Prague Seniors' Convention

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Fraternities, corps, compatriots and associations in Prague (1905)

The Prague (General) Senior Citizens 'Convention was the merger of two senior citizens' conventions in Prague. The older technical SC was founded by corps with students from the Prague Polytechnic . The younger academic SC was set up by corps with students from Charles University . Like the other student associations, the Corps were at the focus of the nationality conflict between Czechs and Germans from 1870 to 1914. The great chronicler of the Prague Corps and Seniors' Convents is Adolf Siegl .

history

As a historian appointed by Leo von Thun and Hohenstein to the Charles University in Prague as early as 1851/52 , Constantin von Höfler pursued the reform of Prague's academic institutions. During his 30 years as a professor he gained the highest reputation. After the establishment of the German Empire , the German national movement strengthened in Austria . In the Kingdom of Bohemia , the contrast between German liberals and German nationals on the one hand and the Catholic clergy , who were absolutely Habsburg loyal to the world on the other, became increasingly apparent. The clergy allied themselves with the Slavic federalists and the Bohemian nobility. Of the Austrian universities, Innsbruck was considered by contemporaries to have the most backward teaching business, while Prague was considered the most open-minded university city.

Technical SC

The Czech-German contradictions had their repercussions on the internal development of the student associations. The corps principle was strengthened when the technical association Suevia Prague declared itself a corps on May 11, 1871 and a little later, on June 27, 1871, merged with Frankonia Prague to form a technical senior citizens' convent . Unlike in the 1860s and unlike always in Austria, there was now a tendency in Prague to form separate SCs. The corps crammed with the academic connections Albia and Austria.

progress

At Pentecost 1873, the reading and speaking hall of German students in Prague celebrated its 25th foundation festival . All colored connections of Prague and numerous foreign corporations were represented at the ceremony. The fraternity Germania - not black and yellow , but large German - laid the foundation stone for the progressist Salmannsdorf delegate convention with other progressive associations . At that time the table company Egerländer Landtag was established. The respected country team of the same name later emerged from it. Of the connections at that time, the fraternity was the fiercest opponent of the corps. In January 1874, Concordia, another progressist fraternity, was formed. Its members were listeners at the German Technical University .

Academic SC

Corps declaration Austria 1873
Blue cartel: Athesia Innsbruck, Saxonia Vienna , Teutonia Graz , Austria Prague

On December 10, 1873, Austria joined the Corps. When it was founded on February 23, 1874, Carl Wilhelm von Heine praised the concept of the corps. In his enthusiastically received speech, he advocated the establishment of an academic SC in Prague.

In June 1874 Austria entered into a cartel with Athesia Innsbruck, which the Corps Saxonia Vienna soon joined. Frankonia Prague, Alemannia Vienna and Joannea Graz for their part closed a cartel on May 8, 1874. The associated attempt to found an Austrian SC association failed.

The founding of the Moldavia academic country team on January 9, 1875 was a further strengthening of Prague's weapons students . After a PP suite , she had good relationships with Austria. On October 5th of the same year the (also striking) academic connection Hilaria was established .

Division dilemma

At the beginning of the 1870s, the corps student Philipp Knoll had reported in detail to the Constitutional Association of Germans in Bohemia about the conditions at Prague University. On the basis of his statements, the Constitutional Association sent a memorandum to the Club of Liberal German Members of the Reichsrat (Austria) . He pointed out that “the unstoppable (linguistic) dualism taking place at the university, while maintaining a common senate and joint professorships, only has the meaning and purpose of a complete paralysis of the German element, the natural consequences of a complete Czechization of the University ” . At the instigation of the German-Bohemian Reichsrat, Knoll described the linguistic system introduced at Prague University in a memorandum. At the same time he presented the draft model for the establishment of his own Czech university. With reference to these documents, the House of Representatives (Austria) proposed in March 1872 the establishment of an independent Czech university. The negotiations did not result in a decision. On the one hand, the German MPs believed in a future, unified German Austria; on the other hand, they wanted to avoid the division and the inevitable downsizing of the university. The majority of the professors wanted to be divided. With foresight, Ewald Hering set up two clinics for surgery, dermatology and gynecology.

