arid foothills, their peak is with 31 percent and 22 percent pregnant females in March and April. Occasionally pregnant females can also be found in the subtropical and semi-arid areas in autumn. In Azerbaijan, the peak of reproduction falls between May and June with up to 39 percent pregnant females, but the Persian racing rat sometimes reproduces there in winter as well. In Pakistan, reproduction begins in April and ends in summer. No pregnant females were caught on an expedition to Iran from August to January. However, young or half-grown animals could be found in August, September, October, November and January. In human care, the reproductive period also sometimes extends into winter.

The gestation period of the Persian racing rat is usually around 28 days, but only 22 days have been observed in human care. Usually two and no more than three litters are born in a year . In human care, however, up to five litters can be raised in a year. The interval between births is on average 51.5 days and at least 24 days. The litter size is usually four to five young and is larger in the north than in the south. In Turkmenistan, for example, four to eleven young animals, in Afghanistan two to eight young animals and in Hazar Ganji National Park in Pakistan an average of 3.46 young animals per litter were determined based on the number of embryos or uterine scars . In contrast, pregnant females often gave birth to only two young in Pakistan. In specimens kept in human care, an average of 4.02 young animals per litter were counted.

In the year of their birth, the young themselves hardly contribute to reproduction. Based on the number of embryos, a maximum population increase of 347 percent from spring to autumn was calculated in southwest Azerbaijan.

Distribution and fossil finds

distribution

The distribution area of the Persian racing rat extends over the Iranian highlands in Iran and Afghanistan as well as over adjacent areas of Pakistan , Turkmenistan , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Turkey and Iraq .

In Iran, it is absent in the forests on the Caspian Sea and in the monsoonal forests of the south coast. In Pakistan it is only widespread west of the Indus in Balochistan and in southern Waziristan . In Turkmenistan, it occurs from the Karabil and Badchys Heights westward over the Kopet-Dag to the Great and Lesser Balkans , in years of high population density north to the southern and eastern slopes of the Turkmenbaşy plateau . In Transcaucasia , its distribution area extends from the Talysh Highlands in Azerbaijan westward over the southeastern foothills of the Lesser Caucasus , the central reaches of the Macaw and via Nakhichevan to Armavir in southern Armenia. In Turkey it occurs in the northeast and in the southeast on the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris . In northeast Iraq it is limited to the Kurdish mountainous region.

Their distribution area overlaps almost in the entire area with that of the Libyan racing rat and that of the Sundevall racing rat , in the northwest with that of the Tristram racing rat , that of the Azeri racing rat and that of the Armenian racing rat, and in the northeast with that of the midday racing rat and that of the great gerbil . It borders in the northeast on that of the Sarudny racing rat and in the southeast on that of the Indian desert rat .

Fossil finds

Fossil finds of a form close to the Persian racing rat are known from the Northern Iranian Young Pleistocene . In the north-east Iraqi Shanidar Cave , 70 percent of the rodent bones found come from Meriones cf. persicus . Bones and burrows were also found there on the grave of a Neanderthal man (Shanidar IV). The flowers of yarrow , midsummer knapweed , ragweeds , grape hyacinths , marshmallow and of the sea pollen Ephedra altissima, which have been proven by pollen finds and usually considered grave goods, could have been registered by these animals. On the western Iranian Warwasi rock roof , the shape is also by far the most frequently collected rodent with finds from the Moustérien , the Baradostien and the Zarzien . In the northeastern Iraqi Palegawra Cave , their approximately 14,400 year old bones make up 10.8 percent of the mammalian fossils and almost 40 percent of the rodent fossils, and in the northeast Iranian Ali Tepe Cave around 11,400 to 12,400 year old fossil material was found. Holocene , about 3,000 to 4,000 years old material comes from caves on the southern slopes of the Armenian Highlands and from the central Ara Valley about 100 kilometers southeast of Yerevan . Your height has not changed significantly during the entire time.

Additional information

Web links

Commons : Meriones persicus  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Captivity observations on the Persian gerbil ( Meriones persicus persicus Blanford): A contribution to the comparative ethology of rodents . In: Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . tape 8 , no. 3 , 1951, ISSN  1439-0310 , p. 400-423 ( home.arcor.de [PDF; 899 kB ]).
  • Anne Weber: The Persian gerbil: Meriones persicus . Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-86659-047-2 .

