Red and Blue Mauritius

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
stamps
1 penny
2 pence
output
country Mauritius
postal value 1 penny and 2 pence
output September 21, 1847
expiration of validity
layout
motif Queen Victoria
color Red and blue
draft Joseph O Barnard
print type intaglio printing
perforation cut
particularities allegedly
incorrect printing
with "POST OFFICE"
instead of "POST PAID"
edition
edition 500 pieces each

The Mauritius Red and Blue are the first two postage stamps from the British Crown Colony of Mauritius . They were issued in 1847. Through these stamps, Mauritius became the seventh postal area to issue postage stamps. Of the 500 stamps produced, there are still 12 Blue Mauritius and 15 Red Mauritius stamps worldwide. The Blue Mauritius is at the same time the epitome of a special stamp and the popularity of the Blue exceeds that of the Red Mauritius by far. They may not be the most expensive stamps, nor are they the rarest, but the so-called " Bordeaux cover " bearing both of these stamps is among the most valuable philateliccollectibles at all. A copy of the Blue Mauritius is on display at the Museum for Communication in Berlin .

In a narrower definition only the first stamp series of Mauritius from the year 1847 ("POST OFFICE") is meant, whereas the second series from 1848 ("POST PAID"), with considerably more surviving stamps and 12 different ones, is slightly different in their design differing, variants per value, is quite similar. Also from the hand of Joseph Osmond Barnard, the second series was inscribed 'POST PAID' instead of 'POST OFFICE', with virtually no change in appearance. Soon after pieces from the first series were found, speculation arose as to whether they were some sort of misprint or error, and legends grew out of this. In the meantime, it has been proven with a probability bordering on certainty that it was not a mistake.

features

The first and second series Mauritius stamps showed the Queen's head and neck in side profile. In both series, the regent looks to the left and wears a diadem . On the stamps of the first series, the engraver's initials JB can be seen very small on the lower right edge of the neck. At the top of the stamps is POSTAGE (German: Porto) and at the bottom is the denomination with either ONE PENNY or TWO PENCE. They are printed on the right with the word MAURITIUS and on the left with the two words that characterize each series. The one penny stamp is printed in an orange shade and the 2 pence stamp in a darker shade of blue .

The design was based on the similar stamps from Great Britain with Queen Victoria from 1841, which were available in both red and blue versions. These stamps in turn were modeled on the One Penny Black , the world's first postage stamp from 1840.

  • The Blue Mauritius

  • The (One) Penny Red from 1841 (model for the Red Mauritius)

  • The Two Pence Blue of 1841 (model for the Blue Mauritius)

  • The (One) Penny Black from 1840 (model for the two stamps from 1841)

story

Prehistory, order, printing and subsequent series

The first official postal service in Mauritius dates back to 1772. The island had been a British colony since 1810, before that it was French territory. Before that, the island was a Dutch colony, but it was abandoned.

After the very first postage stamps were issued in Great Britain and Ireland in 1840 , the Mauritius administration wanted to follow suit. Governor Sir William Maynard Gomm (1784-1875) had arrived from Britain in late 1842 and had witnessed the reform of the British postal system in 1840. The postal system of the colony was in poor condition when he took office, to improve it he issued an ordinance (Ordinance No. 13) on December 17, 1846, which was published in the Government Gazette on December 26, 1846. He thereby ordered the issue of two stamps:

  • A one-penny stamp for franking in the local and inner-city postal services of the Mauritius capital , Port Louis , in the color red.
  • A twopence blue colored postal stamp for use with the neighboring island of Rodrigues and overseas.

James Stuart Brownrigg , who came from Ireland, had been head of the postal system in the Mauritius colony since 1843 and commissioned the stamps to be produced in 1847.

The marks were engraved by Joseph Osmond Barnard . On November 12, 1846 he prepared his estimate, the original of which is now in the philatelic collection of the British Library . Barnard calculated the cost of the job to be £59 10 shillings. He was later paid only £53 and 80 shillings for the first 700 prints. He engraved both values ​​together on a copper plate for business cards and could only print one stamp of each value per operation. The printing plate was 8.2 cm by 6.1 cm ( 3 11 ⁄ 48  in by 2 19 ⁄ 48  in) with both marks engraved on it. Barnard engraved the 1pence mark at the top left of the plate and the 2p mark at the top right. The printing plate weighed the equivalent of 45.9 grams (1 oz 9 1 ⁄ 2  dwt ).

