Hans FK Günther

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Hans FK Günther (Scherl Picture Service 1936)

Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (born February 16, 1891 in Freiburg im Breisgau ; † September 25, 1968 ibid) was a German philologist who worked as a racial theorist in the Weimar Republic and during the Nazi era and was called "Rassengünther", "Rasse -Günther "or" Rassepapst "became known. Along with Houston Stewart Chamberlain, he is considered to be one of the originators of the National Socialist racial ideology .

Weimar Republic

Studies and participation in the war

Hans Friedrich Karl Günther was born the son of a chamber musician . He studied comparative linguistics and German literature at the University of Freiburg , but also attended natural science lectures on zoology and geography and heard lectures from Eugen Fischer . He spent the summer semester of 1911 at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1914 he was promoted to Dr. phil. did his doctorate and then volunteered as a war volunteer . Due to illness, he spent several months in the hospital and worked for the Red Cross during the First World War .

On the way to the NSDAP

In 1919 Günther passed the war participant examination for the higher teaching post in schools and was active in the trial service. Günther saw himself as a political writer. His first work (after the dissertation) was the "Confessional" with the title Knight, Death and the Devil. The heroic thought . Heinrich Himmler was very impressed by this book in 1924.

From 1920 to 1922 Günther created his popular main work Rassenkunde des Deutschen Volkes on behalf of his national publisher Julius Friedrich Lehmann . Adolf Hitler owned four editions of this work, which Lehmann presented to him three times with dedications: the third edition from 1923 reads "the successful pioneer of the German racial idea"; the 1928 edition was sent with a “Christmas greeting”; and in the 14th edition of 1930 Lehmann describes Hitler as the "pioneer of racial thought". This last edition in Hitler's book collection, with a detailed appendix on European Jews, shows many signs of use.

In 1922 Günther studied at the Anthropological Institute of the University of Vienna and worked at the Museum for Animal and Ethnology in Dresden with Bernhard Struck . Another study followed in 1922 with Theodor Mollison in Breslau . Also in 1922 Günther became a member of the national-völkischer Deutschbund , later in a side cell of the Artamanen . From 1923 he lived in Scandinavia with his second wife, a Norwegian . He occasionally received scientific commissions from various universities, including from Uppsala University and the Swedish State Institute for Racial Biology at Herman Lundborg . Günther Vidkun got to know and appreciate Quisling in Norway . He frequented German National Socialist circles. The national architect and writer Paul Schultze-Naumburg put him in contact with Richard Walther Darré and Baldur von Schirach .

In January 1929 the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur, founded by the later Nazi chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg , published its first notices in which artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke , Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Max Liebermann were defamed as carriers of “ internationalist ” ideas. Instead, the members of the Kampfbund were recommended to read - in addition to poems by Baldur von Schirach and folk writings by Otto Bangert , Maria Kahle , Agnes Miegel or Bogislav von Selchow - in particular the writings of Hans FK Günther.

Financial bottlenecks forced Günther to return to Germany in 1929. In Dresden he had to exist from half a teaching position until Wilhelm Frick , the first National Socialist minister in a German state, helped him in 1930 against the will of the University of Jena to a chair in social anthropology set up especially for him . From an academic point of view, Günther had no prerequisites for this, apart from his doctorate , which led to sharp protests from ordinaries from all over Germany. His inaugural lecture received symbolic significance through the presence of Hitler, who is said to have initiated the establishment of a chair for “Racial Issues and Racial Studies” in Jena, and Hermann Göring's .

Günther was a protagonist of the Nordic movement . From 1930 he was editor of the magazine Rasse , which was published by the Nordic Ring, later (from 1936) the Nordic Ring in the Nordic Society . Nordic Movement Monthly .

1931, the time of the crime 17-year-old Karl Dannbauer committed from Vienna to Guenther a stop and hurt this arm. Although Dannbauer was not bound by party politics, the National Socialists instrumentalized his act as the "murder incitement of Marxism". Dannbauer himself stated in court that he wanted to take action against the "scientific minds" of the Nazi movement in order to protect the proletariat.

In 1932 Günther became a member of the NSDAP ( membership number 1,185,391).

