Sutras Translator (China)

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With Sutrenübersetzer those translators are referred to the Chinese Buddhist canon (三蔵, San-zang have put together). “Translate” or “transfer” in this context means “into Chinese”, whereby the original language of the texts was often, but not always, Sanskrit . These are not literal, but rather free reproductions of the original texts, which is explained, among other things, by the strong grammatical and syntactic differences between the languages.
Since the biographical data are based on the often hagiographical information that can be found in the canon itself , their historicity is sometimes doubtful. In some cases, apocryphal sutras made in China were assigned a “translator” to give them a touch of originality. From the perspective of ancient China, “Western countries / regions” were the Central Asian areas / empires along the Silk Road ( Parthians , Kabul, etc.).

More extensive classical Chinese works are divided into fascicles (F), which comprise a scroll. “Books” in this context means fascicles or. “Scrolls” ( Chinese   , Pinyin juàn , W.-G. chüan ). The translators are only listed under the dynasty in which they are first mentioned.

Lokakṣema

Late Han Dynasty

Later Han (後 漢, 25–220 C.E.) with capital in Luoyang . The translators are not known by name of 123 works (148 fasc.) By San zang . A total of 292 transmissions arose in 395 fascicles, 96 of which still exist today.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
(number and fascicle )
Kāśyapa-mātaṅga 迦葉 摩 騰 Monk from Central India of Brahmin origin. Arrived at the invitation of Ambassador Tsai Yin 67. Died that same year 1
Dharmaratna (Fa-lan) (竺) 法蘭 (Zhú) Fǎlán Vinaya expert from Central India. He accepted the invitation against the will of his ruler. Arrival 67 shortly after Kāśyapa-mātaṅga. Died over the age of 60. 4 or 5
Lokakṣema 支 婁 迦 識 Arrival in China 147 or 164. Active to 186 in Luoyang. Transferred 21 (63 F) or 23 tracks (67 F). 12 come over
To Shigao (To Shih-kao) 安世高 Ān Shìgāo Parthian prince who renounced his throne. Arrival 148. Active with a team of translators up to 170. 176 translations (in 197 F) or 95 (115 F) of which 730 still 54 (59 F) extant. 55
An Xuan (An Hsüan) 安 玄 Ān Xuan Upasaka from Ansi. In Luoyang 181 2
Zhiyao (Chih-yao) 支 曜 Zhīyào From the western regions. In Luoyang 185. 11 plants (12–13 F) of which 5 to 730 lost. 5
Yan Fodiao (Yen Fo-t'iao) 嚴 佛 調 Yán Fódiào Monk or upasaka from Lin-hai. Good knowledge of Sanskrit. Collaboration with An Xuan 188. 7 translations (9 or 10F) mostly lost
Kang Mengxiang (K'ang Meng-hsiang) 康孟祥 Kāng Mèngxiáng Monk of Tibetan origin. Got to China via India and the western regions. 194–199 6 titles (9 F). 2
Dali ((Chu) Ta-li) 大力 Dali Monk from the western regions. 1
Tanguo (T'an-kuo) (釋) 曇 果 Tánguǒ Brought a Sanskrit text of Kapilavastu from the western regions. 1

Wei Dynasty

During the Wei Dynasty (220-65), the northern of the " three kingdoms ," with the capital in Luoyang . Two works by unknown translators have survived. A total of 292 transmissions arose in 395 fascicles, 96 of which still exist today.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Dharmakāla Monk from central India who, on arrival, discovered in 222 that his Chinese confreres were unfamiliar with the Vinaya . 250 then translated the Pratimoksha (prātimokṣa; 波羅提 木叉; also Sāṅghikā-vinaya 僧祇 律) in the version of the Mahāsaṅgikas . lost
Kang Sengkai (K'ang Seng-k'ai) 康 僧 鎧 Kāng Sēngkǎi Indian monk of Tibetan origin. 252 in the “Monastery of the White Horse” (Bái Mǎ Sì, 白馬 寺) of the capital. 3
Dharmasatya (= Tian-ti) 曇 諦 (= 曇 無 諦) Monk from the land of An-si. In Luoyang 254. 1
Baiyan (Pai-yen) 白 延 Báiyán Monk from the western regions. 257 in the "White Horse Monastery" 1
To Faxian (To Fa-hsien) 安 法 賢 Ān Fǎxián Parthian monk. 2 (5F) lost

Wu dynasty

The Wu Dynasty was the southern of the "three kingdoms," (222-280) with the capital Jianye, today's Nanjing . A total of 110 works are said to have been transmitted in 291 fascicles, of which 730 were still 61 (93F) detectable. Today 56 are still known.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Zhiqian (Chih-ch'ien) 支 謙 Zhīqiān Upasaka from Kushan (月 支 國), who reached China towards the end of the Eastern Han. He found acceptance in the Wu Empire. Appointed professor by the first emperor and tutor to the crown prince. Variety of translations 222-253. 50 in China, 54 in Korea
Vighna 維 祇 難 (= 障害) Brought a Sanskrit version of the Dhammapada from India in 224 . Originally Zoroastrians . Worked in Wǔcháng . 1
(Zhu) Lüyan ((Chu) Lü-yen) (竺) 律 炎 (Zhú) Lǜyán Came with and worked with Vighna first. Around 230 self-employed. 3
Kang Senghui (K'ang Seng-hui; Sanghapala) 康 僧 曾 Kāng Sēnghuì Indian monk, son of the Prime Minister of Soghdiana / Samarkand (康居國). Arrival 241. Builder of the monastery 建 初 寺 on behalf of the emperor from 247 onwards. Started translating 251, 14 works (29 F), of which 730 5/7 (10/20 F) are known. † 280 2

Western Jin Dynasty

The Western Jin (西晉) existed with its capital in Luoyang 265-316. (Limited to southern China from 317 onwards.) Originally 447 translations of which 730 still existed 156 (321 F), of which 58 (59 F) were by translators unknown by name. Today 153 works from this period are still known (20 without names).