Used literature

  • Stéphane Aulagnier, Patrick Haffner, Anthony J. Mitchell-Jones, François Moutou, Jan Zima, Olivier Roth, Hans C. Salzmann: The Mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East . Haupt, Berlin / Stuttgart / Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-258-07506-8 (translation from French).
  • Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London / Ithaca 1980, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 (corrected reprint).
  • Jamshid Darvish: Morphometric comparison of fourteen species of the genus Meriones Illiger, 1811 (Gerbillinae, Rodentia) from Asia and North Africa . In: Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics . tape 5 , no. 1 , 2009, ISSN  1735-434X , p. 59-77 ( profdoc.um.ac.ir [PDF; 662 kB ]).
  • Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Captivity observations on the Persian gerbil ( Meriones persicus persicus Blanford): A contribution to the comparative ethology of rodents . In: Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . tape 8 , no. 3 , 1951, ISSN  1439-0310 , p. 400-423 ( abstract ).
  • G. Eken, M. Sozen, S. Molur: Meriones persicus . In: IUCN 2010 (Ed.): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4 . ( iucnredlist.org ).
  • Eckhard Grimmberger, Klaus Rudloff, Christian Kern: Atlas of the mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East . Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86659-090-8 .
  • Igor Michailowitsch Gromow, Margarita Alexandrovna Jerbajewa: Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий. (Зайцеобразные и грызуны) [The mammals of Russia and neighboring areas. Rabbits and rodents] . Russian Academy of Sciences (Zoological Institute), Saint Petersburg 1995 ( zoometod.narod.ru ( Memento of March 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive )).
  • David Lakin Harrison, Paul Jeremy James Bates: The Mammals of Arabia . 2nd Edition. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks (England) 1991, ISBN 0-9517313-0-0 .
  • Jerry D. Hassinger: A survey of the mammals of Afghanistan resulting from the 1965 Street Expedition (excluding bats) . In: Fieldiana Zoology . tape 60 , 1973, ISSN  0015-0754 , pp. 1-195 ( BHL : 21042 ).
  • Erwin J. Hentschel, Günther H. Wagner: Dictionary of Zoology . 7th edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House (Elsevier), Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1479-2 .
  • Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík: Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus. Rodentia II: Cricetinae, Muridae, Spalacidae, Calomyscidae, Capromyidae, Hystricidae, Castoridae . Primorska University, Koper 2009, ISBN 978-961-6732-11-6 .
  • Douglas M. Lay: A study of the mammals of Iran resulting from the Street Expedition of 1962-63 . In: Fieldiana Zoology . tape 54 , 1967, ISSN  0015-0754 , pp. 1-282 ( BHL : 20928 ).
  • Mark David Merlin: Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the Old World . In: Economic Botany . tape 57 , no. 3 , 2003, ISSN  0013-0001 , p. 295-323 , doi : 10.1663 / 0013-0001 (2003) 057 [0295: AEFTTO] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  • Nikolai Pawlowitsch Naumow, WS Lobachev: Ecology of desert rodents of the USSR (jerboas and gerbils) . In: Ishwar Prakash, Pulak K. Ghosh (Eds.): Rodents in Desert Environments . Dr. W. Junk, The Hague 1975, ISBN 90-6193-080-4 , pp. 465-598 .
  • Jochen Niethammer: Wühler . In: Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimek's Enzyklopädie Säugetiere. tape 5 , p. 206-265 (eleven volume licensed edition, 1988).
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
  • Pavel Alexandrovich Panteleev: Грызуны Палеарктики: Состав и ареалы / The Rodents of the Palaearctic: Composition and Areas . Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 1998.
  • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pavlinow, Ju. A. Dubrowski, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo, Je. G. Potapowa : Песчанки мировой фауны [gerbils of the world] . Nauka, Moscow 1990, ISBN 5-02-005350-3 .
  • Rudolf Piechocki: Family Wühler . In: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Martin Eisentraut, Hans-Albrecht Freye, Bernhard Grzimek, Heini Hediger, Dietrich Heinemann, Helmut Hemmer, Adriaan Kortlandt, Hans Krieg, Erna Mohr, Rudolf Piechocki, Urs Rahm, Everard J. Slijper, Erich Thenius ( Ed.): Grzimeks Tierleben: Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom . Eleventh volume: Mammals 2. Kindler, Zurich 1969, p. 301-344 .
  • Thomas J. Roberts: Field Guide to the Small Mammals of Pakistan . Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2005, ISBN 0-19-579565-2 .
  • Günter Schmidt: Hamsters, guinea pigs, mice and other rodents . 2nd Edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8001-7147-3 .
  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow, LN Skurat: A specific midventral gland in gerbils . In: Nature . tape 211 , 1966, ISSN  0028-0836 , pp. 544-545 , doi : 10.1038 / 211544a0 .
  • Priscilla F. Turnbull: The mammalian fauna of Warsawi rock shelter, west-central Iran . In: Fieldiana Geology . tape 33 , no. 8 , 1975, ISSN  0096-2651 , pp. 141-155 ( BHL : 25285 ).
  • Priscilla F. Turnbull, Charles A. Reed: The fauna from the terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave . In: Fieldiana Anthropology . tape 63 , no. 3 , 1974, ISSN  0071-4739 , pp. 81-146 ( BHL : 25102 ).
  • Anne Weber: The Persian gerbil: Meriones persicus . Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-86659-047-2 .
  • NK Vereschtschagin: The Mammals of the Caucasus: A History of the Evolution of the Fauna . Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1967 ( BHL : 100193 - First edition: 1959, translation from Russian).
  • I. A. Volodin, O. G. Iltschenko, S. W. Popow: Песчанки: содержание и демография популяций разных видов в неволе [gerbils: keeping and population development of different species in captivity] . Moscow Zoo, Moscow 1996 ( gerbil-world.org ( memento from September 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [ MS Word ; 4.3 MB ]).
  • Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow: Evolution of the Alimentary System in Myomorph Rodents . Indian National Scientific Documentation Center, New Delhi 1979 ( BHL : 100196 - First edition: 1967, translation from Russian).
  • Nuri Yiğit, Ercüment Çolak: A study of the taxonomy and karyology of Meriones persicus (Blanford, 1875) (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey . In: Turkish Journal of Zoology . tape 23 , no. 3 , 1999, ISSN  1300-0179 , p. 269–274 ( gov.tr [PDF; 191 kB ]).