A total of 500 red (1 pence) and blue (2 pence) stamps were produced, of which 350 each until September 20, 1847. On September 21, Lady Gomm, the governor's wife, sent out her letters of invitation, the so-called "Ball Covers". “, for the costume ball of September 30th. September 22nd was the start of sales for the public.

Brand of the second series

A year later there was a need for more stamps. The second series of Mauritius stamps now had the words "POST PAID" instead of "POST OFFICE" on the left side with an otherwise almost unchanged motif. There were also one-penny and two-pence stamps from this series, in almost identical coloring to the first series. Within the second set there are various slight color variants and also paper tone variants. Catalog prices range from 3,500 euros to 70,000 euros for a rare plate error . The printing plates for this also made Barnard; they had twelve individually engraved copies on each plate for one denomination, each in four rows and three columns. Towards the end of printing, the plates, which were made of soft copper, were badly worn.

Further course

When the first Post Office stamps were found, it was speculated because of their rarity that the stamps might just be misprints, because in contrast to the second series, POST OFFICE was printed instead of POST PAID. For a long time there was a legend that the engraver made a mistake that could not be corrected because Lady Gomm urgently needed the stamps for her invitations to the costume ball . Furthermore, Barnard is said to have had the correct text said to him again because he is said to have been forgetful and hard of hearing. So, according to the myth, he went to the post office one more time, where their "POST OFFICE" sign tempted him to engrave the wrong text. There are also rumors that Barnard is said to have been half-blind and that is why he engraved the wrong text. In hindsight, virtually all of these turned out to be untraceable "legends".

According to a found letter from Stuart Brownrigg, the first series should in all likelihood bear the lettering "Post Office". Anyway, since the stamps introduced in 1826, there have been a few in Mauritius with the words "Mauritius Post Office". In addition, the number of letters in the post-paid series is more balanced. The post office series has the following numbers of letters, including spaces, starting at the top and going clockwise: 7, 9, 9, 11, while the second series has 7, 9, 9, 9 digits.

In 1898 Jean-Baptiste Moens first created a biography of all 19 Mauritius post office stamps known at the time. The Roman numbering he introduced (Moens Nos. I–XIX) was extended to specimens discovered later and is still valid today. Further listings of the brands were subsequently created by Hugo Krötzsch , G. Brunel and CJ Phillips up until 1939, each with a few differences. A thorough work on this was done by L. Norman Williams (1905–1976) and Maurice Williams (1914–1999) in their 1949 book Stamps of Fame . The brothers continued to keep records until 1997, and they appeared in an updated form in the Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps .

In the summer of 1912 the first series printing plate reappeared when it was acquired by the London stamp dealer Nevile Lacy Stocken from an alleged grandson of Governor Gomm by the name of Dominic Henry Colnaghi. Governor Gomm was married twice, but had no descendants. Reprints were made from the original plate in reverse colors (1pence blue and 2p red) and common proofs of both values ​​in black colour. They were colloquially called "Paris Reprints". Around 1930 Stocken sold the printing plate to Maurice Burrus . It was last seen in 1935 at the "Royal Jubilee Exhibition of British Empire Stamps of the Victorian Era" in London and was then considered lost. But then a Burrus family member found an envelope labeled "Plaque Uncle Maurice" and gave it to David Feldman for examination and expertise . He then presented the record, which he thought was lost, at “London 2015”, and at the end of 2016 it was sold by his auction house for the comparatively low amount of EUR 1,320,000 (including premium).

Specimens, owners and auctions

"Bordeaux letter" with both Mauritius stamps, (Moens no. XXI and XXII)

Between 1864 and 1869, Madame Jeanne Borchard discovered a total of 13 stamps, which she exchanged with collectors or sold to the dealer Marie Desbois from Bordeaux.