National Socialism

Careers and Awards

Lecture on "Inheritance or Upbringing"

In 1935 Günther became a full professor for racial studies, ethnology and rural sociology at the University of Berlin . On November 1, 1935, he brought the future employee of the Racial Hygiene Research Center , Sophie Ehrhardt , to his Berlin University Institute for Ethnic Biology, Rural Sociology and Farming Research . At that time Ehrhardt wrote in an article in the journal for medical training that the German people had the right to “consciously engage in racial politics and selection”. As she wrote, “mentally inferior”, “ Rhineland bastards ” and above all “the Jews ” had to be selected. From 1940 to 1945 Günther was professor and institute director at the University of Freiburg .

Günther based his teaching on Arthur de Gobineau's experiment on the inequality of human races and on Houston Stewart Chamberlain's foundations of the nineteenth century . He was convinced of "the cultural superiority of the Nordic race and the detrimental nature of racial mixing" and received numerous honors during the Nazi era. In 1935 he was the first recipient of the NSDAP Prize for Science , and in 1937 he received the Rudolf Virchow plaque from the German Philosophical Society. In 1941 he received the Goethe Medal for Art and Science from Hitler .

Contacts to Rosenberg

On December 3, 1936, Alfred Rosenberg wrote to Walther Darré that he and Günther had come to an agreement that the " Nordic Ring " would be dissolved as an organization. The name "Nordic Ring" will remain, however, but will be transferred to a new body that will be subordinate to the "Supreme Council" of the "Nordic Society".

On November 19, 1936, the scientists Ninck and Otto Höfler were attacked sharply in connection with the subject of the situation of Indo-European religious research by Rosenberg and employees of Hans FK Günther, who was then professor in Jena.

On March 26, 1941, Alfred Rosenberg opened the Institute for Research into the Jewish Question as part of his planned high school . Hans FK Günther took part in the three-day event as a guest of honor. In the lectures, the “death of the people” of the Jews was formulated as a goal. It was supposed to be achieved by “impoverishing European Jews in forced labor in huge camps in Poland”. Klaus Schickert formulated in his article on the Jewish laws in Southeast Europe: “Things are drifting towards their final solution with increasing speed.” And Alfred Rosenberg said in his speech: “ Richard Wagner's word : 'The Jew is the plastic demon of the decline of humanity ', shows the symbolism of the historical situation beyond anything accidental. "

Racial ideology

Based on his work Knight, Death and the Devil , Günther became the founder of the so-called "Nordic thought", with which the supposed endangerment of the "Nordic race" was propagated and ways were shown to enhance it biologically through "nodding". This should help the peasantry to a new size and initiate the necessary "de-urbanization".

He attributed certain psychological characteristics to each type of human being developed by Günther, which were inherited along with the external racial characteristics . In the course of his National Socialist career he developed a "value scale":

  • The “Nordic race” should be distinguished by characteristics such as “judgment”, “truthfulness and energy”. Furthermore, the "sense of justice", the "individuality", the "lack of passion" as well as "restraint in sexuality" are particularly characteristic of this breed.
  • In contrast, the “Western (Mediterranean) race” is characterized by “passion” and “mental agility” as well as “cheerfulness” and “sociability”.
  • The “Eastern race” or “Alpine race” - contrary to the confusing terminology, refers to people who predominantly live in the southwest of the German-speaking area - he attributes “reticence”, “patience” and “diligence”, whereby these are “receptive to Management and leadership "as well as" comfortable "and thus" docile as a subject "and have a special" attachment to family and location ".
  • Günther describes the “Dinaric race” (after the Dinaric mountains ) as a further type , which is characterized by its “special sense of honor” and “everywhere has a strong patriotic, better: native attitude”. Particularly noteworthy about this breed are "reliability", "bravery" and "pride". She has a "certain commercial and commercial talent" and tends to be "easily excitable" as well as "too quick to be quick-tempered, even to be quick tempered and to be particularly bubbly". The Dinaric race is also "good-natured", "coarse", "raw" and "sentimental".

In his comparisons, Günther portrays the "Nordic race" as the most highly developed, but also as the most endangered race. His theories at times became the decisive ideological basis of National Socialist racial policy, which not only led to the Holocaust of the Jews and the genocide of the persecuted as " gypsies ", but also led to the murder of countless relatives of the Slavic peoples who were discriminated against as inferior . However, Günther himself considered the subject of Judaism to be subordinate and said as early as the 1920s that the term Aryan was out of date. However, that did not prevent him from making extensive use of anti-Semitic clichés in his race studies . His wish was that the Jews emigrate to “Palestine or another area appropriate to their genetic makeup”.