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Dharmarakṣa d. Ä. (= Chu Fa-hu) 竺 法 護 (= 曇 摩羅察) Zhúfǎhù (= Tánmóluóchá) Monk from a district at the westernmost end of the Great Wall of China . Hiked with his teacher in the western regions and is said to have mastered 36 languages ​​and dialects. After his arrival in Luoyang 266 extensive translation work up to 316/317 in a group of 12, to which 210 translations were assigned (in 394 F), of which 730 91 (208 F) were still known. First transmitter of sutras from the Vaipulya group. Also known as Tun-huang Bodhisattva (敦煌 菩薩). approx. 90


Kālaruci Monk of the western regions who translated a sutra in Canton in 281. lost
An Faqin (An Fa-ch'in) 安法欽 Ān Fǎqīn Monk from An-si, translated 5 works (12 or 16 fasc.) In Luoyang 281–306. 2 titles passed.
Mokṣala 無 羅 叉 (= 無 叉 羅) Monk from Kustana (Khotan). Translated 1 work with Kushulan (Zhu Shulan). 1 (received)
Kushulan 竺叔蘭 Zhúshūlán Chinese-born upasaka of Indian descent. Transferred 2 works between 290-306. lost
Bai Fazu (Pai Fa-tsu) 白 [帛] 法 祖 Bái Fǎzǔ Chinese monk from Ho-nei, who transferred 23 works (in 25 fasc.) Between 290 and 306. 730 16 works (18 fasc.) Extant. 5
Fali (Fa-li) (釋) 法 立 Fǎlì Monk of unknown origin. Together with Faju 290–306 in Luoyang 4 works (12 fasc.) 3 in the Ming Canon
Faju (Fa-chü) (釋) 法炬 Fǎjù Monk of unknown origin. Independent activity after Fali's death. Said to have transferred a total of 132 works (142 fascias), of which 16 (26F) 730 were already lost. 23
Nie Changyuan (Nieh Ch'eng-yüan) 聶 承 遠 Niè Chéngyuan Chinese upasaka who assisted Faju. Three independent exercises 2


Never Daozhen (Nieh Tao-chen) 聶 道 眞 Niè Dàozhēn Son of nie Chengyuan. 4th


Zhi Fadu (Chih Fa-tu) 支 法度 Zhī Fǎdù In 301 transferred 4 works (5 fascias). 2
Ruoluoyan (Jo-lo-yen) 若 羅 嚴 Ruòluóyán Monk of foreign origin, exact dates unknown. 1

Eastern Jin Dynasty

The Eastern Jin Dynasty existed 317-420, with the capital Jianye in what is now Nanjing. 232 translations of which 730 were still traceable (in 468 fascias) fell into this era. 35 titles by translators not known by name are part of today's San-zang.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Zhi Shilun (Chih Shih-lun) 支 施 崙 Zhi Shilun Upasaka from the land of the Yuezhi . Was active in 373 in the capital of the early Liang Dynasty (前 涼). 4 tracks (5 F). 1
Śrīmitra 帛 尸 梨 蜜 多 羅 Monk from western countries who was born a prince and is said to have renounced the throne in favor of his younger brother. Arrival in China between 307-312. 3 translations 317–322, died around 80 years old 335–342. 3
Chihtaokan 支 道 根 Chinese monk. Around 335 2 works (7 fasc.), One of which is a version of the Lotus Sutra in 5 fasc. lost
Tanwulan (T'an-wu-lan; Dharmarakśa the Younger) 曇 無 蘭 (= 法 正) Tánwúlán Monk from western countries who is said to have made 111 translations (with 112F) between 381–395. 29
Gautama Saṅghadeva 瞿曇 僧伽 提婆 Monk from the land of Kubhā (罽 賓 國), the Kophen of the Greeks, d. H. Kabul. Reached the capital of the earlier Chin dynasty in 383, where he transferred 2 works. 391–398 other exercises in the area of ​​the eastern Chin: 1) 391 and 397 on Mount Lu (廬山), 2) 397–398 in the Dongting Monastery (Dōngtíng Sì, 東亭 寺). 7 of which by 730 one was lost. In today's canon 3.
Kālodaka 迦 留 陀 伽 Monk from western countries. Ex. 392 1
Buddhabhadra 佛陀 跋陀羅 Juexian Indian monk, descendant of Amritonada, an uncle of Śākyamuni. 398-421. He was initially active at the invitation of Hui-yen (慧遠) on Mount Lu and later in the capital. Most important work the Avatamsaka-sūtra . Collaboration with Kumārajīva and Faxian 13 or 15 works, of which 730 8 (116 fasc.) Still existed. † 429 at age 71. 7th
Dharmapriya 曇 摩 卑 In the. Vinaya expert. In 400 wrote a book on "Various Rule Questions" 2 Fasz. lost
Vimalākṣa 卑 摩羅 叉 Monk who taught Vinaya in Kabul, where Kumārajīva studied under him. Came to China in 406 where he worked with his former student. Emigrated to southern China after K.'s death (between 408–415). 2 lessons (5F) 1
Faxian (Fa-hsien) 法 顯 Fǎxiǎn approx. 337-approx. 422. Name at birth Kun. Made a pilgrimage to India in 399, from where he returned in 414. Known for his travelogue (Fóguó Jì, 佛 國 記). 4 in the Ming Canon
variety in Korea
Gītamitra 祇 多 蜜 Monk from western countries. Exact dates unknown. Said to have transferred 25 or 23 works. 2
Nandi (竺) 難 提 Housekeepers ( grihapati ) from the western regions. Translated 3 works 419. 2

Previous Qin

The dynasty of the earlier Qin (前秦) with the capital in Chang'an (長安) (today's Xi'an ) existed from 350–394. During this dynasty a total of 15 translations were created in 197 fascias, of which 8 (132 F) were lost up to 730.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
曇 摩 侍 Tán Móshì Monk who transferred 3 works in 367. lost


Kumārabuddhi 鳩 摩羅佛提 Jiūmóluófótí Transmitted a comment on the agamas. Either 369-371 or 381. 1
Saṅghabhūti 僧伽 跋 澄 Monk from Kabul. Transferred 3 works in 36 or 37 fascias between 381–385. 3
Dharmapriya 曇 摩 蜱 (= 法 愛) Indian monk who translated a sutra into 5 fascicles in 382. 1
Dharmanandi (n) 曇 摩 難 提 (= 法 喜) Monk from Tukhara who arrived in the capital in 384. Translated 5 works with 114 fascias, of which almost all 730 were already lost. † 391 2 in China, 1 in Korea