Consolidation

Stick gauges between Corps Austria and Suevia

From June 1876 the German student associations were recognized by the Imperial and Royal Lieutenancy. The pub names given out of caution were no longer used. In the same summer semester, the General Prague Crap Comment on the Prague Weapon was finally adopted . Paukausweis (scale cards) were introduced, which the referee and the seconds had to sign.

On October 1, 1876, the first number of the Alma mater appeared in Vienna , which described itself as an “organ for universities” and was set up in a corps-friendly manner.

General Prague SC

On June 29, 1876, the Moldavia country team declared itself a corps. The Cheruskia, founded on December 1st of the same year, was accepted into the academic SC in 1878 at the request of Austria. As an indirect consequence, the Corps Moldavia II had to suspend. On December 9, 1876, Austria and Moldavia ratified the SC statutes. This academic SC merged with the previously dominant SC of the technical corps to form the Prague General SC . The unconditionally conservative Albia adopted the corp principle and became an academic SC in March 1878. The corps had reached the height of their power. The Prague General SC consisted of four academic and three technical corps. It comprised the majority of the colored students at both universities and claimed the leadership of the student body.

Fraternities

For the conservative fraternities the existence of two progress fraternities had a negative effect. Germania and Concordia were referred to as the cornerstone of the “Halle”. The Constantia technical fraternity declared itself a technical corps on February 21, 1877. On November 20, 1877 she was accepted into the technical SC. In June of the same year the Teutonia fraternity decided to become conservative and crap with the Carolina and the Thessalia . This meant the final break in the fraternity relations between corps and fraternities.

Big politics

“The year 1878 was marked by a significant event in the political field, which in the following period was to have a most serious impact on the existence of the corps in Prague as in Austria. The liberal party voted against the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was very ungraciously received by the ruling house. As a result, from 1878/79 onwards, with the departure from the liberal constitutional party, a move to the clerical-feudal group resulted, which then under the Taaffe Ministry until well into the 1890s led to a decidedly Slav-friendly policy at the expense of the German part of the population in Austria led. "

- Adolf Siegl

The Czechs immediately took advantage of this turnaround to again demand equality at the university; but even now emphatic presentations by the Prague professors and numerous rallies by the Germans in Bohemia were necessary to convince the members of the Reichsrat in Vienna of the necessity of the university division. In 1882 the German Karl Ferdinand University was established . This political development had a devastating effect on the Prager SC and its corps (purest nationally in Austria). They had represented the equality of all academic citizens in the multi-ethnic state of Austria. The government in Vienna did not thank them for their patriotism and loyalty to the government. The Volkish movement took advantage of other corporations. The corps were denied scales so that they had to fight in other university cities. At the end of May 1878, the Corps had to suspend Frankonia because of the Bosnia campaign for a year and a half and could no longer recover from it, so that it was postponed after a brief reopening until the end of the First World War. The recent Slavophile politics politicized the student body. In the summer semester of 1878 a German national party was formed in the Prague student body. The fight for the reading and speaking hall of the German students began . The committee, which was founded soon after, comprised the three fraternity-oriented DC corporations (Carolina, Teutonia, Thessalia), the two progress fraternities (Germania, Concordia) and representatives of the German national non-corporations. For the silver wedding anniversary of the imperial couple on April 24, 1879, the corps brought their congratulations to the governor.

Hatred and violence

In 1880 the Czech hatred of Germans turned into violence. At the Kommers for the 20th foundation festival of the Carolina fraternity, the rector Ernst Mach and Edwin Klebs emphasized the German character of the still undivided university. Reports in the Prague newspapers were followed by agitation and unrest. The apartment windows were smashed for the two professors. Berlin technicians got to hear cat music . Three members of the Albia were ambushed and ill-treated. On a steamer excursion to Zawist , corps boys were insulted in bad ways by students from the Czech grammar school in Prague's old town. After the fraternity, the corps celebrated an Kaiser-Josef-Kommers in the Hôtel de Saxe on December 3, 1880. It was one of the last major events that united the Corps of the General Prager SC in full unity.

