Rinaldo dei Bonacolsi
Rinaldo dei Bonacolsi called "Passerino" (* 1278 in Mantua ; † August 16, 1328 in Mantua) was a typical Italian local ruler for his time, a leader of the Ghibellines who, despite repeated excommunication, pursued a ruthless policy of expansion and from 1309 to 1328 was the last Representative of his family in Mantua and ruled in Modena from 1312 to 1327 . His rule was due to the fierce party battles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, as well as from the outside through the Italian policy of Emperor Henry VII , Pope John XXII. and coined by Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian . In 1328 he was overthrown by a conspiracy by Ludovico I Gonzaga and killed in battle, after which the rule of Mantua passed to the Gonzaga family for almost four hundred years .
Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi is remembered for the statutes he issued for the city of Mantua, the "Statuti Bonacolsiani", which remained in force until the 15th century, and for his mummy, which was kept in the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua until the 18th century has been.
origin
Rinaldo dei Bonacolsi came from an Italian noble family, about whose origins there are divided views. While conte Pompeo Litta-Biumi († 1852) in his encyclopedic work "Famiglie celebri italiane" regards Berardo Bonacolsi as the progenitor, other historians see Ottolino de Bonacosa, who appears in Mantua as early as 1168, as the progenitor of this family. What is certain is that the family increasingly played a leading role in Mantua and de facto took over power there in 1272 through Pinamonte dei Bonacolsi (* 1206, † 1293).
Rinaldo / Passerino was a grandson of this Pinamonte, who was a leading representative of the Ghibelline party in Mantua and owed his rise to the promotion of the Count Casaloldi, who then ruled Mantua. However, he ousted his sponsors on July 4, 1272 and took over power in Mantua, which is why Dante Alighieri in the Divine Comedy in the XX. Song of Hell mentioned. Pinamonte was the first of his family to rule Mantua from 1272 to 1291 with the title "Capitano del Popolo" (about mayor), married a woman from the noble house of da Correggio to secure his position and acquired several palaces in Mantua.
Rinaldo's father was Giovanni (also known as Giovannino or Zoanino) dei Bonacolsi, called "Gambagrossa" († 1288 in Mantua) who was married to a woman who most likely came from the Gonzaga family. He was also a leading representative of the Ghibelline party in Mantua, worked from 1274 to 1277 Podestà of Verona , but died before his father.
Rinaldo had three older brothers: Guido, called Botesella, who ruled as 3rd lord of Mantua from 1299 to 1309, Bonaventura, called Botirone († 1326), who was temporarily Podestà of Modena and Berardo, who owned some castles, including Villimpenta . His only sister, Samaritana, was married to Niccolò della Scala, who was Podestà of Mantua in 1292 and thus strengthened the important alliance with the Ghibelline lords of Verona.
Life
youth
Rinaldo / Passerino grew up under the rule of his grandfather Pinamonte Bonacolsi in the family palace in Mantua, the Palazzo Bonacolsi. Pinamonte had acquired this from the Acerbi family together with the Torre della Gabbia in 1281 to demonstrate the power of the family. This palazzo has been preserved to this day and is - rebuilt and named Palazzo Castiglioni - opposite the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua on the Piazza Sordello.
Passerino appears in a document on January 1, 1289, when he and his brothers Bonaventura, Guido and Berardo acquired some land in the area of the municipality of Villimpenta .
Two years later, he and his brothers supported the revolt through which his uncle Bardelone dei Bonacolsi overthrew his grandfather Pinamonte in 1291 and made himself second lord of Mantua and ruled there until 1299 as "Capitano generale".
The power struggle within the family did not end there, however, as a few years later there was a dispute between Rinaldo's eldest brother Guido and the ruling uncle Bardelone. Rinaldo, who had supported his brother Guido, was then banished from Mantua by his uncle Bardelone together with him around 1299. The two brothers then went to Verona to ask for help from the family's traditional allies, the della Scala . With the financial and military support of Alberto I della Scala († 1301), they managed to overthrow their uncle Bardellone on July 1, 1299. Guido then followed as the third gentleman from Mantua from the Bonacolsi family.
The alliance between the Bonacolsi and the della Scala was reinforced by two marriages at the same time. In 1299 Guido married Costanza della Scala, a daughter of Alberto I della Scala, while Rinaldo married the Veronese noblewoman Giglietta Nogarola, whose brother Bailardino Nogarola was married to Caterina della Scala - a sister of Alberto I della Scala.
The position of power that had been achieved prompted Rinaldo's brother Guido to begin building a new residence - the "Magna Domus" - in line with the family's elevated status as lords of Mantua as early as 1299. It is the oldest part of the later expanded Palazzo Ducale in Mantua on today's Piazza Sordello. As a result, Rinaldo was one of the closest advisers to his brother Guido and was entrusted by him with the implementation of his government measures or with diplomatic missions.
A turning point arose for Rinaldo when his brother Guido fell ill in 1308, who was no longer able to control the affairs of government himself. Therefore, from September 6, 1308, he represented his brother in the city council of Mantua as his deputy and was appointed by the latter with a decree of November 13, 1308 as his vicar general and successor as Lord of Mantua. A decree that was noted and confirmed by the Grand Council of Mantua on November 18th. Before his death, Guido, in anticipation of the future, warned his brother Rinaldo / Passerino to watch out for the Gonzaga.
Lord of Mantua
When his brother Guido died on January 21, 1309, Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi succeeded him as the fourth lord of Mantua without any difficulty. In addition to extensive estates, he also took over the considerable architectural legacy of his family in Mantua. This was the Palazzo Bonacolsi including the Torre della Gabbia - the tallest tower in the city - the Casa Torre dei Bonacolsi in Vicolo Bonacolsi, which his grandfather Pinamonte had built around 1280 and which connected Rinaldo to the building opposite through a passage around 1300, as well the Torre degli Zuccaro, also acquired by Pinamonte in 1273, and the buildings erected by Guido Bonacolsi in 1299, the Magna Domus and the Palazzo del Capitano.
To his support - and probably also to forestall any ideas of overthrow - he also appointed his brother Bonaventura, known as Butirone, as co-regent. In the same year he also received official recognition of his rule through the formal investiture as imperial vicar in Mantua.