Later Qin

The later Qin with the capital Chang'an (長安) consisted of 384-417. A total of 118 translations were created, of which 730 66 (in 528 fasc.) Were found. The most important personality of this era was Kumārajīva.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Zhu Fonian (Chu Fo-nien) (竺) 佛 念 (Zhú) Fóniàn A Chinese monk who was helpful to the foreign translators of the previous dynasty. He himself made 12 or 13 translations (74 fascias). 7 (61 fasc.), 730 and extant today.
11 in Tripitaka Koreana
Kumārajīva 羅什, 鳩摩羅什 344-413. Indian monk, one of the "four greats" among sutras translators. His noble father Kumārāyana went to Kuqa . K. comes from his association with Princess Jīva. The father withdrew into the spiritual life when K. was 7 years old, after which his mother traveled with him to Kashmir and Kashgar where he was instructed by important teachers. At the age of 12, he and his mother arrived in Turfan . The king of Kuqa demanded their return. In 382 the Qin king, Fujian (苻 堅) ordered his general Luguang (呂光) to conquer Kuqa. Kumārajīva was captured in his fall in 383. On the way back, word reached Luguang that the Qin Empire had fallen. He then founded his own kingdom in Liang (涼州), the " later Liang " (後 涼). K. stayed there for 17 years until this empire was conquered by Yaoxing (姚興), the second ruler of the later Chin dynasty (後秦). In 401/12/20 Kumārajīva came to the capital Chang'an , where he was forcibly married and appointed imperial teacher. His translation work began in the Xiaoyao Garden (sein 園) with several assistants. The transmissions are often not literal, but rather summaries of content, but fluent and easy to read. A total of 74 works in 384 fascias. 730 of which 52 (301) still existed. 50
Puṇyatara 弗 若 多 羅 Made it to China from his home in Kabul in 404. 1 work together with Kumārajīva. 1
Dharmayaśas 曇 摩耶 舎 Coming from Kabul, he translated 2 or 3 works between 407-415. 2

Western Qin

During the western Qin dynasty (西 奏) 56 works were created in 110 fascias, of which 730 32 (79 F) could still be found. Most of these works come from translators who are not known by name.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Shengjian (Sheng-chien) (= Fajian (Fa-chien)) 聖 堅 (= 法 堅) Shèngjiān (= Fǎjiān) Chinese who made between 388 and 407, 14 or 15 works, of which 730 10 (12 F) existed. 10

Northern Liang

The Northern Liang (397–439, 北 涼) had its capital first in Zhangye (張掖) later Kushan (Guzang, Ku-tsang, 姑 藏). During this period, 82 translations in 311 fascias were found, of which up to 730 57 (102 F) were lost. Of the 53 translations by authors not known by name, seven are in the Ming canon.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Tao-kung 道 龔 Chinese monk who created two translations (12 F) in 402–412, one of which is still known. 1
Fa-chung 法 衆 Chinese, active in Zhangye. 1 work in 4 fasc. 1
Sanghāta 僧伽 陀 From the western countries. 1 plant (2 F) lost
Dharmakṣema 曇 無 讖 Arrival from his central Indian homeland in China in 414. Until 421 he transferred some works (19-23?) At the request of the second ruler of Liang. At the age of 49, the good disputant accepted an invitation from the third ruler of the northern Wei dynasty. When he had completed 40 Li of his journey, he was assassinated on behalf of the ruler of Liang († 433/3/3). 12
Buddhavarman 浮 陀 跋摩 From the western regions. 1 work (437–439, according to the preface 425–427) in 100 fascias, 40 of which were destroyed in the fall of Liang 439. 1
Zhimeng (Chih-man) 智 猛 Zhìměng Chinese monk who set out from Chang'an in 404 with 14 others for India. Five reached Pataliputra . Three more of his fellow travelers died on the way back. 433–439 he translated the Nirvana Sutra in 20 fascias. † around 453. Lost before 730
Fasheng (Fa-sheng) 法 盛 Fǎshèng Chinese monk who traveled abroad and returned under the Liang Dynasty, 1
Daotai (Tao-t'ai) 道 泰 Dàotài Chinese monk who brought sutras and shastras from the Himalayan region. Worked with Buddhavarman in Xianyugong Monastery (Xiányùgōng Sì, 閑 豫 宮 寺), Liangzhou (涼州). 2 (in Korea 3)