The German people were to be "raised". He had taken the word “Aufnordung” from Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss , who, however, did not associate it with breeding ideas , but with the social promotion of certain cultural elements that he understood as “Nordic” (north-west European). At Günther, this originally purely cultural process was reinterpreted biologically and so prominent in this context that the original meaning was almost forgotten. The guiding principles of the German Society for Racial Hygiene were only the minimum requirement for Günther in his book The Nordic Thought among the Germans , 2nd edition 1927. There, the forced sterilization of "inferior" people and their fastest possible isolation in labor camps was planned. Günther not only advocated the compulsory sterilization of people with “inferior genes”, but also forced abortions or the deportation of children of black African French occupation soldiers and German mothers who were defamed as “ Rhineland bastards ”. He was thus one of the masterminds of National Socialist racial hygiene .

Theodor Fritsch's Handbuch der Judenfrage , which had a circulation of 330,000 copies by 1944, in the chapter on racial studies of the German people , was responsible for the dissemination of Günther's theories .

Contemporary critics of Günther's Nordicism included Karl Saller , Friedrich Merkenschlager and Ernst Kretschmer as well as Friedrich Keiter .

post war period

Günther spent the last days of the war with his friend Paul Schultze-Naumburg in Weimar. He fled to Baden-Württemberg before the advancing Red Army, where he was arrested by the French occupying forces shortly after the end of the war and interned until 1948. After his release from French camp imprisonment, he was classified as a “minor offender” in a denazification process in 1949 by the Freiburg Chamber of Justice. After an appointment procedure in 1951, in which representatives of the University of Freiburg stated that Günther had kept within limits in his racial studies that had also been observed by scholars in this branch of science from other countries, he was classified as a " follower " and dismissed from university service. but could continue to be active as a journalist.

Even after the end of National Socialist rule, Günther did not withdraw his theories. In the book Gattenwahl , published under his name at the end of 1951, he submitted warnings in the fifties - in the opinion of today's literature at that time generally capable of consensus - such as against marrying " diabetics , women's rights activists and habitual drinkers". In the final chapter of this book, he played down the forced sterilization of the time of National Socialism and presented the legally required marriage health certificates as pointing the way.

Günther, who lived in Emmendingen in the last years of his life , also published after 1945, among other things under the pseudonyms Ludwig Winter and Heinrich Ackermann . His works continued to be printed in right-wing extremist magazines such as Nation and Europa . In his book Der Ababungsschwund in Europa , published in 1959 by the Hohe Warte publishing house of the right-wing extremist association for knowledge of German gods , he warned of an increasing "dumbing down of the population" because the morally unstable people were uncontrolled and the gifted far too rarely reproduced. The "downfall of the West can only be stopped by a considered family policy based on the facts of heredity, screening, selection and weeding". Under a pseudonym he was a senior member of the internationally active Northern League , which saw itself as the protector of a Nordic race.

Günther played down the National Socialist crimes until the end of his life. "How many atrocities were lied to about the Buchenwald concentration camp ," he wrote in My impression of Adolf Hitler .

Part of Günther's estate was taken over by the Anthropological Institute of the University of Mainz .

Impact history

Günther was one of the most widely read and most controversial German publicists between the two world wars, and his writings (even if only in small editions after 1945) were published until the 1960s and found an audience.

As in an essay by Friedrich Keiter in 1932, his National Socialist racial doctrine was initially viewed critically. (For example, Keiter wrote: "You go wrong if you derive the racial beliefs sparked by Hans FK Günther from natural science; it belongs in intellectual history. [...]"). The "Rassenkunde des Deutschen Volkes" had 16 editions in over 50,000 copies by 1933 alone. Not least because of his writings, the press articles published in Germany on the subject of race increased fivefold between 1922 and 1927. From 1929 a short version with the title “Kleine Rassenkunde des Deutschen Volkes” appeared. This popular edition, also praised by the publisher as "Volksgünther", reached the 145th thousand by 1935 and the 295th thousand by 1942.

With around 30 books on racial ideology published between 1920 and 1944, the writer earned himself the nickname "Rassengünther".

In August 1933 Günther met the sociologist and Zionist Arthur Ruppin in Jena . This meeting became the subject of Dani Gal's film White City in 2019 , "in which the artist makes the points of contact in the thinking of Zionists and National Socialists understandable". What was said between Günther and Ruppin at this meeting, "Gal constructed from Ruppin's diary entries".

Especially in the United States , where the policy of racial segregation was enshrined in law in some states until the mid-1960s and only abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Günther's racial typologies and beliefs were still valued after 1945, among other things led that the American Society of Human Genetics elected him as a corresponding member in 1953.