In order to make himself popular with the population and to increase the income, Rinaldo announced on October 23, 1309 to the Doge of Venice Pietro Gradenigo the contract on merchant shipping on the Po, which had been concluded with Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo in 1274 , which led to considerable tensions with the The Republic of Venice came, feeling burdened by the high taxes to be paid in Mantua.
Foreign policy
Ghibellines and Guelphs
During the reign of Rinaldo Bonacolsi, there was a particularly intense dispute in northern Italy between the parties of the imperial Ghibellines and the Papal Guelphs . Rinaldo / Passerino remained true to the Ghibelline politics of his family and therefore immediately contacted the leading families of this party, such as the Visconti in Milan , the della Scala in Verona and the Este in Ferrara , in order to renew the traditional alliances.
Great powers
These internal struggles were fueled by the rival interests - and interventions - of major European powers in Italy, i. i.e., in particular of the Holy Roman Empire , of the popes residing in Avignon , but also of France, which with the House of Anjou from 1266 provided the kings of Naples - accentuated. The rule of Rinaldo was therefore essentially due to the Italian move of King Henry VII (from the House of Luxembourg ), through the Italian policy of Pope John XXII. and shaped by King Ludwig IV's move to Rome “the Bavaria” .
King Henry VII's move to Rome
Preparation of the Rome train
Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi was ambitious, so instead of “Capitano” he took the title “Signore” of Mantua, following the example of della Scala in Verona, da Carrara in Padua and della Torre in Milan. He was considered one of the most capable generals of his time, built Mantua into an impregnable fortress and at times commanded over ten thousand soldiers.
For him, as for the other Ghibellines, the journeys to Rome by the Roman-German kings were the subject of the highest expectations, as there was hope that on this occasion not only would the influence of the opposing Guelphs be suppressed, but at the same time their own sphere of rule would be expanded. Due to the planned trip to Rome of the Roman King Henry VII (* 1278/79, † 1313) from the House of Luxembourg , who created a " Restauratio imperii " - d. that is, aimed at a renewal of the universal imperial idea, a very gratifying turn appeared for Rinaldo and the other heads of the Ghibellines.
As early as the early summer of 1310, King Henry VII had sent embassies to imperial Italy , which announced his journey and at the same time demanded an oath of allegiance from the feudal lords and communities. These ambassadors arrived in Mantua in July 1310 and, as expected, were received there with all honors.
The demonstrative loyalty did not prevent Rinaldo from primarily pursuing his own goals and from ignoring the call for peace issued by King Henry VII. In October 1310 he started a war against the city of Reggio nell'Emilia with his ally, Alboino I della Scala (* around 1284, † 1311), the Lord of Verona , in order to prevent the return of the Ghibelline families - a . a. the family of the Sesso - to force. "On the side" he occupied a. a. the Lords of Reggiolo and Novi.
Tribute to King Henry VII.
On the news that the king had arrived in Italy, Rinaldo sent two ambassadors on November 16, 1310, Zambono della Teyga and Maffeo de Michaelibus as representatives of himself and the city of Mantua to the king, who paid homage to him on December 2 in the city of Asti .
Acquisition of Castel d'Ario
In addition, Rinaldo's envoy succeeded in using this act of homage to obtain confirmation for Rinaldo of the possession of the Castel d'Ario , which is located about 19 km east of Mantua. This castle actually belonged to the diocese of Trento , but it had been in the de facto possession of the Bonacolsi for almost forty years, which made it easy to override the rights of Trento. However, this castle would later prove fateful for Rinaldo.
In return, Rinaldo showed himself to be a loyal vassal at the coronation of Henry VII as King of Italy , which took place in Milan on January 6, 1311 , and was represented there by a very respectable embassy.
Setbacks for Rinaldo
However, King Henry VII's policies also brought some setbacks for Rinaldo.
After a protest by the city and the bishop of Reggio, Henry VII finally ordered the cessation of fighting against Reggio and the evacuation of the areas occupied by Rinaldo on January 12, 1311. However, it is not known whether this actually took place.
Another problem was that King Henry VII tried to end the armed conflicts between the communes in imperial Italy and to pacify the divided parties by appointing royal vicars (deputies) who stood above the parties - and above the local city lords . These were intended to promote the reconciliation of the warring parties through the return of the families of the respective opposition parties who had been displaced from the cities. For Rinaldo, as in Verona for Alboino (* 1284, † 1311) and Cangrande I della Scala (* 1291, † 1329) , this plan was a serious setback, since in February 1311 they were forced to go up in favor of the newly appointed royal vicars to renounce significant parts of their accustomed rights of rule.
In Mantua, the Florentine Lapo degli Uberti (* 1247, † around 1312) was appointed royal vicar, who appeared suitable for two reasons. He knew Mantua because he had already worked there as Podestà in 1286 and 1299, but at the same time he was also a son of the famous leader of the Florentine Ghibellines Farinata degli Uberti - the Dante Alighieri († 1321) in the Divine Comedy probably not to Injustice in Canto X of the Inferno among the heretics.
Return of the opposition to Mantua
Lapo degli Uberti immediately began to implement his mandate by ordering the return of the Guelf city dynasty, who had been driven from Mantua in 1299 - on the occasion of the assumption of power by Guido dei Bonacolsi.
As a result, the sworn enemies of the Bonacolsi returned to Mantua. For example the Counts Casaloldi - under whose support Rinaldo's grandfather Pinamonte Bonacolsi had become so powerful in Mantua that he drove his patrons from the city in 1278 - and u. a. also the hostile noble families of the Riva and the Gaffari. Rinaldo's cousins, who were also expelled at the time, the sons of Tagino dei Bonacolsi, Saraceno and Bertone, also returned to Mantua.
Expulsion of the imperial vicar from Mantua
Instead of the hoped-for reconciliation in Mantua, violent riots and street fights broke out shortly afterwards, in which Rinaldo was probably not entirely uninvolved, although it was officially said that these had come from the exiles. Even an attempt at mediation, which the Bishop of Geneva undertook on behalf of King Henry VII, was unsuccessful. The experiment ended with the forcible expulsion of the Guelfi returnees, with even the royal vicar Lapo degli Uberti being forced to leave in March 1311.
Rinaldo was able to significantly strengthen his position in the city and was formally appointed Podestà in April 1311.
