Lower Saxon (Netherlands)

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Lower Saxon (nl.-ndt. Nedersaksies , Nederlaands Leegsaksisch ; nl. Nederlands Nedersaksisch "Dutch Lower Saxon"), colloquially plat (" Platt "), also called Ijsselländisch in German and Nederlandistik, is the name given to thevariants of West Low German spokenin the Netherlands , whose distribution areas are in the east and north-east Netherlands, that is, in the provinces of Groningen , Overijssel , Drenthe and Gelderland . Its offshoots can also be found in the border areas of Friesland .

It can be observed that this dialect form is in a dialect continuum to the neighboring Lower Saxony dialects in Germany. So is Gronings (the Lower Saxony in Groningen) the spoken in Germany East Frisian Platt close with which it was once historically formed a unit. Twents (spoken in the east of Overijssel) is in turn close to the West Munsterland , the Westphalian variant that is located on the German-Dutch border.

The Germanist Heinz Kloss stated in his book The Development of New Germanic Cultural Languages ​​since 1800 that the “West Sassian dialects” are very close to Dutch and that they are strongly influenced by Dutch , but they are far enough away from it that it is worthwhile have that examples of the bilingualism of a place have been included in a specialist book.

During the Hanseatic League, “Sassian”, that is, Middle Low German at that time, was the written language in the eastern Netherlands . However, the Middle Low German used in the Netherlands was not so strongly influenced by Lübeck's Middle Low German. Rather, there was a form influenced by Lower Franconia , which radiated as far as Westphalia .

The Lower Saxon of the Netherlands and the neighboring Westphalian dialects, but also the East Frisian Low German of that time, were part of a narrow dialect and written language continuum from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . This led to the fact that the early German and Dutch studies , both of which had their beginnings in the 19th century, this (with the neighboring Westphalian dialects), and the Rhine-Maasland to the south , were summed up under the collective term "German Dutch" . In the course of the politicization of the term “German-Dutch”, which took place from the end of the 19th century, when the völkisch movement used it in the Pan-Germanic-Pan-German sense , Dutch studies began to work with the makeshift term East Dutch when it meant the Lower Saxon dialects in the Netherlands .

In 1992 the German Arend Mihm established "Ijsselländisch" as a new and politically and ideologically completely neutral generic term for the Lower Saxon variants in the Netherlands. Analogous to the term " Rhein-Maaslandisch " created by him , this was introduced into linguistics.

On October 10, 2018, Lower Saxony was awarded the status of an independent regional Dutch language in the Netherlands , which placed it on the same level as Limburgish . Previously, Lower Saxony was only considered a dialect association in the Netherlands.

Language history

Language area and limitation possibilities

The distribution area of ​​Lower Saxony in the Netherlands and neighboring Germany

The autochthonous distribution area of ​​Lower Saxony in the Netherlands has been limited differently over time. It is noticeable, however, that its dialect borders run perpendicular to the north-south state border.

At the beginning of Dutch and German studies , the unified plural line was used to delimit the Lower Saxon and Lower Franconian dialects and ended at Elburg on what was then the Zuiderzee . This isogloss course is still often given in various language maps today, even if it contradicts general beliefs.

In the 1880s, the Lower Saxon-Lower Franconian dialect border began to begin south of Harderwijk , in order to allow it to meet the unified plural line in its southeastern course. So you dealt of Dutch and German on the part of the problem is that the dialect of the Association Veluws was originally added to the Lower Franconian due to its transitional nature. Now only the West Veluws was added to this, while Ostveluws now belonged to the Lower Saxon dialects.

Today, it is generally no longer considered to be obsolete viewed unit plural line as the boundary of those dialects in the Netherlands under the designation Nederlands Nedersaksisch are summed ( "Dutch Low Saxon"): Today, these are of a straight through Gelderland extending and at Utrecht ans IJssellake abutting isogloss bounded by the Lower Franconian, the so-called elopen / gelopen line.