In the 1980s, the Japanese industrialist Kanai Hiroyuki had the most extensive Mauritius collection to date. He owned a total of six of these rarities, including the most expensive entire among philatelists , the “ Bordeaux letter ”, franked with a red and a blue Mauritius. Philipp von Ferrary once owned seven specimens – of which up to six specimens at the same time . There were five stamps each in the Maurice Burrus collection and the Dale Lichtenstein collection.

record owner
number
of pieces 		name of the
owner 		Moens numbers
6 1 Philip of Ferrary I + II, IV, VIII, IX, XIII, XIV
6 Kanai Hiroyuki III, V, X, XX, XXI + XXII
5 Maurice Burrus I + II, XIII, XXI + XXII
5 2 Dale-Lichtenstein V, XVIII + XIX, XXI + XXII
4 Rene Berlingin VI, XX, XXVI, XXVII
4 Henry J Duveen III, VI, X, XX
4 Arthur Hind III, X, XXI + XXII
1 He owned up to six brands at a time.
2 Not all at the same time.
"+" ... two stamps on one cover
List of all brands
Moens no. color Others
I + II blue red The two were originally on a letter together.
III blue unused
IV Red second hand
V blue on letter excerpt
VI blue unused
vii Red second hand
viii Red unused
IX blue second hand
X Red unused
XI Red second hand
XII blue second hand
XIII blue second hand
XIV blue unused
XV Red A so-called ball cover, with receiver "Monsieur Alcide Marquay".
XVI Red second hand
XVIII Red A ball cover, with receiver "Ed. Duvivier Esq.”.
XVIII + XIX Red Red The Bombay Letter .
XX Red A ball cover, with receiver "H. Adam Esq. Junr."
XXI + XXII blue red The Bordeaux letter .
XXIII blue The second letter to Bordeaux, addressed to "Messieurs Ducan & Lurguy".
XXIV blue unused
XXV blue second hand
XXVI Red second hand
XXVII Red partially considered unused

Selected copies

The so-called “Bombay letter” with two Mauritius reds (Moens numbers XVIII and XIX) came to light in 1897 by chance at an Indian bazaar. The collector Charles Howard was the discoverer of the valuable collector's item. The letter was to Thos. Jerrom Esqr. addressed in Bombay .

George H. Worthington bought this cover in 1906, and in 1917 it was purchased by the American stamp collector Alfred F. Lichtenstein (1876-1947). His daughter, Louise Boyd Dale (1913–1967), continued her father's large collection. At an auction of this collection in 1968, the Bombay cover and a section of the cover with a blue copy (Moens number V) were also auctioned off. In 1989 an auction house tried to sell the letter for an estimated price of three to four million Swiss francs; however, a sale did not materialize. The last change of ownership was in 2007; since then the letter has belonged to a Russian collector.

Three letters, each with a Red Mauritius, sent by Lady Gomm are called the "Ball Covers". According to legend, Lady Gomm (1807-1877), wife of the governor of Mauritius, arranged for the Mauritius stamps to be made because of an invitation to a costume ball that took place on September 30, 1847. However, there are philatelists who claim that the three covers were of different sizes and were not used for the invitation to Lady Gomm's costume ball.

Queen Elizabeth II (Moens no. XVII) owns a "Ball Cover" . The recipient of this letter was Ed. Duvivier Esq., and the letter was found while his wife was cleaning up. Another example (No. XV) is in the Philatelic Collection of the British Library , London. The recipient of this was Aleide Marquay and the cancellation was a double circle postmark dated September 21, 1847, the date of issue of the stamp. This piece has been documented since 1876 and has been in the possession of the museum in Great Britain since 1891. The third "Ball Cover" (No. XX) is privately owned.

In 1897 Théophile Lemaire made an offer to the Reichspostmuseum in Berlin for 2000 British pounds for two copies with the Moens numbers VI (blue) and VII (red), which was rejected. Lemaire acquired the stamps from Jacques Legrand 's collection . On this occasion, the museum made copies of the stamps.