Demonstrative loyalty to Rinaldo
To compensate, Rinaldo demonstrated special loyalty to King Henry VII by going personally to the king's provisional court to explain the matter. As a result, from May to September 1311 he personally participated with his own armed forces in the siege of Brescia by imperial troops, as numerous documents issued by him show.
Royal Vicar of Mantua
This support was not without a reward, because when Henry VII visited Mantua at the invitation of Rinaldo in the summer of 1311, he appointed Rinaldo as imperial vicar in Mantua. This, however, with the condition that the royal war chest be strengthened with the very substantial sum of 20,000 florins. Rinaldo gratefully accepted, but limited himself to making a modest deposit of 1,500 florins. Since no further payments were received, he had to be admonished on September 10, 1311 to finally pay the rest of the sum.
Lord of Modena
The imperial coronation of Henry VII on June 29, 1312 increased the self-confidence of the Ghibellines. Rinaldo / Passerino succeeded in taking power in Modena in 1312 , as the imperial vicar there, Francesco I. Pico della Mirandola (* around 1272, † around 1322), had been captured by Bolognese troops during a skirmish in Baggiovara. In view of the danger that these troops, together with the Guelphs who had been driven out of Modena, could take control of the city, the city council offered Rinaldo, as a tried and tested general, rule in Modena. Rinaldo accepted this offer, sent Rambaldo de'Ramberti as Podestà to Modena and personally took over Modena on October 15, 1312 - as "perpetuo Signore e Capitano" (permanent lord and captain). However, this only happened after he had bought the function of Capitano del Populo from Francesco Pico della Mirandola for 50,000 gold scudi.
Battle for Cremona
Soon after, Rinaldo tried to extend his sphere of influence towards the city of Cremona , which traditionally was one of Mantua's opponents. The opportunity arose from the fact that Emperor Henry VII had enfeoffed Rinaldo with some castles in the area of the city in 1312. In the city itself, the Guelphs under Guglielmo Cavalcabò in 1312 expelled the vicar Galeazzo I. Visconti (* 1277, † 1328), appointed by King Henry VII in 1311 , and thus regained power.
Rinaldo allied himself with Galeazzo Visconti - who is indirectly addressed in Dante's Divine Comedy in Song of the Cleansing Mountain - via his coat of arms as the husband of Vanna Visconti - in order to attack Cremona together with him . It came to the battle of Soncino , in which the Cremonese suffered a heavy defeat and the head of the Guelfs of Cremona, Guglielmo Cavalcabó, lost his life. Despite this success, the allies did not succeed in taking the heavily fortified city. Only a decade later, in a second attempt, were they able to conquer Cremona in 1321, which fell to Galeazzo II Visconti , who ruled as Lord of Milan from 1322 to 1328.
Conflict with Henry VII.
In the meantime, there was a serious resentment between Rinaldo and Emperor Henry VII, because in the spring of 1313 his advisors charged that Rinaldo was secretly working with Guelf opponents of the empire. This in particular with the Lord of Parma, Giberto III. da Correggio († 1326), who had defected to the party of the Guelphs in 1312, but also with the Guelf cities of Cremona and Reggio. These allegations were probably not entirely unfounded, as Rinaldo had actually signed a friendship treaty with Reggio in September 1312.
In addition, there were further allegations, because Rinaldo eluded the emperor's repeated requests to send troops to his support in Tuscany and showed little willingness to pay the amount of 18,500 florins owed for the appointment as vicar of Mantua.
The conflict led to the fact that on May 27, 1313, an imperial delegation was sent to Mantua to conduct an investigation and subsequent legal proceedings against Rinaldo. In the event of a guilty verdict, Rinaldo and his brother Butirone should be deposed and imprisoned, whereby the function of imperial vicar would then be reassigned over the areas he ruled.
Death of Emperor Heinrich VII.
However, this danger for Rinaldo and the rule of the Bonacolsi in Mantua did not come to fruition, as Emperor Henry VII suddenly died on August 24, 1313 in Buonconvento (near Siena ). With this, Rinaldo escaped deposition, but the hope of the Ghibellines to take action against the Guelphs and against the papal vicar in Romagna, Robert von Anjou , with the help of the emperor was destroyed .
Death of Pope Clement V
Soon afterwards, on April 20, 1314, the opponent of Emperor Henry VII, Pope Clement V (Bertrand de Got) died. Shortly before his death, however, on March 14, 1314, he had issued the Constitutio "Pastoralis cura", which was important for imperial politics in Italy. In it it was stated that during a Sedis vacancy in the Holy Roman Empire only the Pope would have the right to rule and administer the Empire, since God would have given Peter the highest rights in both earthly and heavenly rights. On March 31, 1317 he appointed Robert of Anjou , King of Naples (1309-1349) vicar and lord of the countries, places and cities of the empire "ultra montes" d. i.e., south of the Alps.
The following - over two years - Sedis vacancy gave the leading representatives of the Ghibellines a free hand to pursue their interests. Matteo Visconti, the lord of Milan, used this to extend his rule a.o. in a comprehensive military campaign in the years 1314-1316. a. around Pavia, Alessandria, Tortona, Parma u. Piacenza to expand considerably.
League of Ghibellines
The absence of the emperor caused the Ghibellines to band together more closely. On September 11, 1314 there was an alliance between Rinaldo and Butirone dei Bonacolsi of Mantua, Cangrande I della Scala of Verona and Uguccone della Faggiola (* around 1250, † 1318), lords of Pisa and Lucca . This alliance was successful because it succeeded, under the military leadership of Uguccone della Faggiola , in inflicting a crushing defeat on the troops of the Guelfan supremacy Florence on July 15, 1315 in the battle of Montecatini .
Subsequently, efforts were made to expand the territories controlled by the Alliance. Rinaldo therefore supported with his troops the efforts of Cangrande della Scala to conquer the cities of Brescia, Padua and Treviso and then tried himself to bring the Ghibelline cities of Parma and Cremona under his control, which were then ruled by Giberto da Correggio. The success of these efforts was limited, however, since the allies only managed to take a few smaller towns, including Viadana in 1315 , a fief of Cavalcabó, Sabbioneta , Dosolo and in 1316 Casalmaggiore .
Rinaldo's attempt to take power in Church-controlled Ferrara in 1315 by supporting a revolt of displaced Ghibellines under Francesco Menabò with money and weapons was unsuccessful because of the city's determined resistance.