Subgroups / dialects

Carnival in Silvolde , wagons with Lower Saxony inscription

The Dutch Lower Saxony is divided into about seven main dialects, which in turn are divided into individual city and village dialects. Some of these varieties have their own ISO-639-3 codes :

  • Gronings ( gos )
  • Stellingwerfs ( stl )
  • Drents ( drt )
  • Twents ( twd )
  • Achterhoeks ( act )
  • Sallands ( sdz )
  • Veluws ( vel )

Today in the Netherlands the dialects of Lower Saxony are divided as follows, with the list being made in the north-south direction:

Gronings has a common linguistic history with the neighboring East Frisian Low German and like this has a large Frisian substratum. Stellingswerfs is considered a transition dialect to West Frisian , from which it was also influenced. The Drents, in turn, is divided into three subgroups, which are geographically referred to as Noord-Drents , Midden-Drents and Zuid-Drents . In general, Noord-Drents belongs to the dialect group "Gronings".

Due to the linguistic transitions, Twents can be counted as a transition dialect from Emswestfälischen to Gronings-Ostfriesischen. Twents-Graafschaps, in turn, essentially forms the foothills of the Emswestfälische in the Netherlands.

Gelders-Overijssel , which is in the southern part of the Lower Saxon language area in the Netherlands, is already considered a transition dialect to Lower Franconian and West Munsterland . For example, the Achterhoeks attributed to him is an organic part of the West Munsterland.

The language area of ​​Dutch Lower Saxony is characterized by numerous isoglosses , due to which the dialects Twents and Achterhoeks can be counted as Westphalian if one takes the had / ehad line running there as a criterion. With the North Lower Saxony both connects the unit plural line , as well as in Twents and Achterhoeks like / wi'j raises valid. In the Veluws, however, wulie hebben is already used. Gronings is differentiated from the other dialects by the bundle of isoglosses wide-hebben-gaud for “know”, “have” and “good”.

Urks and West Veluws are already heavily Dutchized, but both with Drents, Stellingswerfs and Sallands as well as East Veluws could be added to a separate subgroup, as they form the westernmost edge of the entire Lower Saxon language area.

In the 19th century it was customary to divide Lower Saxon in the Netherlands into "Frisian-Westphalian" and "Franconian-Westphalian" based on the family tree theory and thus to point out their transitional character to West Frisian, Westphalian and Lower Franconian.

Influence of Dutch and German on the entire West Low German language area

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the territorial states of the Roman-German Empire were consistently characterized by language tolerance. The official writing and reading languages ​​of the offices were Latin (and Greek ) as the "holy languages" of the Bible and the common German of the imperial authorities and offices.

Everyday life on both sides of today's German-Dutch border was shaped by the dialects , which were understood as the "vernacular". Since there was trade among each other in the border regions, most of them evolved over the centuries, regardless of whether they were based on (Lower) Saxon or (Lower) Franconia. This changed rapidly with the emergence of the nation states, as they tried to give only one language the official priority. On the German side, this was New High German, which was coined by Martin Luther (1483–1546), and on the Dutch side, the New Dutch of the State Bible, coined by the Netherlands . While the "language change" was carried out quickly in the Netherlands (Dutch was very much in keeping with the language habits of the inhabitants of the eastern Netherlands), a " silent language war " was fought in north-west and west Germany , to which Dutch finally succumbed in the middle of the 19th century.

“In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries, High German initially prevailed in part against Low German as the written language from Cologne and Münster. In the territorial sphere of influence of the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Reformed Church (also through religious refugees) as well as the trade relations of the Netherlands to the German North and Baltic Sea coasts, in these transitional areas, including in East Frisia, an official and ecclesiastical came into being in the 17th and early 18th centuries encouraged written language Dutchization, partly commercially also in the port cities of Emden, Bremen, Hamburg and, through economically driven emigration, also in western Holstein. (...) In the German-Dutch border area, a fundamental language-political difference between the epoch of the territorial states and the epoch of the nation-states becomes clear: In the 18th century there was still a lot of liberality with the coexistence and overlapping of different languages. With the continuation of the basic Low German language in oral communication with the general public, the written languages ​​High German and Dutch were used alternately depending on the recipient (district) and subject domain, even under Prussian rule (from 1713) in the upper Gelderland, with both churches also using Dutch against Prussian condemned German in worship and school supported. "

- Peter von Polenz : "German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present", Volume III 19th and 20th centuries, p. 121

Westphalian and Dutch expansion

Westphalian influence until 1600

In the course of its linguistic history in the Netherlands, Lower Saxony was exposed to several linguistic influences. It owes its predominantly " Westphalian features " to the so-called Westphalian expansion , which lasted until around 1600. After the decline of Middle Low German as a written language, which occurred after 1600, it was exposed to the Branbantic-Dutch expansion , which was ultimately followed by a so-called Utrecht expansion . These are also collectively referred to as Dutch expansion , which also radiated far into the Lower Rhine , especially the left Lower Rhine.

