St. Johannis (Malchin)
The St. John's Church in Malchin is a typical North German brick Gothic building . It is located in the Mecklenburg town of Malchin in the Mecklenburg Lake District and is the church of the Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral Community of the Rostock provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Northern Church ).
history
The church formerly belonged to the diocese of the diocese of Cammin . It is a replacement building for the first Romanesque building that burned down in 1397. The original structure was destroyed except for a few foundation walls. The builders integrated these into the new Gothic building. Presumably all furnishings were also destroyed in the fire. The new building was inaugurated in 1440 . Up until the Reformation there were 29 other altars in the building in addition to the Marien Altar, but these were lost over time. In the 19th century, the church redesigned the interior of the building. The galleries , the church stalls and the pulpit are still there in the 21st century. In 1830 the parish erected a new altar in the chancel and moved the St. Mary's altar to the side chapel. With funds from the Zeit Foundation , the roof and the facade of the main and north aisles of the church and the organ were restored.
architecture
The church was built as a three-aisled basilica in the brick Gothic style . The church consists of the 42 meter long and 22 meter high nave with four bays , the choir with three-sided choir closure ( 5/8 end ) with one yoke, the vestibule with five bays and the west tower. The 67 meter high church tower can be climbed. It is not in the center line of the church, but in the northwest corner of the church in front of the north aisle. A side chapel of the church is used by the community as a winter church due to a heating system installed there .
Furnishing
Main altar, pulpit and gallery
In 1824, the painter Wilhelm Krüger copied the altar painting in the Chapel of the Cross, the Crucifixion of Christ by Charles Hutin , for the new high altar of the St. John's Church in the Hofkirche in Dresden . Inside there is a large carved altar, a wooden Renaissance pulpit by Hans Boeckler (1571), statues of the four evangelists in the niches, the large wooden triumphal cross group (around 1400), a Romanesque baptismal font and the wooden epitaphs on the gallery from 1599 resp. 1676.
Mary Altar
In a side chapel of the church, there is the St. Mary's altar from the 15th century, which is attributed to an unknown master from a Lübeck workshop. It comes from the same time when the parish had restored the building after the great fire. With the redesign of the building, it stood in different places within the church over the next few decades. A safety restoration took place around 100 years ago. In the 1990s, the congregation had the side chapel repainted and now also installed the St. Mary's altar on the south wall.
The Gothic pentaptych consists of a central shrine and two movable pairs of wings on its sides. This enables a total of three display sides: two with panel paintings and a festival side with gold-plated carved figures.
Front side with closed wings
Mary and Jesus are depicted on the back of the two outer wings. On one wing she turns to Jesus, on the other he is depicted sitting on a throne.
Front side with open outer wings
If, on the other hand, the wings are opened, the “everyday side” becomes visible. In earlier times as well as in modern times, it was always shown when there was no major church festival. The paintings show scenes from the life of John the Baptist as well as the Evangelist John and the Passion of Christ. Each figure is represented in a cycle of four pictures, with Christ and Mary in the middle field. It is interesting that the "reading order" differ within the four-person scenes. Experts rule out a mistake by the workshop, because other winged altars also bear this characteristic, for example the work of carver Jan Borman from 1522 in the parish church of St. Marien in Güstrow .
The four paintings in the left wing are arranged one above the other in their logical order. The first picture is at the top left and the second to the right. The third and fourth pictures are arranged in the row below. It shows John the Baptist preaching to people in the desert. In his hand he carries a scroll with the words from the Old Testament , in the other a lantern that could point to Christ as the light of the world. This is followed by a picture with the accusation of John by King Herod Antipas , followed by the beheading of John. The last picture shows his daughter who brings her father's head from a tray to her mother Herodias . The next two cycles start in the lower right corner and run clockwise. They show the scourging of Jesus, the mockery of Jesus and, in two pictures, his crucifixion. The four pictures on the right middle section are about the birth of Jesus. They show the Annunciation to Mary , the birth of Christ and the adoration of the three wise men . The fourth and last image represents Jesus in the temple.
The cycle on the far right, however, is structured differently. The first picture is on the bottom right, the second on the top left, followed by the third picture on the top right and the final picture on the bottom left. They are about the life of John. The first painting shows him refusing to sacrifice in the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Then his capture by the Emperor Domitian can be seen, who wants to see him die in a cauldron with hot oil. However, the oil turns into water and John rises rejuvenated. He is then banished to the island of Patmos , which can be seen in the following picture. The last painting depicts his return to Ephesus, where he brings Druisiana to life.
Front side with open inner wings
The carved side was originally only shown at church festivals such as Christmas or Easter . The central element is the coronation of Mary and shows Mary next to Jesus Christ under a canopy , accompanied by three angels. A total of 36 saints are arranged in two rows around the coronation scene . Although the writing behind it has largely faded, the figures can be assigned very precisely thanks to the iconographic saints' attributes. In the upper left row you can see (from left to right): Archangel Michael , Luke the Evangelist , Apostle and Evangelist Matthew , Judas Thaddäus , Simon Kananäus , Bartholomäus , Andreas , Simon Peter and John the Baptist . To the right of the middle section are the apostles and evangelists Johannes , Paulus von Tarsus , Jakobus , Matthias , Philippus , Jakobus , Thomas , Markus and Sankt Georg in the upper row .
In the lower row, from left to right, Birgitta of Sweden , Gertrud von Nivelles , Saint Dorothea , Agnes of Rome , Catherine of Alexandria , Maria Magdalena , Stephanus , Otto von Bamberg and Gregory the Great can be seen. To the right of the middle section are Nikolaus von Myra , Martin von Tours , Laurentius von Rom , Margareta von Antioch , Cäcilia von Rom , Ursula von Köln , Apollonia von Alexandria , Barbara von Nicomedia as well as Elisabeth von Thuringia .
organ
Behind the baroque organ front by Paul Schmidt from 1782 is an organ made by Friedrich Friese III in 1878 . The mechanical slider chest instrument has 28 registers on two manuals and a pedal .
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P
- Playing aids : Forte, Piano, Calcant
Bell scratch drawings
The bell, cast in 1481, has rare, art-historically significant carved bell drawings that are honored in a work by the art historian Ingrid Schulze.
literature
- Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The church to Malchin in year books of the association for Mecklenburg history and antiquity essay 11, volume 31, Schwerin, 1866
- Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume 5: The district courts of Teterow, Malchin, Stavenhagen, Penzlin, Waren, Malchow and Röbel. Schwerin 1902 ( digitized in the Internet Archive ), pp. 93-105
Individual evidence
- ^ Information leaflet: On the history of the altar , display in the church, inspection in July 2015
- ^ Renovation of the roof and facade of the main and north aisles of St. John's Church in Malchin. Retrieved April 10, 2020 .
- ^ Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume 5: The district courts of Teterow, Malchin, Stavenhagen, Penzlin, Waren, Malchow and Röbel. Schwerin 1902 ( digitized in the Internet Archive ), p. 97
- ↑ Information on the Friese organ
- ^ Ingrid Schulze: Incised drawings by lay hands - drawings by medieval sculptors and painters? Figural bell scratch drawings from the late 13th century to around 1500 in central and northern Germany. Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-939404-95-8
Web links
- The church at Malchin (essay 11, vol. 31) Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch
- Evangelical Lutheran parish of St. Johannis Malchin
Coordinates: 53 ° 44 ′ 20.8 " N , 12 ° 45 ′ 41.2" E