Earlier Song dynasty

The Liu Song dynasty (劉宋 Southern Reich, 420–487) with the capital Jianye (also Jiankang), today's Nanjing . A total of 463 works are said to have been transferred in 713 fascias, of which 307 (340 fascias) are said to have come from translators who are not known by name. Of all the works, 730 were 91 (239 F) extant.
At the same time, under the Wei Emperor Taiwu (太 武, r. 423 / 424–452), the first major Buddhist persecution in China took place.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Traditional
translations
Buddhajīva 佛陀 什 Monk from Kabul who reached China in 423. First in Longguang Monastery (龍 光寺, Lóngguāng Sì), Yangdu (楊 都). 3 works in 32 or 36 fascias. 2
Kalayaśas 畺 良 耶 舎 Monk from western countries who reached the capital in 423. 2 works in the Zhizhong (Zhǐzhong Sì, 止 中 寺) or Daolin monastery (道 林寺). He died at the age of 60. 2
Dharmamitra 曇 摩 密 多, 曇 摩 蜜 多, 曇 無 密 多, 曇 無 蜜 多 Tánmómìduō, Tánwúmìduō, Monk from Kabul who reached China in 424. Translated to 441 (Zhizhong- [止 中 寺, Zhǐzhong Sì] and Ch'i-yüan monastery [視 洹 寺]), 10 or 12 works. He died the following year, 86 years old. 6 (in Korea 7)
Zhiyan (Chih-yen) d. Ä. 智 嚴 Zhìyán Chinese monk who brought some Sanskrit texts from Kabul. He accompanied Faxian on his way to India. With Pao-yun he transferred 10-14 works (12 fasc.) From 427, of which 4 to 730 were still known. He later went back to Kabul, where he died at the age of 87. 4th
Pao-yun 寳雲 Traveled to India with Zhiyan and created several translations with him. Later created 4 independent works, 1 of which has survived. 4 in Tripitaka Koreana
Iśvara 自在 His own translation (426), which was later completed by Guṇavarman (431). lost
Guṇavarman 求 那 跋摩 Later-born prince and monk from Kabul. Arrival in the capital 431, where he transferred 10 works (16 fasc.), Of which 2 to 730 were lost. Died in the same year at the age of 60. 5 in Ming Canon
9 in Tripitaka Koreana
Saṅghavarman 僧伽 跋 撃 Indian monk who came to Jianye in 433. Transferred 5 works the following year. In 442 went "West." Place and date of death not known. 4 in Ming Canon
8 in Korea
Guṇabhadra 求 那 跋陀羅 Central Indian monk of Brahmin origin. Nicknamed "Mahayana," for his excellent knowledge of the same. Arrival in China 435 Tan Yang District (丹陽 郡). He then translated in several monasteries until 443. Mainly in the Waguan (瓦 官 寺) of Yandu (楊 都), but also in the new monastery (新 寺) of Jingzhou (荊州) and Daochang (Dàochǎng Sì, 道場 寺) in Yangzhou (楊 州). † 468, 74 years old. 28 in Ming Canon
25 in Tripitaka Koreana
T'an Wu-chieh 法 勇 Chinese who left for India in 420 with 25 friends. Came back in 453. 1
Huijian (Hui-chien) 慧 簡 Huìjiǎn Unknown origin, after 457 in the Lu-yeh monastery (鹿野 寺). 10–15 works in 457, of which 7 (7 fasc.) 730 still existed. 6 (7 in Korea)
Guṇaśāla 功德 直 Arrival in Yangdu (楊 都) 462 from the western regions. 2 works (7 fasc.) 2 (1 in Korea)
Fa-chuan 竺 法 眷 Inder, who translated 6 works between 465 and 471, all of which were lost before 730. lost
Xianggong (Hsiang-kung) 翔 公 Xiánggōng 1 work (2 F) created in Nan Hai District (南海 郡). 1
Yonggong 勇 公 Yǒnggōng 3 works (3F) all lost before 730 lost
Fahai (Fa-hai) 法 海 Fǎhǎi 3 (3 F) or 4 (4 F) 1 only in Tripitaka Koreana
Xiangong (Hsien-kung) 先公 Xiāngōng presumably Chinese. 1 translation (1F). 1
Saṅghavarman 僧伽 跋 撃 (NJ: 僧伽 跋 彌) From Ceylon, which transmitted an extract from the Mahīsāsaka -Vinaya (1 F). 1 (only in Korea)

Xiao Qi Dynasty

The Xiao Qi Dynasty (蕭 齊, Southern Qi Dynasty ) existed from 479–502, with the capital Jianye (Nanjing). Of the eight translators known by name, 14 works are said to have been created in a total of 33 fascias, of which 730 (2 8F) were still preserved.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Dharmāgatayaśas 曇 摩伽 陀 耶 舎 From central India, he translated 1 work (1 F) in 481 in the Zhaoting Monastery (Zhāotíng Sì 朝 亭 寺) of Guangzhou (廣州). 1
Saṅghabhadra 僧伽 跋陀羅 Monk from the western regions. 1 work (18 F) in 488 in the Zhulin Monastery (Zhúlín Sì, 竹林寺). 1
Dharmamati (= Fa-i) (= 法 意) Fǎyì Monk from the western regions. In the year 490 1 work (1 F), which still existed in 730. lost
Guṇavṛddhi 求 那 毘 地 Monk from Central India. Transferred three works (1 F each) between 492 and 495, one was already lost in 730. 2
Fadu (Fa-tu) 法度 Fǎdù Translated 1 sutra and one Vinaya work between 483–493, which were soon lost. lost
Tanjing (T'an-ching) 曇 景 Tánjǐng Monk whose homeland is not known. Active 479-502. 2 plants (4 F) in Yangdu (楊 都). 1 (only in Tripitaka Koreana)
Fahua (Fa-ha) 法 花 Fǎhuā Probably Chinese. 1 ratio between 490-500. lost

Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty

The southern kingdom of the Liang Dynasty (梁) existed with the capital in Jianye (Nanjing) 502–557. Of the 14 translations by translators who are no longer known by name, 13 are still in the Ming Canon. A total of 39 works (93 fasc.) Are said to have been transferred, of which 730 34 (84 F) were still known.

The Chen Dynasty (陳) followed in 557-589. Most of the translators worked in both. The most productive was Paramārtha. Under this dynasty there were 40 (42?) Verifiable transmissions, of which 14 (44 F) were lost by 730.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Mandra (sena) 曼陀羅, 曼陀羅 仙 Monk from the land of Bunan (扶 南國,? Siam). After his arrival in 502/3 he created 3 translations (11 F) in Yangdu (楊 都), which, however, show his lack of language skills. 4th
Saṅghabhara (or Sanghavarman the Younger) 僧伽 婆羅 Monk from the land of Bunan, who transferred a total of 11 works, of which 730 were still 10 (32 F) extant. After his arrival he became a student of the Indian Guṅdhabadra. † 520 at the age of 65. 9
Upaśūnya 月 婆 首 那 King's son from the Central Indian Empire Udyāna (優 禅 尼) First 538–540 / 541 in the capital of the eastern Wei, where he transferred 3 works. Then wandered to Nanking in 545, where he translated 2 more works. Worked into the time of the Chen Dynasty . 4th
Paramārtha 眞 諦 From the country of Uggayinī in western India. Arrival in Nanking 548. By 557 there were about 10 translations in the Zhizhi Monastery (Zhìzhǐ Sì, 制 旨 寺), of which 6 (15 fasc.) 730 still existed. His main activity falls under the following Chen dynasty, where he completed a further 38-40 works by 569, of which 25 (83) 730 could still be found. † 569 at the age of 71. 32
Subhūti 須菩提 Monk from the land of Fu-nan or Buman. 1 work in 8 fasc. lost