One legacy of Middle Low German is the lack of the second sound shift , which puts Dutch Low Saxon on the side of the “Low German dialects”. In his dialects it is still called punt “pound”, appel “apple”, water “water”, moaken “make” and tijd “time”. The Dutch grapheme ij  [ɛɪ] also retained its original sound ie  [iː] in it, so that vrij is still pronounced there [vriː].

With the removal of the Middle Low German now joined Modern Dutch in its place, which in the eastern Netherlands now roofing and cultural language was. Analog entered Germany the NHG the place of the Middle Low German and replaced this there as roofing and cultural language. This led to the fact that the Low German variants on both sides of the borders began to linguistically adapt to the respective umbrella language.

In the Netherlands, the regional Lower Saxony is lexically regarding neologisms strongly influenced by the Dutch and his letters followed so far by the Dutch spelling, however, the German versions of High German followed: The word "farmer" Therefore there boer and the German Low Saxon Bur / Buur written which both are spoken identically as [buːr].

Dutch influence since 1600

The linguistic influence of Dutch is particularly evident in the West-Veluws and Urkers dialects : these two have the unified plural ending in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person of the verb -en instead of the expected - (e) t . That means that there wai eawen (Urkers) and wullie hebben “we have” is spoken instead of the expected one like hebben .

A manifestation that is also common in Stellingswerven and Groningen . But here it is considered a legacy of Old Frisian and not a novelty from Dutch. Especially since the Ommelande were Frisian- speaking until the Middle Ages .

From the 17th century onwards, various vowel changes occurred in Dutch Lower Saxon, which occurred as a result of the new Dutch cultural language in the eastern Netherlands: Old ee  [eː] became ie  [iː], oo  [oː] became oe  [uː] and old oe  [uː] a uu  [yː]. Twents and Achterhoeks, however, remained at the old volume and rather point towards Westphalia. See also the following examples: deer (Sallands) - dier (Twents) - deer (Achterhoeks) "animal", good  - goed  - gaud "gut", hoes  - huus  - hoes "house".

In the dialects of the Achterhoek, but also in Sallands, the umlaut took place in certain areas : moes "mouse" - mussken " mäuschen " - muzen "mice".

In Lower Saxony in the Eastern Netherlands, as a result of the Utrecht expansion, the personal pronoun 2nd person singular " you " was abandoned . As a result, the gij / doe line withdrew in the direction of today's German-Dutch state border: the du line begins in Belgian Limburg , where it is located near the Uerdinger line and along with it over large parts matches. North of Venlo , the line crosses the Meuse , only to run north-east on the Lower Rhine towards the Dutch state border. At about the same level as the former rule of Anholt , it meets the Dutch national territory and runs west of the Achterhoek region, where it essentially coincides with the oe / au line (goed / gaud "gut"). This means that the personal pronoun du is still in use in the villages of Denekamp and Oldenzaal (eastern Twente) and in Groenlo and Winterswijk (eastern Gelderland / Achterhoek), but not in the rest of the Lower Saxon dialects of the eastern Netherlands.