Pope John XXII.
In 1316, the election of the Pope led to a major shift in the parameters of power politics in Italy. After a two-year vacancy , the French prelate Jacques Duèze was elected Pope on August 7, 1316, who named John XXII. assumed.
Active Italian policy
As the former chancellor of the King of Naples, Robert I of Anjou († 1343) and through his residence in Avignon , the Pope was close to French interests. At the same time he was a staunch advocate of ecclesiastical rights of rule and determined to enforce them vigorously. He was therefore an opponent of the imperial claims in Italy and thus also of the Ghibellines.
Legates and edicts
In order to assert his influence in Italy, the Pope appointed two important monks, the Dominican Bernard Gui (Inquisitor of Toulouse) and the Franciscan Bertrand de la Tour, as papal legates on January 29, 1317 , whom he sent to Italy with the order To prepare the mission of a cardinal legate who was to restore the rule of the church in the territories claimed by her and to oblige the local rulers and tyrants to obedience to the church in order to create order and to bring about peace in accordance with papal politics. This particularly affected the three imperial vicars who dominated Northern Italy, Matteo I. Visconti , Cangrande della Scala and Rinaldo / Passerino dei Bonacolsi, as they made the renewed appearance of a Roman-German king in Italy likely.
To underline his claim to power, Pope John XXII confirmed. in a bull dated March 31, 1317 in solemn form the constitution of his predecessor Clemens V with regard to the imperial government during a vacancy from the throne and at the same time issued a ban on using the title of “imperial vicar” for other excommunications. This on the grounds that there was still a sedis vacancy in the Holy Roman Empire after the double election of 1314, as none of the pretenders to the throne had received papal approval and therefore no one had the right to confer such titles, let alone to use them. He therefore refused to recognize the election of Ludwig the Bavarian as Roman king and thus his entitlement to the imperial coronation, and on July 16, 1317 confirmed King Robert I of Naples as imperial vicar in Italy.
Action against the Ghibellines
The Pope's measures were primarily directed against the most powerful leaders of the Ghibellines in northern Italy, such as Matteo I. Visconti (* 1250, † 1322) the Lord of Milan, Can Grande I della Scala, the Lord of Verona, and Rinaldo Bonacolsi as lords from Mantua. How little the Pope thought of the politics of these regional rulers is shown by his instruction to the Bishop of Parma to impose an interdict on the city of Parma, since the population of the city had supported the mentioned leaders of the Ghibellines in the war against the Guelph Brescia.
Rinaldo's excommunication
The papal legates first visited Milan, then Verona - where they tried in vain to persuade Cangrande to end the war against Brescia - and arrived in Mantua on June 25, 1317. Since Rinaldo was just as unwilling to compromise as Matteo I. Visconti and Cangrande I. della Scala, the legates made use of their powers and excommunicated these three leaders of the Ghibellines at the beginning of 1318.
Lord of Parma
Rinaldo was not impressed by this severe punishment and continued his efforts to expand his domain undisturbed. This time his destination was the city of Parma . There was Giberto III. da Correggio († 1321) on July 25, 1316 at the instigation of Rinaldo through a secret collaboration with Giovanni Qillico, a brother-in-law of Giberto III., was expelled from the rule, hence the need for a strong hand. Rinaldo's offer to take control was therefore accepted, whereupon he installed a man of his trust as city governor in the person of Gherardo Buzzalini da Verona in 1317. However, this could only stay there for a short time.
In the spring of 1317 Rinaldo undertook a successful campaign against Cremona , where he brought the Ghibellines, driven from there, back to power.
Loss of Modena
Soon after, however, there was a major setback for Rinaldo. In June 1317 Francesco Pico della Mirandola suddenly appeared with his troops in front of the walls of Modena, broke the resistance of the Podestà Federico della Scala installed by Rinaldo and sparked a successful uprising of the population there at the beginning of 1318 against the rule of the Bonacolsi and took over there Power.
Lord of Cremona
To compensate for this loss, Cangrande della Scala gave him a kind of protectorate over Cremona in August 1318, as the Ghibellines had taken power there again in April of that year. The city governor, Ponzino Ponzoni, was only able to assert himself there thanks to the military and political support of Rinaldo. However, this acquisition proved to be of very short duration, as Giacomo Cavalcabò and Giberto da Correggio brought the city back under their control by force on November 23, 1319, thus ending the rule of Rinaldo and the Ghibellines.
Recovery of Modena
Rinaldo, however, was successful in regaining power over Modena. A chance for this arose from the fact that Francesco Pico della Mirandola - who had snatched Modena from him in 1318 - had left the city to support the city of Carpi, which had risen against the lord of the city Manfredo Pio, who was allied with Rinaldo. Rinaldo took advantage of this opportunity by marching to Modena and regaining control there. Francesco Pico della Mirandola was therefore forced towards the end of 1319 to cede Rinaldo formally the rule of Modena and received a guarantee for his personal safety. Rinaldo soon “forgot” about this guarantee, however, because in 1321 Francesco Pico and his sons were arrested and locked up in the starvation tower of Castel d'Ario, where they died. As if that weren't enough, Rinaldo then conquered the town and castle of Mirandola , the ancestral seat of this line of the Pico family, and had them razed to the ground.
Cardinal legate Bertrand du Pouget
Concerned about this development in Italy, Pope John XXII appointed in 1319 his nephew, Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget (* 1280; † 1352), as papal legate in Lombardy, Romagna and Tuscany. The cardinal legate marched with a mercenary army to Italy in 1320 to enforce the papal claims to rule. a. succeeded in withdrawing a number of cities such as Pavia, Parma and Piacenza from the Visconti. On December 8, 1320, the Pope even issued a bull calling for a crusade against the Ghibellines Federico da Montefeltro and his allies, who were described as heretics.
Excommunication from Rinaldo
Federico da Montefeltro was killed on April 2, 1322 in Urbino and Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi also came into distress shortly afterwards because he was personally excommunicated as a heretic by the papal legate in 1323.