Northern Wei Dynasty

The Northern Wei Dynasty (元魏) consisted of 386-534. The capital was in Kun-shan until 493, then in Luoyang (洛陽). Various classical sources give between 51 and 77 translated works from this period. In the year 730 50 were found in 157 fascias.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Huijiao (Hui-chiao) 慧 覺 (惠 覺) Huíjiào Chinese. He completed his translation work in 13 fascicles in 445 in the Monastery of Heavenly Peace (T'ien-an-ssu; Tiān'ān Sì, 天 安 寺), Kao-ch'ang Kuo (高昌 國, Gāochāng Guó). 1
Tanyao (T'an-yao) 曇 曜 Monk of unknown origin. Completed 2 or 3 works in 462 in Shih-ku monastery, one of which is still known today. 1
Kiṃkārya 吉迦 夜 (法事) Monk from western countries who, in support of Tanyao 472, produced five translations, which are said to have comprised 19 or 25 fascias. Of the five works ascribed to him in the Ming Canon, only two can be found in the Tripitaka Koreana under his name, the rest are from unknown names. 5 (2 by name in Korea)
Dharmaruci 曇 摩 流 支 (= 法 楽) Monk in the Yung-ning monastery (永寧 寺) from southern India who completed 3 works (8 fasc.) In 501-7. 2 in China, 1 in Korea
Fachang (Fa-ch'ang) 法場 Fǎchǎng 1 translation between 500–515 in Luoyang. 1
Ratnamati 勒 那 摩提 Central Indian monk who is said to have transferred at least three works in 508. Of these, 730 two could still be found. 2
Bodhiruci , d. Ä. 菩提 流 [留] 支 Bodhiruci [Tripitaka] († approx. 535; jp .: Bodairushi) from northern India, who is considered the founder of the "Pure Land" in China, came to Luoyang in 508 and continued to translate 36 of the 49 sections of the 大 寶 積 經 Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, and at 503: 五 佛頂 三昧 陀羅尼 經. A total of 30 works up to 535 are ascribed to him. Philosophically he was close to the Jiron - after its split, its northern branch. He represented the "doctrine of the one voice" (jp .: Itton-gyō). 30 in the Ming Canon
Buddhaśanta 佛陀 扇 多 Central Indian monk who made 10 or 11 translations between 524 and 539, probably mostly in the monastery of the white horse in Luoyang. 9

Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties

Both had their capital in Ye . The eastern Wei consisted of 534-550. In these 16 years 27 translations were created, of which 23 (101 fasc.) 730 were still extant.

The subsequent Northern Qi Dynasty (北 齋) lasted for 27 years from 550-577. All of the transferred works mentioned in the historical sources can still be found in today's canon.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Gautama Prajñāruci 瞿曇 般若 流 支, 瞿曇 流 支 Brahmin from Varanasi . After initially staying in the city ​​of Ye (Yèchéng, 鄴 城), he was 541 in Jinhua Monastery (金華 寺), 542 in Dingchang Monastery ((昌 寺), 543 in Shangshu ((). 538-541 / 543: 14-18 translations, 15 (89 fasc.) 730 were traceable. 13 in the Ming Canon; 15 in Korea
Vimokṣaprajñāṛṣi 毘 目 智 仙 Monk from Udyāna in northern India. Descendants of the Śakyas. Collaborated with Prajñāruci on the transmission of 5 works. 6th
Dharmabodhi 達磨 菩提 Indian monk. 1 translation, the date of which is unclear (around 535). 1
Narendrayaśas 那 連 提耶 舎, 那 連 耶 舎 Monk from Udyāna in northern India. Worked together with Gautama Dharmaprajñā on seven works (51 or 52 Fasz.), Between 557 and 568 first in the Tianping Monastery (Tiānpīng Sì, 天平 寺) of Shangzhou (相 州), then in the Beitian Monastery (Běitiān Sì, 北 天 寺). Later he moved to the Xingshan Monastery (興 善 寺). From 583 he can be found in the Daxingshan Monastery (Dàxingshàn Sì, 大興 善 寺) of Chang'an. 7 (8 more under the Sui)
Wan Tianyi (Wan T'ien-i) 萬 天 懿 Wàn Tiānyì Chinese Upasaka, from a side line of the ruling family of the northern Wei Dynasty. 1 work (562-64) is assigned to him. 1

Northern Zhou Dynasty

During the Northern Zhou Dynasty (北周), with its capital in Chang'an , under Emperor Wu (武帝, ruled 561-578 or? 581), the second major Buddhist persecution in China took place. He stipulated that only temples approved by the emperor were allowed to exist. This permit was granted in 2946, but around 30,000 buildings were destroyed. Nevertheless, 14 translations (19 fasc.) Were created, of which 6 (11 F) to 730 were lost.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Gñṇabhadra Monk from the land of Padma A transmission with Jñānayaśas lost
Jñānayaśas 闍 那 耶 舎 Monk from the central Indian Maghada . Around 570 in the Sitianwang Monastery (Sìtiānwáng Sì, 四 天王寺) of Chang'an. 2 in China, 3 in Korea
Yaśogupta 耶 舎 崛 多 After 570 in Sitianwang Monastery. Three or four translations in total. 1
Jñānagupta 闍 那 崛 多 Longyuan Monastery (Lóngyuan Sì, 龍淵 寺), Yizhou (益州). There are 2 (China) and 1 (Korea) plants from this era. However, its main activity was in the later Sui dynasty. Between 585 and 592, 39 works were created in 132 fascicles. † at the age of 78 600. 2 (China), 1 (Korea)
Sui: 36