In 1901, the Reichspostmuseum initially acquired the red copy (No. VII) that had already been offered to it in 1897 through an exchange with the stamp dealer Philipp Kosack . A few years later, at an auction in London in 1904, the agent of the later English king George V outbid the Imperial Postal Museum for the Blue Mauritius with the Moens no. XXIV. In the same year, the Reichspostmuseum acquired a letter with a used Blue Mauritius (Moens no. XXIII), also through an exchange with Philipp Kosack. The museum exhibited his two collectibles together with six other rare stamps from British Guiana and Hawaii in the so-called "Mauritius tableau" at the top of the stamp room in a separate wall safe behind bulletproof glass.

In August 1943, the panel was taken to a safe at the Reichsbank in Berlin to protect it from bombing during World War II , and in 1945 it disappeared from a security system in a Mansfeld AG mine in Eisleben . It wasn't resurfaced until 1976 in Philadelphia , after which it was confiscated by the US government. Both German states laid claim to the stamps. Shortly after German reunification , the US declassified the stamps by handing them over to the German Embassy in Washington on October 18, 1990 . From January 8th to 27th, 1991 they were exhibited in the Postal Museum in Frankfurt/Main . Since 1996, the "Mauritius Tableau" has been kept in the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications and since 2000 it has been exhibited again in the Museum for Communication in Berlin - the former Reichspostmuseum.

Unused copies

The owners of the four unused Blue Mauritius stamps are as follows:

  • One stamp is privately owned by Queen Elizabeth II (Moens No. XXIV).
  • One stamp is in the Museum voor Communicatie in The Hague (Moens No. VI).
  • A stamp is in the British Library , London (Moens No. XIV).
  • The fourth stamp (Moens No. III), along with an uncancelled Red Mauritius (Moens No. X), has been in the Blue Penny Museum in Port Louis , the capital of Mauritius , since 1994 . In addition to the original stamps, two copies of the Mauritius Red and Blue are also on display. In order to preserve the quality of the originals, only the copies are illuminated for most of the opening hours. The copies shown over 55 minutes per hour at the Blue Penny Museum are the 1912 reprints from the original plate in reversed colors (1pence blue and 2p red).

The owners of the two mint red Mauritius stamps are the following:

  • One stamp has been privately owned by a Western European since 1995 (Moens No. VIII).
  • One stamp is owned by the Blue Penny Museum in Mauritius (Moens No. X).

auction results

Unused pieces are rarer, and are often better preserved or in better condition than used ones and are therefore usually significantly more expensive than used ones. The relatively poorly preserved red specimen (Moens No. XXVII, Limbo) from the first series was sold at an auction in Essen on May 8, 2009 for 210,000 euros. On June 28, 2011, a used, well-preserved beautiful blue piece (Moens No. XIII) fetched 900,000 British pounds (equivalent to around 1,060,000 euros as of 2013) at the Spink auction house in London.

The highest price for a philatelic item at that time was achieved in 1993 by the Bordeaux cover with 6.125 million Swiss francs (equivalent to around 5.1 million euros, as of 2012), only surpassed on June 17, 2014 by the British Guiana 1¢ magenta .

On June 25, 2021, an envelope with a red Mauritius ("Ball Cover", No. XX) was bought at an auction in Ludwigsburg by a German-speaking bidder from Europe for 8.1 million euros.

reception

Examples of these stamps from the English Royal Family at a 2005 exhibition

Catalogs and specialist literature

Individual postcard from Deutsche Post on the occasion of the exhibition "The Meeting of the Queens" in September 2011

The stamps were not listed in the very first stamp catalogs from the 1860s. When the stamps first appeared in catalogues, the year of publication was incorrect. Earliest mention of the first series is from March 1865 in Le Collectionneur de Timbres-Poste , Vol. 2, pages 50–55. Among other things, the article misrepresented the publication dates of the stamps and eventually assumed that the Post Office stamps were variants with misprints. Until the 1880s, collectors in German-speaking countries viewed the first series only as essays , if at all . These brands only attracted a great deal of attention later.

There are a number of books and websites dealing with the first stamps and the postal history of Mauritius, especially in the English-speaking world. Every time one of these stamps changes hands, the media reports on it, sometimes even for second series pieces. In philatelic journals they are still a frequent topic, often on the front pages.

exhibitions

Individual brands have often been the main attraction of exhibitions. In September 2011 there was the one-off "Meeting of the Queens" in the Museum for Communication Berlin , where 18 Mauritius specimens were on display at the same time.