The elections to the Prague Chamber of Commerce on June 27, 1881 resulted in a victory for the German candidate - which created a thunderstorm mood in the city. On the same day, the “black oysters” - as the Austrians were called because of the color of their hats - celebrated their 20th foundation festival in the presence of numerous representatives from Austrian and Imperial German corporations. There was already trouble when the columns of cars with the charged men drove up. The next day the battle of Kuchelbad broke out . It was true that it led to many demonstrations of sympathy at Austrian and Reich German universities; But they only brought advantages to the adversaries of the corps. They tried to avoid their inexorable decline by changing principles. Only Suevia stood by the old idea. On the other hand, the number and influence of the fraternities grew, also benefiting from the education at the grammar schools. Ghibellinia, founded on October 30, 1880, joined the Carolina and Teutonia. One year older, Arminia declared herself a polytechnical fraternity. Hilaria (1880) and Thessalia (1883) also became fraternities. Prague had six conservative fraternities with 20 or more active members. The progress fraternity disappeared.

“The lamented decline in the Prague Corps, in particular, was mainly due to a lack of adaptability to the political changes in the relationship between the two peoples in Bohemia and Prague. With the patriotic love for old Austria and with the enthusiasm for the illustrious imperial family, there was no more offspring to be won after the brutal attack in Kuchelbad. The corps succumbed to a fatal error when they saw the representation of a national point of view as a political activity which their statutes did not permit. This national question, which is increasingly coming to the fore, has exposed unity in the Prague student body even more than the question of satisfaction. [...] With the emergence of national contradictions and the rise of the Young Czechs , shortly after the founding years it was no longer conceivable that a Czech student could dare to become active in a German student corporation. "

- Adolf Siegl

Under Taaffe, the Bohemian Parliament received a Czech majority in 1883. The Liberals suffered heavy losses. German national associations were gaining ground and in the student body some pan-Germans were already coming to the fore.

Jews

Villa America, until 1880 the corp house of Albia

The view that Jews should not be viewed as a “German Mosaic denomination” but as a member of a special race first emerged in the German student body in Vienna, even before Georg von Schönerer appeared . The idea met with considerable concern in Prague. Numerous professors and Franz Schmeykal , the leader of the German Liberal Party , saw the inevitable departure of the Jews from Germanness as an additional danger for the Germans in Bohemia. In the 19th century, Prague Jews were faithful to German culture, but were raised bilingually and integrated into the typical Prague milieu. The intellectuals, writers and artists frequented the bilingual Café Central . Probably under the influence of the Viennese corporations and the Kyffhäuser Association , anti-Semitism found its way into the Prague fraternities around 1883. The Egerland Landtag followed first among the national associations. As a result, what the liberals had predicted came about: Jewish-national connections arose which opposed the assimilation of Jewish, German-speaking students and German-Bohemian liberalism. In the mid-1890s radicalism declined in Prague's ethnic corporations. The introduction of the Aryan standpoint cost the fraternities many members. The Albia fraternity not only lost all Jewish old men and inactive people , but also many liberal non-Jews, a total of 40 members. A quarter of Austria's members were Jews.

Recovery of the Corps

From 1884 to 1889, Suevia was the only corps in Prague. The Corps Austria had already given up the corp principle in 1884 and now described itself as a German-academic connection; the other corps were either suspended or, like Albia and Constantia, switched to the fraternity. For more than six semesters, Suevia's Consenior withstood the hail of the radical folk corporations. After the congress of the Austrian Corps Association in 1883 removed the distinction between academic and polytechnical corps, Suevia traded as an academic-technical corps. After the end of the Melk Congress (1887), she stayed away from all subsequent associations. In 1888 an old man's senior citizens' convention was set up in Prague . "In order to raise the corps thing here in general," he decided to set up a second corps. The opera singer Georg Sieglitz played a key role in the founding of Palaio Austria on November 16, 1889 , as were old Austrians who had remained true to the corps concept. Suevia had left two corps boys. The private lecturer Josef Neuwirth and a respected Prague lawyer became active. The reputation of the Corps rose again. The openly anti-corps policy of their opponents made them stronger inside. Ferdinand Hueppe was involved in the AHSC, which celebrated Kommerse in 1891, 1892 and 1894. In the winter semester of 1893/94 Gothia came to the Prager SC as the third corps. Due to a lack of young people, Palaio-Austria had to suspend on May 17, 1897. The fraternities now had a decisive influence.