The NPD uses Hans FK Günther as a source to explain the term "race" in the political lexicon on its website:

"'Race is a group of people, which shows the same physical and mental picture in all of its representatives."

- Hans FK Günther, eminent anthropologist

Publications (selection)

Monographs

  • On the origin of the folk book of Fortunatus and his sons. Hammerschlag & Kahle, Freiburg i. B. 1914
  • Knight, Death and the Devil. The heroic thought. JF Lehmann Verlag, Munich 1920, 4th edition, ibid. 1935
  • Hans Baldenweg's departure. A German game in four appearances. JF Lehmann, Munich 1921
  • Racial studies of the German people. JF Lehmann, Munich 1922, 16th edition there 1933; 103-113 Th. 1939; most recently: Verlag für holistic research , Viöl 2002
  • German races. Panel with 32 pictures based on the racial studies of the German people. Lehmann, Munich, several editions
  • Racial Studies of Europe. JF Lehmann, Munich 1924; 3rd edition 1929
  • Small racial science of Europe. JF Lehmann, Munich 1925; 3rd edition 1929
  • The Nordic thought among Germans. JF Lehmann, Munich 1925; 2nd edition 1927
  • Songs from Doom, Jungdeutscher Verlag , Kassel 1925
  • Nobility and race. JF Lehmann, Munich 1926; 2nd edition ibid 1927
  • Race and style. JF Lehmann, Munich 1926
  • German heads of the Nordic breed. (with illustrations by Eugen Fischer ) JF Lehmann Verlag
  • Plato as the guardian of life . JF Lehmann, Munich 1928; von Bebenburg, Pähl 1966, 3rd edition.
  • Small racial studies of the German people. JF Lehmann, Munich 1928, 3rd edition there 1939
  • Racial history of the Hellenic and Roman people. 1929, cf. 1956, 1957 as a two-volume edition
  • Racial Studies of the Jewish People. JF Lehmann, Munich 1930, numer. Editions up to 1944 (330,000 editions); most recently: Verlag für holistic research, Viöl 2002
  • People and state in their position on inheritance and selection. JF Lehmann, Munich 1933
  • The prohibition of mixed marriages with Jews. JF Lehmann, Munich 1933
  • The Nordic race among the Indo-Europeans of Asia. At the same time a contribution to the question of the original home and origin of the Indo-Europeans. JF Lehmann, Munich 1934; [Reprint] with the addition of Jürgen Spanuth . Hohe Warte - von Bebenburg, Pähl 1982
  • 1934: Urbanization. Their dangers for the people and the state from the standpoint of life research and social science. JF Lehmann, 3rd edition 1938. Most recently: Die Artgemeinschaft, Hamburg undated (2002). Series of publications of the Artgemeinschaft - Germanic Faith Community for a way of life according to the nature , 32
  • 1934: Nordic piety. Eugen Diederichs , 1934, 1st to 3rd thousand; Teubner, Leipzig 1943, 5th edition; Hohe Warte - von Bebenburg, Pähl 1989, 7th edition.
  • 1935: Origin and race history of the Teutons. JF Lehmann
  • 1936: Leadership nobility through clan care. JF Lehmann
  • 1939: The peasantry as a way of life and community. Teubner, Leipzig
  • [1939]: inheritance or upbringing. Race Political Office of the NSDAP , Reichsleitung Berlin W 8, Wilhelmstr. 63
  • 1940: Forms and prehistory of marriage. JF Lehmann; Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1951, 3rd, reworked. Ed.
  • 1941: Choice of spouse for conjugal happiness and hereditary training. JF Lehmann, 1951 (!), 3rd, reworked. Ed.
  • 1942: Peasant belief. Testimonies to the faith and piety of the German farmers. Teubner. Leipzig; Pfeiffer, Hannover [1968], 2nd ed.
  • 1942: Buttoned racialists of the germanic people. Westland, Amsterdam 1942
  • 1952: Le Mariage, ses formes, son origine. Payot, Paris
  • 1956: Life history of the Hellenic people. Hohe Warte, Pähl 2nd edition 1965
  • 1957: Life history of the Roman people. Hohe Warte from Bebenburg, Pähl 2nd edition 1966
  • 1959: The decline in talent in Europe. (under the pseudonym Ludwig Winter)
  • 1961: Distortion and clarification of the message of Jesus. (under the pseudonym Heinrich Ackermann)
  • undated: Heredity and Environment. von Bebenburg, Pähl 1967, 4th, by the author. Ed.
  • 1969: My impression of Adolf Hitler. von Bebenburg, Pähl 1969
  • 1980: Religiosità indoeuropea Edizioni di Ar, Padova 2nd ed. (Italian publisher in the field of neo-fascism)

editor

  • Race. Monthly for the Nordic Thought Ed. On behalf of the Nordic Ring in the Nordic Society of HFKG; Co-ed. Auguste Reber-Gruber . Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin 1934–1944.