Other stamps

For the first time to mark the 100th anniversary of the stamps, further postage stamps from Mauritius with images of these two values ​​were issued ( Michel nos. 217-220). There are now some from different postal areas, such as some African states, Arab sheikhdoms, Nicaragua , Italy or the Netherlands .

public perception

To date, there is no other postage whose popularity has even remotely equaled that of the Blue Mauritius. "Blue Mauritius" became a synonym for a very rare, valuable collector's item in general usage. At least in stamp collector circles, when they hear the word “Mauritius”, the first thing that comes to mind is not the island that gives it their name, but the stamps. It is mainly known to philatelists that, in addition to the blue, there is also the almost equally valuable red Mauritius. In fact, there are also rarer and more expensive stamps; however, this fact is not anchored in the collective memory .

The importance of Mauritius was also reflected in poems, films and novels. An example is the crime comedy The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937), which is about blue and red Mauritius stamps. The poem Die Mauritius by Heinz Erhardt is also well known .

literature

General

  • 170 years Blue Mauritius: A cultural asset has its birthday. Supplement for the Spiegel stamps and the German stamp newspaper , issue 1/2017
  • Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847-59. Stanley Gibbons, London 1981, ISBN 0-85259-251-5 .
  • Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. Atlantic Books, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-84354-436-4 .
  • Christian le Comte: The stamps of Mauritius . le Comte Publisher, Port Louis 2006, ISBN 0-9550285-3-1 , pp. 30-39 .
  • Peter Ibbotson: Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , The Royal Philatelic Society London , 1991, ISBN 0-900631-24-4 .
  • Alfred S. De Pitray: "Post Office Mauritius" and Its Legend: A Philatelic Study . Editions de l'Ocean India, 1992, ISBN 99903-0-071-2 .
  • Michael Harrison: Post Office Mauritius, 1847 . Stamp Collecting, 1947.
  • 150 Years of Fascination Mauritius – The Crown Jewel of Philately . Borek, Brunswick 1998.
  • Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. A publication of the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication. Exhibition catalog in German and English, 2011, ISBN 978-3-9813202-1-3 .
  • LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 1: The Stories. , Feldman, Geneva 1993, ISBN 0-89192-435-3 , pp. 173–202.
  • Jan Billion: German stamp review. Issue No. 9/1997 pp. 53–58.
  • Theodor Haas: The Mauritius Post Office to 1 and 2 P. In: Illustrated Stamps Journal . Edition No. 16/1898, p. 242 f.

printing plate

  • Mauritius Post Office: A printing plate that inspires...! In: Philately No. 455, May 2015, pp. 17-22
  • The printing plate of the POST OFFICE stamps: new insights. In: Philately No. 458, August 2015, pp. 17–19
  • David R. Beech: Mauritius Rediscovered: The "Post Office" Printing Plate. (Cover story) In: American Philatelist May 2015, pp. 436–443

Brand biographies

  • Jan Billion: Myth Mauritius. The CVs of all known 'Reds' and 'Blues'. In: German stamp review. October 1997; again in an updated new edition in German Stamps Revue. Published August 2011, pp. 37–46.
  • Jan Billion, David Feldman, Andreas Hahn: The Biographies of All Mauritius Post Office Stamps. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. A publication of the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication. Exhibition catalog in German and English, 2011, ISBN 978-3-9813202-1-3 , pp. 194–233.
  • Biographies of the Stamps. In: Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius – The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. Atlantic Books, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-84354-436-4 , pp. 229–254.
  • LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 2: The Biographies. Feldman, Geneva 1997, ISBN 2-9700125-1-0 , pp. 135–155.
  • The Blue Mauritius and her owners. In: The Blue Mauritius. 100 Years Wiesbaden Stamp Collectors Association 1885 eV (commemorative publication and exhibition catalog from 1985), pp. 14-24.
  • LN and M. Williams: Stamps of Fame. 1st edition, Blandford Press Ltd. 1949, pp. 33–44.
  • CJ Phillips: Collectors Club Philatelist. 1939, pp. 263–273.
  • Georges Brunel: Le Timbre-Poste (Paris). Vol. 5, 1916, pp. 1213-1216.
  • Hugo Krötzsch: German Stamps Newspaper , February 1904, pp. 21–25.
  • ED Bacon: The Postage Stamps... of the British Colonies... in Africa Part 2. pp. 152-159.
  • Jean-Baptiste Moens: Le Timbre-Poste. Vol. 37, June 1899, pp. 87-93.