The papal legate Bertrand du Poujet endeavored to bring the leading Ghibellines back into obedience to the Church. Since Rinaldo was not ready to submit, there was an ecclesiastical criminal case, which was transferred to the monks Barnaba and Onesto da Pavia. Rinaldo was subsequently summoned to Piacenza. Since he did not appear, he was condemned as a heretic by the ecclesiastical court on January 30, 1324 and again excommunicated.
Train to Rome from King Ludwig the Bavarian
In view of the success of the cardinal legate, Rinaldo Bonacolsi, like other leaders of the Ghibellines, hoped for the Roman king's next move to Rome, which was, however, called into question by the double election of 1314, since two elected candidates, Ludwig the Bavarian (* 1282, † 1347) and Duke Friedrich the Handsome of Austria (* 1295, † 1336), faced.
Double election delay
The patience of the Ghibellines was put to a very long test, as the possibility of a trip to Rome only emerged eight years later, after Ludwig the Bavarian had defeated his rival Friedrich of Austria on September 28, 1322 in the battle of Mühldorf and thus as a Roman - German king was established.
It was not until the spring of 1323 that King Ludwig finally sent an embassy to Italy in preparation for his trip, which was under the direction of the royal vicar Count Berthold von Marstetten and Count Friedrich VII von Truhendingen. This embassy arrived in Mantua in May, brought the good news of the king's imminent journey to Rome, but also the invitation to send soldiers to Milan together with Cangrande della Scala, since Galeazzo I. Visconti was besieged by papal troops there.
Renewal of the League of Ghibellines
In anticipation of the move to Rome, the Ghibelline League was renewed. First, Rinaldo concluded with Cangrande I. della Scala and Obizzo III. d'Este formed an alliance in Ferrara on June 28, 1323 in support of King Ludwig. On January 17, 1324, in the castle of Palazzolo, in the presence of the royal vicar Berthold von Marstetten, a meeting of the most important heads of the Ghibellines took place. a. Cangrande I. della Scala, Galeazzo I. Visconti, Castruccio Castracani and Rinaldo d 'Este took part, which again united to form a Ghibelline League.
In response, King Ludwig the Bavarian was on March 23, 1324 by Pope Johannes XXII. banned because he carried his title without papal approval and had begun to pursue imperial politics in northern Italy. King Ludwig thereupon declared the pope deposed, but could not break the church ban until his death in 1347. Rinaldo also had to fight, because in 1325 he was forced to defend Modena against the troops of the Guelphs who had been expelled from Modena by himself or by his party friends from Reggio and Bologna. In the same year he undertook a military expedition in support of Azzone Visconti, who had appropriated San Donnino on March 16, 1325 , but was unsuccessful.
Marriage to Elisa d'Este
To strengthen the alliance with the House of Este, Rinaldo married Elisa / Alisa d'Este († 1329), a daughter of Aldobrandino II. D'Este and sister of Obizzo III, in September 1325. and Rainaldo d'Este. Because of this family alliance, he and his brother-in-law Obizzo d'Este, who was Lord of Ferrara from 1317 to 1352, undertook a military expedition to the area of the city of Reggio in order to conquer the castles of the families he had previously driven from Modena . So he conquered u. a. the castles of Fiorano and Sassuolo , which belonged to the Della Rosa family. In return, troops from the Guelfan Bologna then devastated the area around Modena.
Battle of Zappolino
Rinaldo then attacked the Bologna fortress of Monteveglio and conquered it on September 29, 1325, after which this castle was besieged by the Bolognese. As a result, on November 25, 1325, between the troops of Rinaldo and the soldiers of Bologna, the battle of Zappolino occurred, in which the Guelphs suffered a heavy defeat under the command of the Lord of Rimini , Malatestino II Novello Malatesta († 1335). Malatestino II. Malatesta was captured by Rinaldo / Passerino and imprisoned in Modena and Sassolo Della Rosa, one of the Guelfan commanders, was imprisoned in Mantua, where he died in 1326 - presumably poisoned.
In the same year Rinaldo was again by Pope John XXII. excommunicated as a heretic.
Successes of the Guelfs
Soon, however, the tide turned. In view of a Guelfan army advancing from Piacenza , Rinaldo was forced to conclude a peace treaty with Bologna on January 28, 1326. Soon after, papal and Guelfan troops succeeded in recapturing the city and fortress of Sassuolo as well as several other castles and in July 1326 even besieging Rinaldo's residence city of Modena. It took several weeks for Rinaldo to disperse the besiegers. The situation worsened considerably for the Ghibellines, as Ghibelline cities had previously submitted to the papal legate, such as Parma in September and Reggio in October 1326.
Rinaldo, together with other leading Ghibellines, therefore urged King Ludwig to move to Rome soon in order to gain the upper hand in the Italian party dispute.
Homage from King Ludwig
When King Ludwig finally set out for Italy in 1326, Rinaldo met him expectantly as far as Trento and paid homage to him there on January 31, 1327.
Loss of Modena
Rinaldo's expectation that the situation would now change in his favor, however, was not fulfilled. Soon after his return from Trento, a Guelph uprising broke out in Modena, which he was able to suppress in April 1327 only with great difficulty. The following June there was a renewed uprising of the Guelfs, who at the same time submitted to the papal legate. As a result, Rinaldo finally lost control of Modena. This took place around the time when King Ludwig was crowned King of Italy in Milan on January 17, 1328. Pope John XXII, who was a strict opponent of King Ludwig, withdrew his inherited dignity as Duke of Bavaria and again banned him on October 23, 1328 as a heretic.
Coronation of Emperor Ludwig IV.
As a convinced Ghibelline, Rinaldo had the satisfaction of seeing the - not entirely orthodox - coronation of King Ludwig the Bavarian (* 1282; † 1347) as Roman-German emperor in Rome on November 17, 1328 .
Domestic politics
“Democratic” security of rule
In order to secure his rule domestically, Rinaldo took an unusual measure after the death of Emperor Henry VII by having the appointment of the imperial vicariate formally confirmed by the Great Council of Mantua on August 4, 1313 and recorded in an official document. This should probably legitimize the imperial appointment "democratically" and thus become part of the city constitution. The content of this document largely corresponded to the text with which his brother Guido had taken over the function of city governor in 1299, although the title "Capitano" has now been replaced by the higher-ranking title "Imperial Vicar".