Sui dynasty

The Sui dynasty existed 581-618 with the capital in Chang'an. During this time, 60 works are said to have been transferred to 265 fascias. Of these, only 2 (14 F) were lost before 730. There are 57 translations of this era in the Ming Canon.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To the person up to Translations
(Gautama) Dharmaprajñā (瞿) 曇 法 智 Upasaka from Varanasi, the eldest son of the Brahmin Prajñāruci (see above). After the fall of the northern Chi, he was appointed governor of Yan-sen (洋 川) district in 577. The first Sui Emperor Wendi (ruled 581 from 589 all over China) called him back to the capital in 582, where he translated a work. 1
Vinītaruci 毘尼 多 流 支 Indian monk from Udyāna, who transferred two works in 582 in the Daxingshan monastery (Dàxingshàn Sì, 大興 善 寺). 2
Bodhidīpa 菩提 燈 Monk of foreign origin who transferred a work. Exact dates not known. 1
Dharmagupta 達磨 笈多, 曇 摩 崛 多 Monk from a south Indian country. Several works were created in the Hsing-shan monastery (Singshàn Sì, 興 善 寺) of Chang'an and in the Shanglin garden (Shànglínyuán, 上 林園), Dungdu (Dōngdu, 東 都), between 590 and 616. † 619. 10 in China, 12 in Korea

Tang Empire

Under the Tang Dynasty (唐朝 618–906) the reunited empire, with the capital in Chang'an, had its second great heyday. Its culture became a model for surrounding countries and regions. Until 844 it was the time of the strongest development of Buddhism, which was divided into independent schools. This was accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of monasteries and their landed property. This was the trigger for the great persecution of Buddhists. Emperor Wuzong (武宗, ruled 840–846), issued a strict edict in 844 to confiscate monastery property. The persecution of Hui-chang (so called after the era name 會昌 Huì chāng) came about. Monasticism was forbidden, around 265,000 ordained people from around 4,600 monasteries that were destroyed are forcibly returned to the laity. Almost only Zen schools survived.

A total of 380 translation works were created, 730 272 of which were in 1744 fascicles before the year.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Prabhakaramitra 波羅 頗 迦羅 蜜 多 羅 Central Indian monk originally belonging to the warrior caste. Came to China in 627 and transferred three works to Shengguang Monastery (勝 光寺) with 35 or 38 fascias. † 633, 68 years old. 3 in China, 2 in Korea
Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) 玄奘 Xuánzàng Xuanzang San Tsang (Pinyin: Xuán Zàng; Cantonese: Táng Sānzàng), is known as a pilgrim to India (629–645). He was from Henan , his original family name was Chen. At 13 he became a monk, but after a few years he was traveling across the country. In 629 he left China despite an imperial ban on foreign travel in order to study Buddhism in India, the country of origin, following the example of a former pilgrim monk Faxiang (traveled 399-412). His way led him over the Silk Road (Kumul / Hami, Samarkand , Balch (36 ° 45 'N 66 ° 42' E. today Šolgara) and on the way back Khotan ). Xuanzang traveled to India from 630 to 643 and spent the last 8 years mainly in the Harsha Empire . He studied in Nalanda for a long time and took part in a major religious dispute in 643 as a representative of āyāna Buddhism. His travelogue (Dà Táng Xīyù Jì) is still the most important source on the state of Buddhism in India at that time. He brought back 657 Buddhist texts and 150 relics, of which he translated 73 himself into Chinese. His translation work can be divided into three phases, with different emphases: 1) 645-50: Yogacarabhumi-Śastra, 2) 651-60: Abhidharmakosa-Śastra, 3) 661-64: Mahāprajñaparamita-sutra. Xuanzang was the most famous monk of his time. His teaching activities led to the establishment of the (short-lived) Faxiang School , the first patriarch of which was his student Kuiji (,), on which the Japanese Hossō is based. He ran a monastery with about 500 monks and was from the ch. Government asked for advice. † 664/2/4, 64 years old. 75 (in Ming Canon)
Zhitong (Chih-t'ung) 智通 Zhitong Chinese monk who translated 4 works into 5 fascias in Luoyang and in 653 in Zongchi Monastery (Zǒngchí Sì, 總 持 寺), Xijing (Xījīng, 西京). 4 in China, 3 in Korea
Bhagavavaddharma 伽 梵 達 撃 Monk from western India who translated a work, the dates of which are not known. 1
Atigupta 阿 地 瞿 多 Monk from central India who arrived in China in 652. In the following two years translated a work in the Huiri Monastery (Huìrì Sì, 慧 日 寺), Xijing (Xījīng, 西京). 1
Nati (Na-t'i; = Nadi) 那 提 Natí Monk from Central India. When he arrived in 655, he brought over 1,500 writings with him, which he had collected on extensive journeys through India and Ceylon. In 656 the emperor sent him to an island in the South China Sea (? = Pulau Kundur) to get a rare medicine. On his return he translated 3 works (3 F) of which one was lost before 730. 2
Jñānabhadra 若 那 跋陀羅 1
Divākara 地 婆 詞 羅 Monk from Central India. Transferred 18 works in 34 fascias between 676–688. Active 680 in the east, after 683 in the west Taiyuan monastery (西 太原 寺) of Xijing, meanwhile 682 in the Hongfu monastery (弘 福寺). 19 [ sic ] in the Ming Canon; 18 in Korea
Du Xingkai (Tu Hsing-k'ai) 杜 行 顗 Chinese layperson, active in the Foreign Office. 1 translation 679. 1
Buddhatrāta 佛陀 多 羅 Monk from Kubla (Kabul). 1 work without exact dates. 1
Devaprajñā 提 雲 般若 Monk from Kustana (Khotan), translated 6 works into 7 fascias. 689–691. In the Ming Canon he is assigned 7. 691 in the monasteries Weiguodong (魏國東 寺) and Dazhoudong (Dàzhoudōng Sì, 大 周 東 寺) in Shendu (神 都). 7th
Huizhi (Hui-chih) 慧智 Huìzhì Monk whose father, a Brahmin, came to China as an envoy, where H. was born. Transferred a work 692/3 in the Foshouji Monastery (Fóshoujì Sì, 佛 授 記 寺) from Dongdu (Dōngdu, 東 都). 1
Śikṣānanda 實 叉 難陀 Monk from Kustana (Khotan), translated 695-700 19 works into 107 fascias, of which 730 were already missing. † 730 at the age of 59.
Li Wuchan (Li Wu-ch'an) 李 無 諂 Lǐ Wúchǎn Brahmin from the northern Indian state / district of Lan-Pao (嵐 波). Completed a work in Foshouji Monastery in 700. 1
Mitraśānta 彌陀 山 Monk from Tukhāra who completed a translation in 705. 1
Ratnacinta 寳 思惟 Kashmiri monk who transferred 7 works (9 fasc.) Between 693 and 706. Active in Tiangong (天宮 寺) and Dafuxian monastery (Dàfuxiān Sì, 大 福 先 寺), Dongdu (東 都). † over 100 years old 721. 7th
Yi Jing (I ching) 義 淨 Yijing The Chinese translator Yijing (義 浄; Japanese: Gijō 635-713) entered the order at a young age. As a young man he wanted to visit India. In 671 he started south by sea. He stayed in India for over 20 years. During his stay he visited over 30 principalities. He came back in 695 (? 698, 61 years old). He brought relics and almost 400 Sanskrit texts with him. Empress Wu awarded him the honorary title sanzang (connoisseur of Tripitaka). He translated 56 texts in 230 fascias. His travelogue Nankai-kiki-den (南海 寄 歸 傳; English: Record of Visiting the South Sea ), 4 fascias. Is an important source on India of his time. His translation of the Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarrādja-sūtra (金光明 最 勝 王 經, Japanese: (Konkōmyō) saishō-ō-kyō ) gained outstanding importance in Japan during the Nara period . 56
Bodhiruci d. J. 菩提 流 志 This monk from South India was first called Dharmaruci and is said to have died at the age of 156 in 727. On behalf of Empress Wu-tse-t'ien üs. he 53 works between 693 and 713. 41 in the Ming Canon
Pāramiti This monk from central India, together with two colleagues, transferred a work 705. 1
Zhiyan (Chih-yen) 智 儼 Zhìyǎn King's son from Khotan who came to China as a hostage. Was ordained there in 707. Transferred 721 4 works (6 fasc.) 4th
Vajrabodhi 金剛智 Jingangshi Brahmin monk from the southern Indian state of Malaya. He reached the capital one year after his arrival in China in 719. In the years 723 (in the Zisheng Monastery, Zīshèng Sì 資 聖 寺) and 730 (Daxianfu Monastery, Dàxiānfu Sì 大 薦 福寺) he created 2 translations each, after that another 7th † 732. 11 in China, 8 in Korea
Subhakarasiṃha 善 無畏 (= 輸 波迦羅) Shanwuwei Indian monk, descendant of Amritonada, an uncle of Śākyamuni, who originally lived in Nalanda. Reached Chang'an 716 with many Sanskrit texts. 717 in Ximing Monastery (西明 寺) one translation, three more in 724. A 726 Dafuxian Monastery (大 福 先 寺), Dongdu (東 都). Died 735 at the age of 99. 5
Amogha (vajra) (bukung) 不 空 Monk from northern India, of Brahmin origin (* 705). Arrived in China with his teacher Vajrabodhi in 719. When he died, he was instructed to go to India and Ceylon to bring texts. He set out on this mission in 741. He returned to the capital in 746 with 500 mostly Tantric texts that were previously unknown in China. In 749 he was given permission to return to his homeland, but when he was already on the southern sea he was not allowed to leave the country on imperial orders. From 756 he stayed in the capital again. Various emperors awarded him honorary degrees. On the emperor's birthday in 771, he presented his translations (a total of 77 in 120 fascias) to the throne. † 774, seventy years old. 108
Prajñā 般若 Monk from Kabul, who transferred four works from 785–810. 4 in China, 6 in Korea
Ajitasena 阿 質 達 霰 Monk from North India, the exact dates of which are not known. 3