web links

Commons : Stamps from Mauritius  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

itemizations

  1. ↑ David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 12.
  2. ↑ Peter Ibbotson: Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 126 f.
  3. ↑ The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. In: Museum for Communication Berlin .
  4. ↑ Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , p. 24.
  5. ↑ First Official Postal Service, 1772. In: Peter Ibbotson: Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 5.
  6. ↑ Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , p. 7.
  7. ↑ a b c d Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847-59 p. 16.
  8. ↑ David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 12.
  9. ↑ Michael Harrison: "Post Office" Mauritius, 1847: The Tale of Two Stamps. Stamp Collecting, (Philatelic Publishers), London 1947, p. 23.
  10. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. p. 18
  11. ↑ www.helenmorgan.net: Mauritius, Post Office Plate (English), accessed 28 October 2012.
  12. ↑ Peter Ibbotson, Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 126.
  13. ↑ Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , p. 17.
  14. ↑ a b Michael Harrison: "Post Office" Mauritius, 1847: The Tale of Two Stamps. Stamp Collecting (Philatelic Publishers), London 1947, p. 28, with reference to: NL Stocken.
  15. ↑ Michael Harrison: "Post Office" Mauritius, 1847: The Tale of Two Stamps. Stamp Collecting (Philatelic Publishers), London 1947, p. 28.
  16. ↑ a b David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 15.
  17. ↑ Peter Ibbotson, Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 131.
  18. ↑ Michel Overseas Catalog Volume 4 North and East Africa 2009, ISBN 978-3-87858-792-7 , p. 962 f.
  19. ↑ a b David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 16.
  20. ↑ Peter Ibbotson, Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 130.
  21. ↑ Peter Ibbotson: Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 130 f.
  22. ↑ a b Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , pp. 19 f.
  23. ↑ Berlin stamp newspaper , fourth year, March 1908 issue, p. 96.
  24. ↑ The Blue Mauritius. In: 100 Years of German Stamps Anniversary Exhibition in Munich 1949, p. 22.
  25. ↑ Mauritius: 1847 - or: Poetry and Truth . In: Frank Arnau: Encyclopedia of Philately . Lingen, Cologne, pp. 211–221.
  26. ↑ LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 1 The Stories , p. 185.
  27. ↑ Peter M. Ibbotson, The Barnard Myth. In: Stamp Collecting of November 7, 1974, pp. 527, 529.
  28. ↑ David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 14
  29. ↑ Christian le Comte: The stamps of Mauritius , p. 37.
  30. ^ a b Jan Billion, David Feldman, Andreas Hahn: The Biographies of All Mauritius Post Office Stamps . In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius - The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 194.
  31. ↑ a b c Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , p. 21.
  32. ↑ LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 2: The Biographies. p. 135.
  33. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. , p. 201.
  34. ↑ Wolfgang Maassen: Mauritius Post Office - of reprints, reprints and all sorts of dubious things. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 89 f.
  35. ↑ Peter Ibbotson, Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 128.
  36. ↑ a b c Hiroyuki Kanai: Classic Mauritius. The Locally Printed Postage Stamps 1847–59 , pp. 22 f.
  37. ↑ LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 1 The Stories. p. 192.
  38. ↑ David R. Beech: The printing plate of the Mauritius Post Office edition of 1847. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (eds.): Die Blaue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 19
  39. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. p. 145.
  40. ↑ Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 174.
  41. ↑ www.helenmorgan.net: Jeanne Borchard (English), retrieved October 28, 2012.
  42. ↑ a b The Collections of Hiroyuki Kanai ( Memento of October 26, 2012 at the Internet Archive ), retrieved July 31, 2011.