Statuti Bonacolsiani
Rinaldo tried to legally consolidate the rule of his family and, together with his brother Bonaventura dei Bonacolsi, called Butirone, issued the “Statuti Bonacolsiani” (Statutes of the Bonacolsi) between 1303 and 1313, with the title “Statuta dominorum Raynaldi et Botironi fratrum de Bonacolsis “as a kind of basic law.
It was a comprehensive legal regulation of the constitution and administration of the city of Mantua. This code of law replaced the previous basis of the constitution of the city and the mantle of Mantua, the “Liber privilegiorum Comunis Mantue” (Book of Privileges of the Municipality of Mantua). The Statuti Bonacolsiani consist of ten books, each of which regulates individual areas. For example, in the first book the function of the Podestà, its independence, as well as its executive, legal and military powers, in the second book the jurisprudence and disciplinary law of the Podestà as well as the tariff of the notaries, in the third book questions of trade, markets and trade fairs , in the fourth book the order of the individual occupational categories and the taxes to be paid by these regulated.
The VI. Book which describes the extensive powers of the Bonacolsi as imperial vicars in the field of legislation, jurisprudence and administration and provides that these powers are not subject to any further control. At the same time, severe punishments up to beheading are provided there for attempts to eliminate the rule of the Bonacolsi.
These statutes turned out to be so practical that they were subsequently adopted by the Gonzaga family and regulated the life of the city and the surrounding area for around 100 years until the reign of Francesco I Gonzaga († 1407).
Loss of dominion over Mantua
Rinaldo, who had devoted his strength, soldiers and property to the political and military struggle between parties and the expansion of his power and had long resided in Modena, ruled Mantua more and more tyrannically after almost twenty years, whereby he not only the population oppressed by the burden of war, but also the powerful local noble families against them. He overlooked not only the danger of losing the support of his subjects, but also the possibility of a conspiracy against his rule.
The Gonzaga family, with whom the Bonacolsi were friends and relatives, were among the wealthiest in the city and, thanks to their ties to the Bonacolsi, had so much wealth and influence that a takeover of power in Mantua did not seem entirely out of the question. This not least because Luigi I Gonzaga (* 1267, † 1360) presented himself as a friend of the people and defender of urban freedoms, which made him very popular with the population.
Conspiracy against Rinaldo
According to contemporary chroniclers, the trigger for the conflict was a - real, perhaps just legendary - trade of honor in which a son of Rinaldo - depending on the source, either Francesco or Berardo II. Bonacolsi - and Filippino Gonzaga, a son of Luigi I Gonzaga, faced. According to this, a Bonacolsi would have had an illicit relationship with Filippo's wife Anna Dovara and insulted her in public, which led to a duel, which was ended in time by bystanders. Subsequently, the members of the Gonzaga family met in the castle of Marmirolo to prepare an appropriate “vendetta” (revenge).
Luigi Gonzaga saw this - beyond the actual honorary trade - as an opportunity to overthrow the rule of the Bonacolsi in Mantua. Since his own possibilities for this were insufficient, he tried to win Cangrande della Scala as an ally. At Cangrande he was met with a sympathetic hearing, as he himself - despite the traditional alliance with the Bonacolsi - secretly regarded Mantua as an attractive addition to his own territories. As early as 1325 he had tried to take the city by surprise, but failed due to a lack of support from allies within the city. In 1328 Luigi Gonzaga offered himself to him as an apparently willing ally for his plans.
It was therefore agreed between the conspirators that the Gonzaga should spark a revolt in the city in August 1328, which should lead to the overthrow of Rinaldo Bonacolsi by sending 800 foot soldiers and 300 mounted men from Verona. Guglielmo di Castelbarco - a son-in-law of Luigi Gonzaga - was appointed as the commander of these troops. What Cangrande could not know was that Luigi Gonzaga himself had ambitions to rule Mantua and thus both sides planned to use each other - and to take advantage of one another.
Revolt against Rinaldo
Due to the betrayal of the captain of the gate guard, soldiers from Verona were able to enter the city through the Porta de 'Mulini days before the planned action. On August 16, 1328 Guido Gonzaga advanced with the rest of the troops into the city, while Luigi Gonzaga and his allies in the city with the cry “Viva il populo di Mantova” (Long live the people of Mantua) a popular uprising against the rule of the unpopular Rinaldo Bonacolsi, which led to a scuffle and armed fighting in the Piazza San Pietro (today Piazza Sordello).
Death of Rinaldo
Rinaldo, alarmed by the commotion, rode unarmed from the Palazzo del Capitano into the square to restore order. However, he was injured in the head by Alberto da Saviola, an ally of the Gonzaga, tried to get back into the palace seriously wounded, but hit his head against the half-open portal, fell from his horse and bled to death while Luigi Gonzaga was in the Cathedral Church of San Pietro said a prayer of thanks for the success achieved. Subsequently, Luigi Gonzaga had Rinaldo's sons, Francesco and Giovanni, and his nephews - the sons of his brother Butirone - arrested and imprisoned in the starvation tower of Castel d'Ario, where he starved them. Probably in order to eliminate all of Rinaldo's heirs.
Luigi Gonzaga, Lord of Mantua
The Gonzaga had no intention of surrendering the control they had just gained over the city of Mantua to the della Scala. In order to anticipate a possible intervention by Cangrande I della Scala, Luigi Gonzaga was elected on August 26, 1328 by the Great Council of Mantua as "Capitano Generale" of the community and the people of Mantua, in order to legitimize his seizure of power by the Great Council of the city allow. At the same time he sent express couriers to the imperial court in Vienna in order to obtain formal certification of his actual position of power. On November 11, 1328 he was finally confirmed as the Imperial Vicar of Mantua. Cangrande could no longer question the Gonzaga assumption of power in Mantua, since he died on July 22, 1329 in Treviso.
With the death of Rinaldo the almost fifty years of dominance of the Bonacolsi family over Mantua ended, which was replaced by the rule of the Gonzaga, which would last for almost four hundred years (until 1708), in which the Gonzaga from simple landed gentry to marquis and dukes and finally to the Number of important European dynasties rose.
Resistance of the Ziliola Bonacolsi
With the elimination of Rinaldo's possible male heirs and the death of Cangrande, Luigi Gonzaga seemed to have settled the total takeover of power in Mantua.