Song Dynasty

The translators are not listed separately for the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–979). The Song Dynasty (960-1279北宋, from 1127 only south of the Yangtze River) submitted in order, the South, while the North permanently by the Kitan remained under -Reich. Monasteries were founded and the sutras were revised. 275 new plants were built by 1127. 971–983, imperial sponsorship enabled the first xylographic print of the entire canon (on 130,000 plates): the so-called Shu-pen (= Ssu-ch'uan or K'ai-pao-tsang; 1,076 works in 480 volumes). 1100–1125 the highest cultural bloom of the empire is reached, with simultaneous moral and political weakness. After the Jurchen ( Jin ) conquered the capital Kaifeng , the Song Empire in the south continued to exist until 1279, when the Mongols, now ruling in the north, destroyed it. From 1250 onwards, a number of Zen masters migrated to Japan before Genghis Khan's Mongols.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Fatian (Fa-t'ien = Dharmadeva)
after 982: Fa-hsien
法 天, 法 賢 Fǎtiān, Fǎxián A monk from the Indian Buddhist University of Nalanda, who translated in P'u-ching (蒲 津), Haizhou (鄜 州) from 973. † 1001, posthumously Mingjiao Dashi (明教 大師). 118 in the Ming Canon (46 of them as Fa-t'ien)
Tianxizai (T'ien-hsi-tsai) 天 息 災 Tiānxīzāi Monk from Galandhara or Kashmir in northern India who arrived in China in 980. This was followed by 20 years of translation work until his death in 1000. In 982 he is said to have received the honorary title Mingjiao Dashi (Míngjiào Dàshī, 明教 大師) (which would be the same as the posthumous name of Fatian), posthumously the name: 慧 辯 禅師 18th
Dānapāla 施 護 Monk from Udyāna in northern India. Received an honorary title from the emperor in 982. 111
Dharmarakṣa d. J. 法 護 Monk from Maghada in central India. Came to China in 1004 and translated 12 works in the following 54 years, some in collaboration with Wei-tsing. † 1058, 95 years old. 12
Weijing (Wei-ching) 惟 淨 Wéijìng Chinese monk who worked with the aforementioned translators. Four of his own works are assigned to him. 4th
Jñānaśṛ 智 吉祥 Arrival from India 1053. 2 in the Ming Canon, 0 in Korea
Suvarnadhārani Presumably a foreign monk who translated around 1113. 2 in the Ming Canon, 0 in Korea
Maitreyabhadra 慈 賢 Monk from Maghada in central India. Said to have served as an imperial teacher. Exact dates of the translations not known. 2 in the Ming Canon, 0 in Korea
Richeng (Jih-ch'eng) 日 稱 Rìchēng Indian who worked with Dharmarakṣa. 2

Yuan Dynasty

The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty (元朝, 1279–1368) established its capital in Beijing. To the canon, which was also printed as Pu-ning zang (1278–1294, 578 vol.), Only five other works were added, none of which can be found in the Korean canon.