Relationship between the IJsselland and the Rhine-Maasland

In his studies of the relationship between the Lower Franconian and Low German dialects and medieval times, the German Germanist Arend Mihm found that both of them were in a narrow dialect and written language continuum at the respective dialect borders . This means that Lower Franconian and Lower Saxon dialects merged seamlessly both linguistically and in written language. A statement that is now shared by other German scholars:

“Needless to say, the Lower Rhine was not cut by a 'language' border in the late Middle Ages. The question of 'Dutch on the Lower Rhine' cannot actually be asked for this period because there was neither a high-level Dutch nor a high-level German language in the 14th century. Rather, the Lower Rhine variety fits into 'a continuum of related regional writing languages'. A clear definition of the border between Lower Franconian and Lower Saxony dialects in this transition zone is also not possible. At best they can be characterized as 'mixed languages', each containing elements of Middle Dutch (MNL), Middle Low German (MND) and z. Some also contain Middle High German (MHD) in different distributions. "

- Brigitte Sternberg: "Early Lower Rhine Documents at the Klevischen Hof", in: Helga Bister-Broosen (Ed.): "Dutch on the Lower Rhine", p. 57

This Dutch-Lower Rhine-Low German commonality is also reflected, as Jan Goossens found, in the respective asexual singular pronouns: In Flemish Belgium these were ik , mij / me , gij / ge and ou / u , in Holland ik , mijn / me and yij / je . On the linguistically related Lower Rhine, they were ik , mij , gij and ou on the territory of the old Duchy of Jülich , while ik , min , gij and ou were used on the territory of the old Duchy of Kleve . Lower Saxony's Westmünsterland used ik , mei , du and dei . In the area of ​​the Achterhoek it is noticeable that it largely corresponds to the Kleverland and uses ik , min , ie and ou .

In addition, within the Lower Saxon dialects of the Netherlands, the Veluws , the southern Gelders-Overijssel and Twents-Graafschaps differ from the other dialects in that they use compound subject pronouns of the first person plural wüllie , wille / wülle and wilö , which neither the Lower Franconian nor the other Low German dialects are known.

But in the compound subject forms of the second person plural, most of the dialects that are counted as Dutch Lower Saxony today agree with the Dutch-Flemish forms or are derived from them. The same applies to the compound subject forms of the third person plural. With regard to the composite object forms of the third person plural, only Veluws largely agree with the Dutch-Flemish forms. The rest of the Lower Saxon language of the Netherlands agrees with the Lower Saxon forms of Germany.

In his four-part work, Jan Goossens pointed to the language atlas of the northern Rhineland and the south-eastern Netherlands. "Franconian Linguistic Atlas" shows that the dialects of Utrecht and the Veluwe, but also the dialects of southern Gelders-Overjjsel and the western dialects of Westphalia, match: The word "herde", which is generally cool in Ijsselland but also in Rhine-Maasland , kodde / ködde and keu (ë) does not exist in these. There the terms keu , kürre and ködde, which are related to kool etc. , mean “piglet”. Rather, there “piglet” coincides with the term “pig” varken / verken , the northern border of which roughly coincides with the Gronings-Noord-Drents border, which, as in West Flanders, has between “pig”, while Kleverländisch and Westmünsterlandisch use pugg , its northern border with a few exceptions coincides with the German-Dutch border.

Another common feature shared by Dutch Lower Saxony, with the exception of the Veluwe region, with the neighboring German Lower Saxony and Right Rhenish is the presence of an area that defines the use of the dialect word "Amsel": in the area east of the IJssel and up the Rhine A uniform geetling / geitling area exists on the southern border of the Oberbergischer Kreis and from there to the mouth of the Ems in the North Sea .

Today's relationship to the Low German dialects in Germany

Despite being covered by two different national languages ( Dutch , German ), the subgroups of the Lower Saxon dialects of the Netherlands still have great similarities with the dialects spoken on the German side. But the strong influence of both national languages ​​on all of West Low German can no longer be denied. Above all, the period after 1945 caused by national television programs that the German-Dutch state border slowly began to dissolve the old dialect continuum between them. The state border became de facto the dialect border .

Oral communication between the speakers is still possible. But the further they are from the state border, the more difficult communication between them becomes. Due to the different orthography (Dutch in the Eastern Netherlands, German in Germany), communication is difficult, even if the persons concerned come from nearby border areas. Reinhard Franz Hahn therefore developed the Algemeyne Schryvwyse "general notation", which was based on Northern Low German, for common communication in the entire Low German language area . This is why this spelling found its way into the Eastern Netherlands, where it was mainly used to communicate with Low German speakers who did not come from the Netherlands.

