Sergei Alexejewitsch Christianowitsch

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Sergei Alexeyevich Christianovich ( Russian Сергей Алексеевич Христианович * October 27 . Jul / 9. November  1908 greg. In St. Petersburg ; † 28. April 2000 in Moscow ) was a Russian mathematician , physicist and university teacher .

Life

Christianowitsch came from a noble landowner family. After the October Revolution , his parents joined the white Denikin army, which was retreating through Oryol , in the Russian Civil War . In Rostov they contracted typhus and died. The homeless Sergei Christianovich traded in cigarettes, spoke French and was noticed by Professor DI Ilowaiski, who took care of the boy with him to Petrograd drove and helped him find relatives. From 1923 Christianovich lived with his aunt MN Bek. He attended secondary school with graduation in 1925 and began studying in the anthropological department of the geographic faculty of Leningrad University (LGU). However, he soon switched to the physics and mathematics faculty and graduated in 1930 from the mathematics department. Then he worked at the Leningrad Institute of Hydrology .

In 1935 Christianowitsch went to Moscow and became a doctoral candidate - like Mstislaw Vsewolodowitsch Keldysch and Felix Ruwimowitsch Gantmacher - in the recently established doctoral college of the Steklow Institute for Mathematics (MIAN) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR) under Sergei Lvowitsch Sobolew . In 1937 he defended the dissertation on the Cauchy problem for nonlinear equations of the hyperbolic type in the MIAN and the dissertation on unsteady flow conditions in the Krschischanowski Institute for Energy (EIAN) of the AN-SSSR. In 1938 he became a senior scientist at MIAN. In 1939 he became a corresponding member of the AN-SSSR.

In 1939 Christianowitsch moved to the Institute for Mechanics of the AN-SSSR, which had just been founded in Moscow, with the director Boris Grigoryevich Galjorkin , whose deputy was Christianowitsch. In 1940 he moved to the Moscow Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (ZAGI), for which he had been a consultant since 1937. He took part in the Tschaplygin seminar and headed the laboratory for high-speed aerodynamics . In 1942 he became Scientific Director for Aerodynamics at ZAGI. His group included Anatoly Alexejewitsch Dorodnitsyn , Mikhail Dmitrijewitsch Millionschtschikow , Georgi Petrovich Swishchev , Vladimir Vasilyevich Struminsky , GI Taganow, Vladimir Vasilyevich Sychev and others. Problems of aerodynamics close to the speed of sound were examined . In 1945 the first investigations with swept wings were started. The steady transition to supersonic speed in the wind tunnel was realized for the first time in 1946 . With Vladimir Grigoryevich Galperin and others, he analyzed the observed regularities. During the German-Soviet War Christianowitsch, Felix Ruwimowitsch Gantmacher, Lew Michailowitsch Lewin and Issaak Issajewitsch Slesinger carried out important work to improve the accuracy of the Katyushas . In 1943 he was elected as a real member of the AN-SSSR. In 1949 he became a member of the CPSU .

In addition to his research activities, Christianowitsch was professor at Moscow University from 1938–1944 and 1972–1973 . 1944-1946 he headed a chair at the Moscow Aviation Institute . In 1938, Christianowitsch, Mikhail Alexejewitsch Lavrentjew , Nikolai Evgrafowitsch Kotschin , Nikolos Muschelishvili , Alexander Ossipowitsch Gelfond , Sergei Lvowitsch Sobolew and others called for a new kind of engineering education in an article on the first page of Pravda , in which, in addition to technical knowledge, basic mathematical and mathematical knowledge is imparted based on the model of the Paris École polytechnique and the University of Cambridge , which Pyotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza had met personally. Realization was initially prevented by the war. Christianowitsch participated in the organization of the new Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology (MFTI) of the AN-SSSR, which was founded in 1951 at the instigation of Pyotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza, Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Semjonow and Lev Dawidowitsch Landau .

1953–1956 was Christianowitsch Academy Secretary of the Department of Technical Sciences of the AN-SSSR. At the same time he worked as a representative of a department head in the Institute for Chemical Physics of the AN-SSSR and developed with his students AA Grib, Oleg Sergejewitsch Ryschow and BI Saslawski an asymptotic short-wave theory , which he used with Anatoly Timofejewitsch Onufrijew for model calculations of a nuclear explosion . At the petroleum institute he worked with JP Scheltow on a theory for the hydraulic break-up of a petroleum layer and worked on problems of fracture mechanics with Grigori Isaakowitsch Barenblatt .

1953–1961 Christianowitsch was involved in nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere and under water. He also worked on defense problems against nuclear weapons, realizing that a defense was not possible. This gave rise to the idea of ​​a Siberian department of the AN-SSSR in order not to concentrate science in Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev alone . Michail Alexejewitsch Lavrentjew suggested this directly to Nikita Sergejewitsch Khrushchev , emphasizing that the establishment of a Siberian science center without Christianovich and Sergei Lvowitsch Sobolev would jeopardize the project. Christianowitsch became First Deputy Chairman Lavrentiev of the Siberian Department of the AN-SSSR (SO-AN-SSSR) and supervised the construction of the entire science center. In 1957 he founded the Institute for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITPM) of the SO-AN-SSSR in Akademgorodok . A turbo compressor station and a supersonic wind tunnel were built under Christianowitsch's direction . Attention was paid to environmental friendliness. Christianowitsch founded the University of Novosibirsk with others in 1959 and was a professor at the Chair of Aerodynamics.

Christianovich returned to Moscow in 1965 following a conflict with Lavrentiev. He worked as scientific director of the All Union research institute for physical-technical and radio-technical measurements (1965–1972), as laboratory director of the Institute for Problems of Mechanics of the AN-SSSR (1972–1988) and as a consultant to this institute from 1988. He continued his research in the field of plasticity theory . In 1995 he became an advisor to the Russian Academy of Sciences . In the last years of his life he dealt with problems of oil production.

Christianovich was buried in the Troyekurovo cemetery in Moscow . The Institute for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITPM) now bears his name. The Christianowitsch Prize was announced for young scientists from the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Christianowitsch Science School for Rock Mechanics took place from 1970 to the 1980s at the University of Simferopol and is currently held annually in Alushta .

Honors, prizes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h University of Novosibirsk: Христианович Сергей Алексеевич (accessed March 24, 2018).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f А.Н. Богданов, MechMath Механика и прикладная математика: Сергей Алексеевич Христианович (accessed March 24, 2018).
  3. ↑ ACADEMICIAN SERGEY ALEKSEYEVICH KHRISTIANOVICH (accessed March 24, 2018).
  4. ↑ Физические основы околозвуковой аэродинамики . 1948.
  5. ↑ М. М. Лаврентьев. «Отец не предвидел таких поворотов…" В кн .: Городок.ru, Новосибирск, 2003 (accessed March 23, 2018).
  6. ↑ Федюк, Е. Р .: Научная школа С. А. Христиановича в области механики горных пород . In: Вестник НГУ. Серия: История, филология . tape 9 , no. 1 , 2010, p. 327–331 ( online [accessed March 24, 2018]).
personal data
SURNAME Christianowitsch, Sergei Alexejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Христианович, Сергей Алексеевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian mathematician, physicist and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH November 9, 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH St. Petersburg
DATE OF DEATH April 28, 2000
Place of death Moscow