  43. ↑ Wolfgang Jakubek: Knaur's stamp book. The whole world of philately. Publisher: Droemer Knaur, Munich/Zurich 1976, ISBN 3-426-02244-3 , p. 262.
  44. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Maassen: Legendary names, well-known collectors, happy mediators. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 167 f.
  45. ↑ a b c d e f Jan Billion, David Feldman, Andreas Hahn: The biographies of all Mauritius Post Office stamps. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The Meeting of the Queens in Berlin , p. 194 ff.
  46. ↑ Hans Reichardt, Wolfgang Maassen: What is what. Volume 52: Stamps. Tessloff Verlag, ISBN 3-7886-2920-7 , p. 14.
  47. ↑ LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 1 The Stories , p. 199 f.
  48. ↑ Dale/Lichtenstein auction catalogue, published by HR Harmer, New York 1968.
  49. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Maassen: The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. philatelie - The collector's magazine of the Association of German Philatelists, issue 410 from August 2011, pp. 10-16.
  50. ↑ a b c d e The "Mauritius virus" is spreading! In: philatelie - The collector's magazine of the Association of German Philatelists, issue 408 from June 2011, pp. 16-18.
  51. ↑ a b c Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius – The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. p. 119.
  52. ↑ Andreas Hahn: The post office stamps of the Reichspostmuseum as a "national task". In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 45.
  53. ↑ Douglas N. Muir: George V - the Philatelist King. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. , p. 65.
  54. ↑ Andreas Hahn: The post office stamps of the Reichspostmuseum as a "national task". In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 48 f.
  55. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. p. 121.
  56. ↑ Lieselotte Kugler: Foreword. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 7
  57. ↑ a b c End of an odyssey! In: philately . Issue #195 / Philately and Postal History. No. 116, January 1991, p. 3.
  58. ↑ Veit Didczuneit: "On the Trail of the Blue Mauritius" — in the GDR and in the Eastern Bloc. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 148.
  59. ↑ a b www.helenmorgan.net: Copy with Moens no. VII (English), accessed 27 May 2012.
  60. ↑ Veit Didczuneit: "On the trail of the Blue Mauritius" - in the GDR and in the Eastern Bloc. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 151.
  61. ↑ Uta Knapp: Mauritius almost at a bargain price - 210,000 euros for a brand legend. on: sz-online.de , May 9, 2009.
  62. ↑ spink.com: Article Description of Moens No. XIII ( Memento of 22 September 2013 at the Internet Archive ) (English), retrieved 11 May 2013.
  63. ↑ www.stampmagazine.co.uk: Spink auction with Moens No. XIII (English), retrieved 11 May 2013.
  64. ↑ Record auction in Ludwigsburg: Red Mauritius auctioned for 8.1 million euros. Retrieved June 26, 2021 .
  65. ↑ a b c The post office stamps of the Reichspostmuseum as a "national task". In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 37.
  66. ↑ LN Williams: Encyclopaedia of Rare and Famous Stamps. Volume 1 The Stories , pp. 173 f.
  67. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius – The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps , p. 35 ff.
  68. ↑ a b "Yes, I have a Blue Mauritius – and a Red one too!" In: philatelie issue no. 425 from November 2012, pp. 53-56.
  69. ↑ Stamp Centenary. In: Peter Ibbotson: Mauritius Postal History and Stamps , p. 204 f.
  70. ^ a b Wolfgang Jakubek: Knaur's stamp book. The whole world of philately. Publisher: Droemer Knaur, Munich/Zurich 1976, ISBN 3-426-02244-3 , p. 189.
  71. ↑ www.isla-mauricia.com: Mauritius Post Office stamps ( Memento of 17 October 2012 at the Internet Archive ) (English), retrieved 27 October 2012.
  72. ↑ Veit Didczuneit: "On the trail of the Blue Mauritius" - in the GDR and in the Eastern Bloc. In: Lieselotte Kugler, Andreas Hahn (ed.): The Blue Mauritius. The meeting of the queens in Berlin. p. 153.
  73. ↑ Heinz Erhardt: The Mauritius | Media and culture blog. Retrieved June 6, 2018 .