However, one had overlooked a little noticed niece of Rinaldo, Ziliola Bonacolsi († 1349), who was a daughter of Bonaventura / Botirone Bonacolsi and the Bosella dei Cavalcabò. This now appeared very energetically as the legitimate heir to the extensive private properties of her family in and outside Mantua. To preserve the appearance of legitimacy, Luigi Gonzaga could not deny her this inheritance. Ziliola therefore received in Mantua a. a. not only the Palazzo Bonacolsi, the Torre della Gabbia and the Casa Torre dei Bonacolsi, but also the “Magna Domus” opposite and the “Palazzo del Capitano” built by Guido / Bottesella Bonacolsi after 1299. She kept these properties until the end of her life, but never lived in them as she lived with her maternal family in Cremona without being married. It was not until 1355 that their heirs sold these properties to the Gonzaga.
Marriage and offspring
Rinaldo / Passerino dei Bonacolsi was married to a noblewoman from Verona, Giglietta Nogarola, a daughter of Zufredo Nogarola, whose brother Bailardino was married to Caterina della Scala, a sister of Alberto I della Scala.
From 1325 Rinaldo was married to Alisa d'Este († 1329 in Ferrara), a daughter of Aldobrandino II. D'Este, Margrave of Ferrara and the Alda Rangoni. However, he had no children from either marriage. However, with a woman of unknown origin, Rinaldo had three illegitimate sons:
- Giovanni II dei Bonacolsi († after 1328) He was a clergyman and abbot of Sant'Andrea, was imprisoned in 1328 on behalf of Luigi Gonzaga by Niccolò Pico together with his brother Francesco and his cousins in the hunger tower of the castle of Castel d'Ario, where one starved her.
- Francesco dei Bonacolsi (* after 1300; † after 1328) was appointed "Capitano del populo" of Mantua by his father when he was residing in Modena. He starved to death in 1328 with his brother Giovanni in the Castello di Castel d'Ario.
- Berardo II dei Bonacolsi, Capitano del Popolo in Modena in 1321, fell in love with Anna Dovara, the wife of Filippino Gonzaga and, according to tradition, gave rise to the overthrow of his family.
Afterlife
The Rinaldos mummy
Rinaldo Bonacolsi had indeed lost power and life, but he was given a macabre form of afterlife. His body was not buried, but kept for several hundred years as a kind of talisman - in memory of the acquisition and as a reminder of the transience of power - in the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua. According to a report by the German architect, traveler and naturalist Joseph Furttenbach (* 1591; † 1667) from 1626, one could see the embalmed mummy Rinaldo riding a stuffed hippopotamus in an exotic arrangement in the halls of the Palazzo Ducale. Joseph Furtenbach also described Rinaldo's head injury, which 300 years later was still recognizable by the mummy. To explain this, reference was made to an alleged prophecy by a sorceress, according to which the rule of the Gonzaga would only last as long as the mummy Rinaldo is kept. The last Duchess of Mantua, Susanne Henriette Princess of Lothringen (* 1668, † 1710), a daughter of Karl of Lorraine, Duke of Elboeuf, could no longer bear the constant sight of the mummy and therefore had her thrown into the lake. When her husband, Ferdinando Carlo von Gonzaga-Nevers , Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, died a little later in 1708, the last of his house to die, some of the population remembered the alleged prophecy and thought that there was obviously something true about it been.
Depiction of the expulsion of the Bonacolsi from Mantua
The 1328 victory of Ludovico I. Gonzaga over the Bonacolsi in the struggle for rule in Mantua - which was the basis of the rise of the house of Gonzaga - had Francesco II Gonzaga by the painter Domenico Morone in 1494 in a large oil painting with the The title “La Cacciata dei Bonacolsi” (The Expulsion of the Bonacolsi) can be seen today in the Sala del Morone in the Piano Nobile in the Corte Vecchia in the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua. On the left you can see the conspirators and in the center their leader, Luigi Gonzaga, who leads the fight without taking part. Rinaldo / Passerino is shown three times. To the right of the center, on a white horse when he is injured in the head, further to the right, with his back to the viewer as he tries to return to the Palazzo del Capitano and finally when he - pursued by horsemen - has an accident at the portal of the palazzo .
Sala di Passerino
Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi is reminiscent of Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi to this day in the Palazzo del Capitano in Mantua, a long hall called the “Sala di Passerino”, although it was built a few years after Passerino's death.
Plaque on the Castel d'Ario castle
A memory of Rinaldo / Passerino Bonacolsi and his life can be found in the castle of Castel d'Ario. In the 18th century there were found skeletons in the Torre della Fame (hunger tower) of people whose death Rinaldo had ordered, but also of members of his own family who had been sentenced to death by Luigi Gonzaga after his death. Some of the skeletons were identified as the remains of Francesco Pico della Mirandola and his sons, who were imprisoned there by Rinaldo in 1321 and sentenced to starvation.
Other skeletons were identified as those of the two sons of Rinaldo Bonacolsi, Giovanni and Francesco and his nephews, who were imprisoned there in 1328 by Luigi I Gonzaga and starved to death. A stone plaque above the main entrance of the castle reminds of the victims who died there in the hunger tower.
literature
- Federigo Amadei: Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I; Mantova, Citem, 1954 [3]
- Maria Bellonci: Segreti dei Gonzaga. Milan 1963.
- WM Bowsky: Henry VII in Italy. Lincoln 1960.
- Francesco Cognasso: L'unificazione della Lombardia sotto Milano. In: Storia di Milano V. Milano 1955, ad Indicem;
- Francesco Cognasso, "I Visconti"; dall'Oglio editore 1966 ISBN 88-7718-346-2
- C. Coniglio, Mantova, La Storia, I. Dalle origini a Gianfrancesco primo marchese, a cura di C. Coniglio; Mantova 1958.
- Gino Franceschini, I Montefeltro, page 206; dall'Oglio editore, 1970
- Joseph Furttenbach : Newes Itinerarium Italiae. Ulm 1627. (Reprograph. Reprint of the Ulm 1627 edition, Hildesheim 1971)
- Dr. Erwin Laaths (editor), Dante's works in Italian and German, The Divine Comedy; German Book Association Berlin.Darmstadt.Wien (1963)
- Pompeo Litta, Famiglie Celebri Italiane, Bonacolsi di Mantova; 1824.