literature

Historical background

Monographs

  • Friedrich Hertz : Hans Günther as a race researcher. Philo-Verlag , Berlin 1930. ( Epistemological approach).
  • Elvira Weisenburger: Hans Friedrich Karl Günther, Professor of Racial Studies. In: Michael Kißener , Joachim Scholtyseck (ed.): The leaders of the province. Nazi biographies from Baden and Württemberg (= Karlsruhe contributions to the history of National Socialism 2) UVK, Konstanz 1997, ISBN 3-87940-566-2 , pp. 161–199.
  • Erich Freisleben: Basic elements of racial studies and racial hygiene of the Weimar period. An investigation into two standard works. Dissertation. Free University of Berlin 2003.
  • Peter Schwandt: Hans FK Günther. Portrait, development and effects of racist Nordic thinking. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken 2008, ISBN 978-3-639-01276-7 .

Web links

Commons : Hans FK Günther  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ute Felbor: The Institute for Hereditary Science and Race Research at the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. In: Würzburger medical history reports , Volume 11, 1993, pp. 155–173, here: p. 162.
  2. ↑ a b RASSE-GÜNTHER - The word Nordic in DER SPIEGEL 1/1952
  3. ↑ Claus-Ekkehard Bärsch , The Political Religion of National Socialism , 2nd, completely revised. Ed., Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7705-3172-8 .
  4. ^ Hans-Peter Kröner: Günther, Hans Friedrich Karl. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 515.
  5. ↑ Timothy Ryback: Hitler's Private Library: The Books that Shaped His Life . New York 2008, p. 110. Lehmann had also sent Hitler the 14th edition of 1930, and Hitler had two other books by Günther. The original dedications are in Ambrus Miskolczy: Hitlers Library . Budapest 2003, p. 94.
  6. ↑ Jan-Pieter Barbian: Literary Policy in the "Third Reich" . Institutions, competencies, fields of activity, revised. and updated edition, Nördlingen 1995, ISBN 3-423-04668-6 , p. 56 ff.
  7. ^ Tom Bräuer, Christian Faludi: The University of Jena in the Weimar Republic . Steiner, Stuttgart 2013, p. 347-372 .
  8. ↑ Blanke Weber: Rassenwahn und Intrigen. University of Jena and the Nazi era . (Deutschlandfunk).
  9. ↑ Stefan Breuer: The Völkische in Germany . Darmstadt 2008, ISBN 978-3-534-21354-2 , p. 115.
  10. ^ W. Benz / H. Graml / H. Weiß: Encyclopedia of National Socialism , 3rd edition, Munich 1998, p. 615.
  11. ^ Social Democratic Press Service, Aug. 27, 1931.
  12. ^ The assassination attempt against Prof. Günther in court , in: Jenaische Zeitung , Aug. 20, 1931, p. 4.
  13. ↑ Hans Joachim Lang : A nice insight into the research work . Preparatory contributions Tübingen scientists for the forced sterilization and murder of German Sinti. In: Ulrich Hägele (Ed.): Sinti and Roma and we . Exclusion, internment and persecution of a minority, Tübingen, p. 79. (Cited source: Sophie Ehrhardt: Das Bild des Deutschen Menschen . In: Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung , Jg. 1934, p. [Around 265].)
  14. ^ Hans-Peter Kröner: Günther, Hans Friedrich Karl. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. 2005, p. 515 (cited).
  15. ↑ Gerd Simon: Chronology of Nordic Studies . Focus on Otto Höfler, version of June 3, 2004, p. 20. (Source: Federal Archives, BA NS 8/173, Bl. 151–152.) Available online: University of Tübingen (Abger. September 28, 2008; PDF; 384 kB )
  16. ↑ Dieter Schiefelbein: The Institute for Research into the Jewish Question Frankfurt am Main. History and foundation 1935–1939 Frankfurt 1994, ISBN 3-88270-803-4 , p. 15 f. (Source: BA, NS 21/556 K, Huth an Sievers).
  17. ^ Anja Heuss: Kunst- und Kulturgutraub , Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8253-0994-0 , p. 100 f .; Willem de Vries, Art theft in the West 1940–1945 . Alfred Rosenberg and the Special Staff Music, Frankfurt a. M. 2000, ISBN 3-596-14768-9 , p. 97.