Surname Chinese Transcription
( pinyin )
To person Translations
Bashpa (?) 巴思巴 Bāsībā Tibetan monk, teacher and advisor to Kublai Khan (with the title 國 師 then also head of the Buddhists) at a time when the Yuan did not yet rule all of China. Created an alphabet for the Mongolian language in 1269. Transferred a work in 1271. 1
沙羅巴 Shāluóbā Student Bashpas. † 1314 at the age of 56. Transcribed a work of his teacher. 1
To Tsan 安 藏 1 work no data known, the author was a civil servant. 1

See also

Concordances

The works in the Chinese original assigned to the individual translators can be found using the search functions of

easily determine.

Transcriptions in western languages ​​can be found in:

Individual evidence

  1. Main source: Appendix II to Nanjō Bun'yu's canon catalog , which is based on traditional hagiographic representations. A Catalog of the Chinese Translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka… , Oxford 1883. Reprint: San Francisco 1975.
  2. Any Turfan -Funde not be included in these figures.
  3. after The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog
  4. according to Appendix II to Nanjō Bun'yu's canon catalog
  5. "monk" here is a 沙彌 skr: śrāmana, pravrajita; pali: sāmaṇa. See Nihon Ryōiki Glossary ( Memento of the original from October 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zenwort.lima-city.de
  6. 優婆塞 upasaka ("close attendant") the believer remaining in the lay state. Feminine form: Ubahi.
  7. Information on the year 730 all according to Kai yüan lu, the systematization made under Emperor Xuanzong .
  8. ^ Oasis town on the southern branch of the Silk Road, on the edge of the Taklamakan desert.
  9. Pei-tsang; Beijing 1402-1424; Supplement: Hsü ju tsang ching 1584, 693 vol .; reprinted as Mi-tsang 1586–1606, based on this edition by Emperor Yung-cheng 1735–1738.
  10. Eitel, p. 58a
    Christian Lassen : On the history of the Greek and Indoscytic kings in Bactria, Kabul and India, by deciphering the Alkabulic legends on their coins . Bonn 1834. Also in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. IX., Pp. 251, 339, 449, 627, 733.
  11. not to be confused with 曇 摩 蜱
  12. ^ See: Herbert A. Giles; Record of the Buddhistic kingdoms: translated from the Chinese; London 1877.
  13. not to be confused with 曇 摩 卑
  14. ^ Lewis R. Lancaster, Sung-bae Park: The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1979 (see concordances)
  15. Same name under the T'ang dynasty
  16. the Tripitaka Koreana knows a person of the same name who worked in the monastery of the white horse (白馬 寺) after 250 under the Wei dynasty.
  17. Lt. Tripitaka Koreana is found d. Ä. (around 252) in the earlier Wei Dynasty (前 魏) in the monastery of the white horse (白馬 寺).
  18. Nanjō App. II, col 423: "Po-lo-mo-tho, ie Paramārtha, whose name is translated 眞 諦 Kan-ti [Chang-ti], lit. 'true-truth', by which latter Chinese name he is always designated in the Collection ... He had another name 拘 那 陀 羅 ie Gunarata ... (or Kulanātha), which name is translated 親 体 ... "
  19. Not to be confused with: 達磨 流 志
  20. Bi-yän-lu, Munich 1960-73 (Hanser): In the 'intermediate remarks' of the 1st example of Bi-yän-lu, there are allegations that Bodhiruci and Guang-tung, because they did not understand Bodhidharma's teaching, had this want to poison as a rival. Wilhelm Gundert considers this to be a later addition as part of a dogma dispute (pp. 41, 57).
  21. Edkins, Joseph; Chinese Buddhism; London 1880, p. 99.
  22. ^ Wilhelm Gundert: Bi-Yän-Lu. Carl Hanser, Munich 1963-1970, 3 vol .; marix, Wiesbaden 2005, Zeittafel SI 558f
    Buddhism and Buddhists in China, by Lewis Hodus E-Book # 8390
  23. The place where Alexander is said to have married the daughter of Darius. For a time a major Buddhist center. At Marco Polo as Sapurgan. Known in early Muslim times as "Amu al Bulad" (mother of cities). Devastated by Dschinghis Kahn's hordes. Lemke, Hans; Marco Polo, p 116
  24. Thomas Watters (ex.): On Yuan Chuang's Travels in India . London 1904–1905 (Royal Asiatic Soc.), 2 vol., Which gives the materials brought along as follows: "Mahayana sutras: 224; Mahayanist Śastras: 192, Sthavira sutras, Śastras and Vinaya: 14, Mahasangika sutras, śastras and Vinaya: 15, Mahisasaka sutras, śastras and Vinaya: 22, Sammitiya sutras, Śastras and Vinaya: 15, Kasyapiya sutras, Śastra and Vinaya: 17, Dharmagupta sutras, Vinaya, Śastras: 42, Sarvastivadin sutras, Vinunaya, Śastras: 67, Yin-lutras (Treatises on the science of Inference): 36, Sheng-lun (Etymological treatises): 13. "
  25. Nihon Ryōiki ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zenwort.lima-city.de
  26. Probably the island of Kondur described by Marco Polo , which in Arabic scripts of the 9th century. is described as Sundar Fulat . A month away from China and the last stop, paying tribute to the emperor. Lemke, Hans; Marco Polo, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-89340-004-4 , p. 433.
  27. not to be confused with: 弗 陀 多 羅 多, which worked about 100 years earlier
  28. Nihon Ryōiki II, 5 ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zenwort.lima-city.de
  29. There are differing opinions regarding the name change: Nanjō (col 450) and the Hōbōgirin (S 138b) as given, whereas in Chou, Hsiang-kuang, A History of Chinese Buddhism (Allahabad, 1956) S 163 it is assumed that Fa -hsien was originally called T'ien Hsi-tsai .
    This Fa-hsien is not to be confused with the eponymous that of the eastern Ch'in.
  30. Ta chung lu, vol. 7, p. 183a. However, it differs from Nanjō col 450: 玄覺 禅師
  31. Nanjō col 452