Badeni

Na příkopě or ditch

In politics, a fateful development for the Germans in Bohemia had begun at that time. The long-lived (Slav-friendly) Taaffe cabinet came to an end in 1893. After a short interlude under Karl von Auersperg , the ministry followed under the Polish Count Kasimir Felix Badeni . His language ordinance in April 1897 led to fights in the Reichsrat and to mass demonstrations in Vienna, Graz and Prague. The fraternity member Karl Hermann Wolf challenged Badeni to a pistol duel and became Bohemia's national hero. The fact that Badeni resigned on November 28, 1897 was seen in Prague as a victory for the German standpoint. The German student body called for a rally in the old university building in Eisengasse. The rector Joseph Ulbrich took part in the subsequent morning pint in the Deutsches Haus . The Czechs found this mass rally provocative . On the way home, the participants were attacked and pelted with stones. In the following 48 hours, “booths” were stormed, the furniture destroyed and files destroyed. At the request of the police headquarters, the corporates no longer wore any color . Nevertheless, they were recognized as "Burschak" and abused on the street, sometimes in their homes. German cultural institutions such as the German Theater and the Schlaraffia home , the well-known “Kontinental” café on the Graben , German and Jewish shops and, above all, the scientific institutes of German universities were destroyed and looted. Almost all German professors canceled the lectures. Anyone who spoke German or looked like a German was physically assaulted, threatened with beatings and sometimes badly mistreated. Most of the German students left the city. Karl Hans Strobl , who was active at Austria at the time, reproduced these incidents in his novel Die Vaclavbude . As a result of Badeni's resignation, Austria fell into a state crisis that did not end until 1918 with the collapse of the Danube monarchy .

On December 2, 1897, martial law was imposed on Prague . When it was repealed on January 10, 1898 and the attacks began again immediately, the Lieutenancy Authority issued a general ban on couleur. As a result, the academic senate of Karl Ferdinand University resigned. There was a lecture strike and the universities were closed on February 27, 1898. The ban on couleur was lifted on March 3, 1898.

Difficult life

Before the turn of the century, Prague had around 1,500 students. There was plenty of accommodation. "Since the December unrest of 1897, bilingual Prague has suddenly become Czech." This resulted in a fundamental change in the living conditions of the German student body. Hardly any landlord took up a student union. As a single tenant, the student faced unforeseeable difficulties. A donation from the Böhmische Sparkasse enabled the purchase of the former Grand Hotel at Mariengasse 34 as early as 1890 . Over the years, student apartments and a mensa academica have been set up. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the reign of the Austrian monarch on December 2, 1898, the Böhmische Sparkasse converted its property into a dormitory foundation for the German universities in Prague . Club rooms were rented by German connections, including Suevia until 1937.

A delegation of students came from Leipzig to celebrate the 550th anniversary of Prague University. Opposite her, Karl Lamprecht described Neuwirth as the “most German man in Prague”. The fraternities of the Prague Delegate Convention stayed away from the impressive demonstration of German culture and science. The Corps Gothia had to suspend on April 2, 1898 due to a lack of young talent. Suevia was again - until 1905 - the only corps in Prague. The Czechs tried “with all their might” to prevent the hated color stroll down the ditch. On March 6, 1904 he was headed by the rector Carl Rabl - in Couleur. In the Bohemian state parliament he coined the phrase, which is still famous today, “ To wear color means to show color” . The singers Rabl dissolved the Freya ; because this association of North Bohemian students had adopted the Waidhofen principle as the first connection in Prague . Nolens volens and after the Prague AHSC exerted influence, Austria declared itself ready on May 24, 1905, to return to its old status and to take on the name Prager German Corps Austria . As a result, Suevia terminated the pau relationship with Markomannia and the Neustädter Kollegentag. In the winter semester of 1905/06, the Prager SC was re-established.