  18. ^ Klaus Schickert: Weltkampf . The Jewish question in past and present, 1/2, April-September 1941, p. 42; Reinhard Bollmus: The Rosenberg Office and its opponents. Studies on the power struggle in the National Socialist system of rule Munich 1970, p. 120. (Source: Speech for the opening of the Institute for Research into the Jewish Question, March 26, 1941, in: Weltkampf, year 1941, issue 1/2, pp. 64–72. ) (2nd edition 2006, ISBN 3-486-54501-9 .)
  19. ↑ Quoted in Léon Poliakov, Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its thinkers , Munich a. a. 1978, p. 142. (Source: “Das Archiv”, March 1941, pp. 1150–1153; see document CXLIII - 305/306.)
  20. ↑ Günther used the terms “Eastern race” and “Alpine race” synonymously, cf. Helmut Heiber : The General Plan East . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , Documentation 6 (1958), issue 3, p. 306 ( PDF ).
  21. ↑ Horst Gies : Richard Walther Darré. The “Reichsbauernführer”, the National Socialist “blood and soil” ideology and Hitler's conquest of power. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2019, ISBN 978-3-412-50291-1 , p. 85 and p. 263.
  22. ↑ Jutta Person: The pathographic look. Physiognomics, theories of atavism and cultural criticism 1870–1930. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-3135-0 , p. 235.
  23. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Supplement 3; also dissertation Würzburg 1995), ISBN 3-88479-932-0 , p. 115 f.
  24. ^ Uwe Hoßfeld: Hans FK Günther. In: Michael Fahlbusch, Ingo Haar, Alexander Pinwinkler: Handbuch der Völkischen Wissenschaften. Actors, networks, research programs. Walter de Gruyter 2017, p. 252.
  25. ↑ So z. B. excerpts from his work from 1940: Forms of the prehistory of marriage. In: Nation Europe. Volume 7, No. 12, 1957, pp. 20 ff.
  26. ^ Andrew S. Winston: Shared Eugenic Visions: Raymond B. Cattell and Roger Pearson. (No longer available online.) Institute for the Study of Academic Racism, archived from the original on August 18, 2015 ; Retrieved June 25, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ferris.edu
  27. ^ Friedrich Keiter : Günther racial teachings. In: German singers. Volume 5, 1932, pp. 199-204.
  28. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-88479-932-0 (also dissertation Würzburg 1995), pp. 98-100 and 115-119.
  29. ↑ Michael Vetsch: Ideologized Science. Racial theories in German anthropology between 1918 and 1933 (Licensed thesis in Modern History. Bern 2003) . Bern 2003, p. 34 ( uni-hamburg.de [PDF; accessed March 9, 2020]).
  30. ↑ Michael Vetsch: Ideologized Science. Racial theories in German anthropology between 1918 and 1933 . S. 34 .
  31. ↑ Shlomo Sand : The Invention of the Jewish People. Israel's founding myth put to the test . Berlin: Propylaen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-549-07376-6 , p. 388 fn. 489
  32. ↑ Carmela Thiele: Revision of Modernism: 'Weissenhof City - From the past and present of the future of a city , in: Die Tageszeitung , August 12, 2019, p. 16. The film is part of an ongoing exhibition about the Weißenhofsiedlung in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, reports on Carmela Thiele. For the diaries see: Arthur Ruppin: Letters, Diaries, Memories , a publication of the Leo Baeck Institute , edited by Schlomo Krolik, Jüdischer Verlag Athenäum, Königstein im Taunus 1985, ISBN 3-7610-0368-4 .
  33. ↑ Pages 12 - 20: "This section is essentially based on" ... based on this book, in Theodor Fritsch , ed. Handbuch des Judenisches Volk Online version of a reprint. Note the publisher's profile of the reprint: Roland Bohlinger
personal data
SURNAME Günther, Hans FK
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Günther, Hans Friedrich Karl; Ackermann, Heinrich (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German eugenicist and National Socialist "race researcher"
DATE OF BIRTH February 16, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH Freiburg in Breisgau
DATE OF DEATH September 25, 1968
Place of death Freiburg in Breisgau