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Harrison and Bates, 1991 (p. 292)
  2. ↑ Corbet, 1980 (p. 125)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Grimmberger et al., 2009 (p. 168)
  4. ↑ Grimmberger et al., 2009 (p. 169)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Pawlinow and colleagues, 1990 (p. 265)
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Aulagnier and colleagues, 2009 (p. 224)
  7. ^ Niethammer, 1988 (p. 256)
  8. ↑ Hentschel and Wagner, 2004 ("Meríones", p. 342)
  9. ↑ Piechocki, 1969 (p. 343)
  10. ↑ a b Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1951
  11. ↑ Darvish, 2009 (Fig. 8, p. 71)
  12. ↑ a b c d e Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 230)
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 ( Meriones persicus ( Memento from March 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  14. ↑ a b c Roberts, 2005 (p. 235)
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 233)
  16. ↑ a b Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (Tab. 44, p. 232)
  17. ^ Weber, 2008 (p. 5)
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 231)
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h Yiğit and Çolak, 1999 (p. 270)
  20. ↑ a b Harrison and Bates, 1991 (p. 293)
  21. ↑ a b Pawlinow and coworkers, 1990 (p. 259–260, p. 264, p. 270 & p. 308)
  22. ^ Pavlinow and colleagues, 1990 (p. 252)
  23. ↑ Nowak, 1999 (p. 1455)
  24. ↑ Sokolow and Skurat, 1966 (Tab. 2, p. 544)
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 232)
  26. ↑ a b Pawlinow and colleagues, 1990 (p. 255)
  27. ^ A b Hassinger, 1973 ( p. 86 )
  28. ↑ a b Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 ( Meriones ( Memento from March 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  29. ↑ a b c d Pawlinow and co-workers, 1990 (p. 264)
  30. ↑ a b Pawlinow and coworkers, 1990 (p. 257)
  31. ↑ a b Yiğit and Çolak, 1999 (Tab. 1, p. 271)
  32. ↑ Voronzow, 1979 (Tab. 7, p. 256 )
  33. ↑ Voronzow, 1979 ( p. 257 )
  34. ↑ Voronzow, 1979 ( p. 276 )
  35. ^ Pavlinow and colleagues, 1990 (p. 253)
  36. ↑ a b c d Naumow and Lobatschew, 1975 (p. 526)
  37. ↑ Yiğit and Çolak, 1999 (p. 273)
  38. ↑ Yiğit and Çolak, 1999 (Fig. 3, p. 272)
  39. ↑ Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 235)
  40. ↑ a b c d Roberts, 2005 (p. 237)
  41. ↑ a b c d Pawlinow and co-workers, 1990 (p. 267)
  42. ↑ a b c d e f Wolodin and co-workers, 1996 (pp. 155–163)
  43. ↑ a b c Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 236)
  44. ^ Lay, 1967 ( p. 177 )
  45. ↑ a b Weber, 2008 (p. 59)
  46. ^ Hassinger, 1973 ( p. 83 )
  47. ^ Eken et al., 2008
  48. ↑ Yiğit and Çolak, 1999 (p. 269)
  49. ↑ Panteleev, 1998 (pp. 98-101)
  50. ↑ Hassinger, 1973 ( Fig. 20, p. 84 )
  51. ^ Roberts, 2005 (p. 236, p. 240)
  52. ↑ Merlin, 2003 (p. 300)
  53. ↑ a b Turnbull, 1975 ( pp. 147–148 )
  54. ↑ a b c d Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2009 (p. 234)
  55. ↑ Turnbull & Reed, 1974 (Tab. 1, pp. 94–95 )
  56. ↑ Vereschtschagin, 1967 ( p. 303 )