At the beginning of 2018, Lower Saxon in the Netherlands switched to using the Nysassiske Skryvwyse "New Saxon spelling" developed from the Algemeynen Schryvwyse , in which some articles have now been written in the Nedersaks Wikipedia . The basic principle of this spelling is that the spelling is regulated, but not the pronunciation. The uniform spelling artificially eliminates the existing differences between the Dutch and German variants of Lower Saxony.

While Dutch studies define the Lower Rhine in terms of linguistic history as a Dutch language area in which "non-standardized Dutch" is spoken in dialect form, German studies see the Lower Saxon dialects of the Netherlands as a Low German dialect association that is subject to Dutch. Germany and the Netherlands do not make territorial claims to these language areas due to the respective language relationship .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Heinz Kloss: The development of a new Germanic cultural language since 1800 , 2nd expanded edition, Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann 1978, ISBN 3-590-15637-6 , p. 192
  2. ^ Heinz Kloss: The development of a new Germanic cultural language since 1800 , 2nd expanded edition, Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann 1978, ISBN 3-590-15637-6 , pp. 191–192
  3. ↑ Rijksoverheid: Nedersaksische taal erkend , accessed on 19 October 2018
  4. ^ Heinz Kloss: The development of a new Germanic cultural language since 1800 , 2nd extended edition, Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann 1978, ISBN 3-590-15637-6 , p. 194
  5. ↑ Stephen Barbour, Patrick Stevenson: Variations in German: Sociological Perspectives , 3.10.1 On the Low German-Dutch Dialect Landscape , Google books, accessed on October 22, 2018
  6. ↑ Joachim Schildt: Brief history of the German language , Volk und Wissen Verlag Berlin 1991, 1st edition, ISBN 3-06-101719-4 , p. 151 (dialect map )
  7. ↑ “German dialects of the present” in: www.amilotedesco.worldpress.com , accessed on October 20, 2018
  8. ^ "Map of German dialects (on the history of the language of German)" in: www.rhetorik-netz.de, accessed on October 20, 2018
  9. ^ Egart Hugo Meyer: Folklore. History of the German way of life and culture , Verlag Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1898, newly published in: Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig, Holzminden, ISBN 3-8262-1304-1 , pp. 363–364 (language map)
  10. ^ A b “Map of German Dialects” in: F. A. Brockhaus: Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon , 14th edition, 4th volume, accessed on October 20, 2018
  11. ↑ a b c d Nedersaksische Wikipedia: Nedersaksisch toallienen , accessed on October 20, 2018
  12. ↑ Nedersaksische Wikipedia: Taalkaarte “Wichtege isoglossen in't Leegsaksisch” , accessed on December 26, 2018
  13. ↑ Kremer: Dialect Research in the East Dutch-Westphalian Border Region , Note 138 , Google books, accessed on October 19, 2018
  14. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. "Fränkischer Sprachatlas" , second volume of text, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1034-1 , p. 78, text card 8 "Diasystem der asexual singular pronouns"
  15. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. “Fränkischer Sprachatlas” , second volume of text, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1034-1 , p. 128, text card 13 “Compound subject forms of the 1st person. Pl. "
  16. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. “Fränkischer Sprachatlas” , second volume of text, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1034-1 , p. 158, text card 17 “Compound subject forms of the 2nd person. Pl. "
  17. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. “Fränkischer Sprachatlas” , second volume of text, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1034-1 , p. 186, text card 21 “Compound subject forms of the 3rd person. Pl. "
  18. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. “Fränkischer Sprachatlas” , second delivery of text volume, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1034-1 , p. 196, text card 23 “Compound object forms of the third person. Pl. "
  19. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. "Fränkischer Sprachatlas" , third delivery text volume, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1221-2 , p. 56, text card "Piglet"
  20. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. "Fränkischer Sprachatlas" , third delivery text volume, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1221-2 , p. 61, text card "Piglet"
  21. ^ Jan Goossens: Linguistic Atlas of the Northern Rhineland and the Southeastern Netherlands. "Fränkischer Sprachatlas" , third delivery text volume, N. G. Verlag Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-7708-1221-2 , p. 40, text card 4 "Amsel"

Web links

Wikipedia in Nedersaksian