- Gabriella Mantovani, Il castello di Castel d'Ario; Sometti .; Mantova, 2012.
- Kate Simon: The Gonzaga - A ruling family of the Renaissance. Translated from the American by Evelyn Voss, Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne, 1991.
- Gabriele Sorrentino, Il Duca Passerino, Modena 2007
- Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico Volume 11 (1969) [4]
Individual evidence
- ^ Pompeo Litta, Famiglie celebri italiane, Bonacolsi di Mantova, 1824.
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga, page 13; dall'Oglio, editore
- ↑ Dr. Erwin Laaths (editor) Dante's works in Italian and German, The Divine Comedy, page 138, German Book Association Berlin.Darmstadt.Wien (1963) Dante writes there in the XX. Song of hell over Mantua: "Before Pinamonte knew how to deceive Casalodi, more people found themselves in their rooms, who could not dream of it".
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga, page 12; dall'Oglio, editore
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico Volume 11 (1969) [1]
- ^ Pompeo Litta, Famiglie celebri italiane, Bonacolsi di Mantova, 1824.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico, op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo Bonacolsi in Treccani Dizionario Biografico op. Cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I.; Page 470; Mantova, Citem, 1954
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga; Page 14
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I.; Page 473; Mantova, Citem, 1954
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I.; Page 473; Mantova, Citem, 1954
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ↑ Dr. Erwin Laaths (editor), Dante's works in Italian and German, The Divine Comedy; Hell, X. Song, 32 f. Page 98; German Book Association Berlin.Darmstadt.Wien (1963)
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I .; Mantova, p. 475; Citem, 1954
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I .; Mantova, p. 480; Citem, 1954
- ↑ Dr. Erwin Laaths (editor), Dante's works in Italian and German, The Divine Comedy; The Cleansing Mountain VIII. Canto, verse 80, page 226; German Book Association Berlin.Darmstadt.Wien (1963)
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Francesco Cognasso: "I Visconti"; P. 124; dall'Oglio editore1966 ISBN 88-7718-346-2
- ↑ Francesco Cognasso: "I Visconti" op. Cit. P. 124.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I. page 478; Mantova, Citem, 1954 http://digilib.bibliotecateresiana.it/sfoglia_storia.php?id=&sottogruppo=164.F.27&gruppo=&creator=&title=&publisher=&date=&date1=&shelfmark=&op=esplora_ric&offset=527
- ↑ Francesco Cognasso: "I Visconti" op. Cit. P. 125.
- ↑ Francesco Cognasso: "I Visconti" op. Cit. P. 125; dall'Oglio editore 1966 ISBN 88-7718-346-2
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Gino Franceschini, I Montefeltro, page 193; dall'Oglio, editore, 1970
- ^ Gino Franceschini, I Montefeltro, page 205; dall'Oglio, editore; 1970
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Federigo Amadei, Cronaca universale della città di Mantova. Volume I .; Page 479; Mantova, Citem, 1954
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Giovanni da Bazano, Chronicon Mutinense (page 83)
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Gino Franceschini, I Montefeltro, page 206; dall'Oglio editore, 1970
- ^ Gino Franceschini, I Montefeltro, page 213; dall'Oglio editore, 1970
- ↑ Guido Bucciardi, I nobili della Rosa, in Fiorano nelle vicende storiche del castello e del santuario dalle origini al 1859, pages 57-70; Tipografia Pontificia ed Arcivescovale dell '"Immacolata Concezione", 1934
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pompeo Litta, Famiglie celebri italiane. D'Este, Torino, 1835
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Guido Bucciardi, I nobili della Rosa, in Fiorano nelle vicende storiche del castello e del santuario dalle origini al 1859, pages 57 f. ; Tipografia Pontificia ed Arcivescovale dell '"Immacolata Concezione", 1934
- ↑ Alberto Cavazzoli, Alla ricerca del Santo Graal nelle terre dei Gonzaga, Reggio Emilia, of 2008.
- ^ Gabriele Sorrentino, Il Duca Passerino, Modena 2007
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ^ Pietro Torelli, Capitanato del popolo e vicariato imperiale, Mantova, 1923.
- ↑ Ettore Dezza, Anna Maria Lorenzoni, Mario Vaini (a cura di), Statuti Bonacolsiani, Mantova, 2002.
- ↑ Ettore Dezza, Anna Maria Lorenzoni, Mario Vaini (a cura di), Statuti Bonacolsiani, Mantova, 2002.
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga, page 15, dall'Oglio editore, 1967
- ↑ Pompeo Litta, Famiglie celebri d'Italia. Bonacolsi di Mantova, Torino, 1835
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga, page 15, dall'Oglio editore, 1967
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi op. Cit. Page 13
- ↑ Giuseppe Coniglio, IGonzaga, page 14; dall'Oglio, editore 1967
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi, op. Cit. Page 14
- ^ Giuseppe Coniglio, I Gonzaga, page 16, dall'Oglio, editore 1967
- ^ Ingeborg Walter, Rinaldo detto Passerino dei Bonacolsi; in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico op. cit.
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi, Un 'Illustre Sconosciutta ovvero La Vendicatice Silenziosa; Page 35, Edizioni Bottazzi, Suzzara (1997)
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi, op. Cit. Page 38
- ↑ Ingeborg Walter in Treccani, Dizionario Biografico [2]
- ^ Joseph Furttenbach: Newes Itinerarium Italiae. Ulm 1627. (Reprograph. Reprint of the Ulm 1627 edition, Hildesheim 1971)
- ↑ Bologna, cronache di guerra Bologna, cronache di guerra.
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi, op. Cit. Page 23
- ↑ Luigi Pescasio, Ziliola Bonacolsi, op. Cit. Page 23
- ↑ Stefano L'Occaso, Il Palazzo Ducale di Mantova, page 98; Milan, 2002.
- ↑ Gabriella Mantovani, Il castello di Castel d'Ario, Sometti; Mantova, 2012
Web links
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Guido dei Bonacolsi |
Lord of Mantua 1309-1328 |
Luigi I. Gonzaga |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Bonacolsi, Rinaldo dei |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Bonacolsi, Rinaldo; Bonacolsi Passerino |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | City lord and imperial vicar of Mantua (1309-1328) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1278 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Mantua |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 16, 1328 |
| Place of death | Mantua |