Religious struggles

Austrian (1899)
Austria's 2nd Corps Declaration (1905)

The year 1906 saw a strengthening of the ethnic fraternity. Constantia, which had been adjourned since 1892, was reopened by two members of the Thessalia and a member of the Brno fraternity Arminia. At the same time the völkisch corporations blew up to ward off the ultra-montane Catholicism , which was becoming more and more apparent at the Prague universities. The mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger , had revealed certain goals of political clericalism. This had led to unrest at Austria's universities. The Austrian Cartel Association had become so strong that the third CV association was to be founded in Prague in 1907. In the Wahrmund affair , the national and liberal student body opposed any interference with the right to free teaching. The university strike broke out, which ended with Ludwig Wahrmund's appointment .

Overstrained by social obligations, Suevia had to suspend in 1908. After the old liberal “Reading and Speech Hall” and the völkisch “Germania”, the Reading and Speech Association of Christian German students in Prague “Akademia” was established in 1909 as the third umbrella organization. Austria, now the only corps in Prague, had to negotiate once again with the Alemannia fraternity about the hosting of contra-hage scales due to a lack of games. In the winter semester of 1908/09 there were again serious riots by the Czechs. In order to prevent the color stroll, the city administration had the whole length of the ditch torn for "construction work". From October 1908 to April 1909 the German color students were expected by a fanatical crowd of thousands on 22 Sundays and public holidays. When the color stroll was moved to Wenceslas Square , the gendarmerie and police had to evacuate the square and the neighboring streets with bare weapons every time. On the evening of December 1, 1908, dragoons rode seven attacks on Wenceslas Square; three infantry regiments along with a strong gendarmerie and police force were deployed. On the following day, on the occasion of the imperial jubilee and the 560th anniversary of Prague University, the foundation stone for the new German and Czech universities was to be laid. The invited professors from Germany were advised not to travel. When the Prague student body and their guests were preparing for the pageant in the Clementinum , a representative of the authorities announced that the standing rights had just been imposed. The pageant was canceled, the laying of the foundation stone was never made up. The incidents sparked a wave of rallies in the German Reich. In the newsletter of the Kösener Seniors Convent Association , the active participants were asked to go to Prague for one semester after the three active semesters.

Reassurance

Suevia opened again on the day the cornerstone was thwarted. In February 1909 the first scales increased in the SC. The corps were back in attendance. Austria assigned 13 foxes . Marchia Wien asked the Prager SC whether in the event of her corps declaration, relations could be expected. After the acceptance, Marchia declared herself a corps on May 21, 1909. At the 500th anniversary of the University of Leipzig , Austria was a guest of the Corps Saxonia Leipzig , Suevia was a guest of the Corps Lusatia Leipzig . The fraternity of the Ostmark had opposed the liberal principle when it was founded. The corps that took in Jews were meant. Suevia and Austria felt compelled to give up the liberal idea and - like more and more Austrian corps - to move closer to the German national point of view. This drew serious allegations from the liberal side. Markomannia Prague and Marchia Vienna turned away because of Austria's change of course. The Austrians had to travel to Brno, Vienna and Graz for many games and PP suites . With the Corps Joannea the 1000th game of Austria was defeated in 1913. Like Austria, Suevia fought with Hercynia, but also with Alemannia Wien , Frankonia Brünn , Marchia Brünn and Vandalia Graz . The reconstitution of Gothia Prague failed because of its Prussian colors. Frankonia Prag tried to reconstitute in Vienna in 1897. In Prague there were no support lads from corps for the batches who had no ties to Suevia or Austria. The relationship between these two corps came back to the old agreement in 1913.

Kösener SC Association

Prager SC morning pint (1934): Franconia with a red Biedermeier hat, Swabia with a striker

The Prager SC did not join the Kösener Seniors Convents Association until 1919. The Danube Monarchy had collapsed, and Prague became the capital of Czechoslovakia . The corps in Austria and Germany had the “Greater German” experience of the First World War. After the Treaty of Saint-Germain , all connections wanted to stay in Prague. In the Prague Corps, almost all of the old men lived in Bohemia (and to a small extent in Vienna). The corps could not relocate because they had no basis for reconstitution abroad.

