Polymnia (genus)
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Polymnia is the only genus of the tribe Polymnieae in the subfamily of Asteroideae within the plant family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The only four species are common in central to eastern North America .
description
Appearance and leaves
Polymnia species grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 0.5 to over 1.5 meters. Often they form rhizomes as persistence organs. The upright stems are branched at the top.
The opposite constantly arranged distributed on the stems or branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is often more or less winged and often has overgrown appendages surrounding the stem. The simple to irregularly pinnate-lobed or, in Polymnia johnbeckii, pinnate leaf blades are delta-shaped or rounded-rhombic to heart-shaped or ovoid in outline. There can be three to eleven leaf lobes. The leaf margin is smooth to more or less serrated. The leaf surfaces are finely to rough hairy, bald or glabrous; they are clearly dotted with glands and / or they have stalked glandular hairs ( indument , trichomes ). There is pinnate veins.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits
In umbrella-like overall inflorescences , two to more than five head-shaped inflorescences are loosely to close together. The involucre is hemispherical with a diameter of 0.4 to over 1.5 centimeters. In two rows there are roof tile-like overlapping 6 to over 21 long-lasting bracts , of which the outer two to six are ovate to linear and more or less herbaceous and the inner ones are ovate to lanceolate, almost the same or shorter than the outer ones and are drier. The inner bracts are often similar to the chaff leaves. The basket bottoms are flat to convex . The membranous to dry-skinned chaff leaves are obovate to lanceolate or spatulate.
The flower baskets contain only two to six ray-flowers (= ray-flowers) and 12 to over 30 tubular flowers (= disc-shaped flowers). The female, fertile , zygomorphic ray-flowers have light-yellowish to whitish corollas with fluffy, hairy corolla tubes and more or less wedge-shaped to linear tongues that end in three corolla teeth; sometimes the tongues are barely noticeable or absent. The functionally male, fertile tubular flowers have light yellow corollas, the corolla tube is shorter than the abruptly widening coronet throat with five triangular to lanceolate-ovoid corolla lobes. The counters of the anthers are bright and have triangular appendages at their upper ends. The spherical pollen is prickly (echinat, i.e. with free-standing, rod-shaped, pointed exine elements that are longer than 1 micrometer). The lower part of the thin style is bare, the two branches of the style are short haired and do not bend back in the pollinable time.
The three to six-sided or ribbed achenes are bulging, pear-shaped and more or less flattened and often they are tiny beaked. Between the edges or ribs, the sparsely hairy or bald achenes are finely grooved. There is no pappus . The shells of the achenes contain phytomelanin , which makes them black.
Sets of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 15; there is diploidy in all four types, i.e. 2n = 30.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Polymnia was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 926. Type species is Polymnia canadensis L. The botanical genus name Polymnia is derived from Polymnia (Πολύμνια, the kingdom of hymns), one of the nine Greek muses .
Polymnia is the only genus of the tribe Polymnieae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae . The Tribus Polymnieae (H.Rob.) Panero was established in 2002 by José L. Panero. The basionym subtribe Polymniinae H.Rob. was published by Harold Ernest Robinson in A Revision of the Tribal and Subtribal Limits of the Heliantheae (Asteraceae) , Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.
Many species that were earlier included in the genus Polymnia have belonged to the genus Smallanthus Mack since Harold Ernest Robinson 1978 . ex Small . Only the few North American species in the genus Polymnia remain today .
The natural range of the genus Polymnia extends from central to eastern North America. Polymnia canadensis is the most widespread, whereas Polymnia cossatotensis has a small area and special location requirements and Polymnia johnbeckii is a rare endemic .
In the genus Polymnia there have been four species since 2011:
- Polymnia canadensis L .: It occurs in the southern part of the Canadian province of Ontario and in the US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Michigan , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , West Virginia , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Oklahoma , Wisconsin , Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Kentucky , North Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia and the District of Columbia . It thrives in moist, shady locations on dry to rich calcareous soils .
- Polymnia cossatotensis Pittman & VMBates : It only thrives on flint outcrops at altitudes of 300 to 500 meters, only in the Cossatot mountain range in Arkansas and is only known from four locations.
- Polymnia johnbeckii D.Estes : It was first described in 2011. This rare species is only known from two localities in Marion County , Tennessee. The only two locations are about 5 km apart on karst slopes in oak forests.
- Polymnia laevigata Beadle : It occurs in the southeastern US states of Alabama , Tennessee, Georgia , Kentucky , Missouri, and northwest Florida . It thrives in moist, shady locations on calcareous soils at altitudes of 10 to 300 meters.
Use in folk medicine of the indigenous peoples of North America
Polymnia canadensis (called Whiteflower Leafcup in North America) was used as a drug by the Houma tribe in Louisiana to treat skin swelling by wrapping it with crushed leaves. The Iroquois used Polymnia canadensis as dental pain medicine .
swell
- John L. Strother: Polymnia , page 39 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Tribus Polymnieae , July 11, 2011 in the Tree of Life project .
- Dwayne Estes, James Beck: A new species of Polymnia (Asteraceae: Tribe Polymnieae) from Tennessee. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, 2011, pp. 481-486: doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X569660
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h John L. Strother: Polymnia , page 39 - text online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21: Magnoliophyta : Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 .
- ↑ a b c d e Dwayne Estes, James Beck: A new species of Polymnia (Asteraceae: Tribe Polymnieae) from Tennessee. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 36, 2011, pp. 481-486: doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X569660
- ↑ a b c Tribus Polymnieae at Virtual key to the Compositae - VKC, at www.compositae.org , May 2010.
- ^ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, p. 926 - first publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Polymnia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 7, 2014.
- ^ Harold Ernest Robinson: Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XII. Re-establishment of the genus Smallanthus. In: Phytologia , Volume 39, 1978, pp. 47-53.
- ^ Polymnia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ Ethnobotanical information from Moerman's Native American Ethnobotany Database . ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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