Frankonia reconstituted on March 1, 1921. The reconstitution was not recognized by the HKSCV. Frankonia suspended on September 26, 1922. The (Kösener) Corps Frankonia was founded on November 26, 1922, taking over the traditions from the period 1861–1880 and 1921–1922, and was transferred to the SC on the same day. The water sports association in Berlin provided essential help.

Austria could not stick to its name in Czechoslovakia any more than Austria Brno (and Austria Czernowitz ); but Vienna was overrun by the universities in the rest of Austria, Graz too far away and Salzburg too small. At the instigation of Rhaetier Wieser , Austria moved to Innsbruck on May 30, 1919. On June 11, 1919, she changed the colors to black-white-yellow. Since the conditions in Innsbruck were no better than in Prague, it was decided to go to the new Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main . Austria was accepted into the HKSCV on September 20, 1919 and reconstituted a week later by reactivated old men.

Suevia was accepted into the KSCV on June 4, 1919. When membership of a foreign association was banned, she resigned from the KSCV on October 27, 1933.

When the Third Reich came into being, Frankonia Prague, Suevia Prague, Marchia Brno and Frankonia Brno left the KSCV in 1933. In 1934 they founded the Prague Seniors' Convents Association . It became obsolete in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939.

Two Prague Corps still exist today:

review

"The Offended" (1904)

In the years before the First World War, Prague had long been a predominantly Czech city. With 50,000 inhabitants, the Germans made up only 10% of the population; as before, however, they made up the upper class of professors, senior officers and civil servants, large citizens, merchants, manufacturers and bank directors. There were also small businesses and craftsmen, but no German workers. That may partly explain the Czech resentment against the Germans. In Prague, anti-German hatred and anti-Semitism were intertwined. In many caricatures on the Czech-German relationship, the German is mixed with the stereotype of the Jew (see caricature in the Badeni section ). The hatred of Germans was actually the vehicle of the hatred of Jews.

literature

  • Marek Nekula, Walter Kosiminal (ed.): Jews between Germans and Czechs. Linguistic and cultural identities in Bohemia 1800–1945 . R. Oldenbourg Verlag , Munich 2006. ISBN 978-3486200393 .
  • Gary B. Cohen: The Politics of Ethnic Survival - Germans in Prague, 1861-1914 . Purdue University 2006, ISBN 978-1-55753-404-0 . GoogleBooks
  • Harald Lönnecker : "... voluntarily never to leave here ..." The Prague German student body 1867–1945. Volume 1: Associations and associations of the German national spectrum (= treatises on student and higher education. Volume 16). SH-Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-89498-187-7 .
  • Jürgen Herrlein : Palaio-Austria. A forgotten Prague corps . Once and Now, yearbook of the Association for Corps Student History Research, Vol. 55 (2010), 454–457.
  • Josef Neuwirth : The acad. Corps Austria to Prague. A chronic experiment , Prague 1881. Digitized version (PDF; 2.9 MB)
  • Fritz Ranzi : The SC associations of the Vorkösener time in Austria . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 61 ff.
  • Oskar Scheuer : The historical development of the German student body in Austria with special consideration of the University of Vienna from its foundation to the present . Vienna 1910. GoogleBooks
  • Adolf Siegl : The German universities in Prague and their students from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), pp. 95-133.

Web links

Commons : Prague Seniors Convent  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The son Josef von Höfler was a member of the Corps Moldavia I.
  2. ↑ The Teutonia fraternity (founded on December 16, 1876) was the first corporation in Prague to accept students from both the university and the DTH.
  3. ↑ Carolina belonged to the North German Cartel since 1866 . Because of its tendency to progress, she left in 1869.
  4. ↑ Hilaria declared herself a fraternity in June 1880 and took the name Alemannia. As such it was no longer recognized by the Prague DC from 1886 due to a disreputable matter. So temporarily postponed, she was unable to rejoin the fraternity. She joined the Burschenbunds-Convent (BC).
  5. ↑ Knoll was the founder of the Corps Moldavia I.
  6. ↑ The pub names came from Germanic mythology, heroic sagas and the works of Friedrich Schiller. Trivial names were Stoff, Stich, Pump, Faß, Spund and others
  7. ↑ In return, the Prague fraternities decided in 1878 to support the newly founded German national student magazine Deutsche Hochschule in Graz. It had to stop its publication after the New Year of 1879.
  8. ↑ After the subsequent merger with the Cimbria fraternity, the third color was changed from yellow to orange and the fox ribbon to black and red.
  9. ↑ Palaio-Austria black-yellow-white, cap yellow.
  10. ^ The parade of the Czechs was Ferdinandstrasse, which later became the national road.
  11. ↑ Freya appeared again as an academic-technical connection Saxonia, as a "black Saxon" to distinguish it from the liberal "red Saxon".
  12. ↑ The same thing happened 12 years later in Königsberg; see Albertus University Koenigsberg # Interwar Period and Fall .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 100.
  2. ^ Fritz Ranzi: The SC associations of the Vorkösener time in Austria . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 61–76, here p. 62.
  3. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 101.
  4. ↑ J. Neuwirth: The Acad. Corps Austria to Prague . Prague 1881.
  5. ^ Kurt Bräunlich: The associations of the Austrian corps in the years 1874-1887 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 10 (1965), pp. 83-101.
  6. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 102.
  7. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 103.
  8. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 104.
  9. ↑ a b c A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 105.
  10. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 106.
  11. ^ Alma mater, organ for universities. Vienna / Leipzig, 5th year (1880), no.26.
  12. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 108.
  13. ^ Corps and Burschenschaft in Austria , Academic monthly books , summer semester 1888, 49, 16.
  14. ↑ H. Lönnecker: "... The only thing that will remain of me". The Ghibellinia fraternity in Prague in Saarbrücken 1880–2000 . Ghibellinia fraternity in Prague in Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-028568-4 .
  15. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 109.
  16. ^ Oskar Scheuer: Fraternity and Jewish question. Racial anti-Semitism in the German student body . Berlin Vienna 1927.
  17. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 111.
  18. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 112.
  19. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein: On the "Aryan question" in student associations . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015.
  20. ↑ K. Broche: Contribution to the history of the Prague corps students . Deutsche Corpszeitung 1922, No. 1, p. 10.
  21. ^ Ernst Stade: Corps history of the Corps Suevia in Prague , published for the 100th Foundation Festival on May 11, 1968 in Ulm.
  22. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 115.
  23. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 116.
  24. ^ H. Prohaska: Student Welfare in Prague , in: Our alma mater , September 1938.
  25. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 118.
  26. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 117.
  27. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 121.
  28. ↑ a b A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 122.
  29. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 123.
  30. ^ Corps Marchia Vienna
  31. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 124.
  32. ↑ From the Austrian corps and fraternities . Academic monthly books 1907, 24th year, p. 259.
  33. ↑ An Austrian SC? German University - Sheets for German national free-thinking color students in Austria, year 1912, p. 6.
  34. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 125.
  35. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 126.
  36. ^ Ernst Hans Eberhard : Handbook of the student liaison system. Leipzig, 1924/25, p. 186.
  37. ↑ Paul Gerhardt Gladen : Frankonia Prague to Saarbrücken , in: The Kösener and Weinheimer Corps: Her performance in individual chronicles . WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2007, ISBN 978-3-933892-24-9 , pp. 57-58.
  38. ↑ Paul Gerhardt Gladen: Austria Frankfurt , in: The Kösener and Weinheimer Corps: Her performance in individual chronicles . WJK-Verlag, Hilden 2007, ISBN 978-3-933892-24-9 , pp. 24-26.
  39. ^ A. Siegl: The Prague German universities and their students in the years from 1870 to 1914 . Einst und Jetzt, Vol. 21 (1976), p. 130.
  40. ↑ Peter Becher , Jozo Džambo: Same pictures, same words. Austrians and Czechs in the caricature (1848–1948) . Munich 1997.
  41. ↑ Peter Hallama: National Heroes and Jewish Victims - Czech Representatives of the Holocaust (2015)
  42. ^ Moshe Zimmermann: Constantin Brunner in Context: An Intellectual Between Empire and Exile (2014)