Tönisheide

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tönisheide
City of Velbert
Coordinates: 51 ° 18 ′ 49 ″  N , 7 ° 4 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 263 m above sea level NN
Residents : 5649  (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 42553
Area code : 02053
Tönisheide (Velbert)
Tönisheide

Location of Tönisheide in Velbert
Evangelical Church Tönisheide

Tönisheide is a district of the city of Velbert in the district of Neviges in the Mettmann district in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany . The district had 5,649 inhabitants on January 1, 2019.

geography

The village is located in the Niederbergisches Land on the southern branch of the Velbert ridge, which has its highest point here at 269.2 m. The ridge forms a watershed , the streams west of the ridge drain over the Angerbach into the Rhine , those east over the Hardenberger Bach into the Ruhr . The Velbert district of Mitte borders to the north, Neviges to the east and Wülfrath to the southwest .

population

On January 1, 2019, of the 4,517 inhabitants (excluding Wimmersberg), 30.8% were Protestant, 24.2% Roman Catholic and 45% other or without a denomination. The proportion of foreigners was 14.8% (city average 15.2%). The proportion of people over 65 was 18.2% (city average 21.1%).

In the residential area of Wimmersberg , which belongs to Tönisheide, 34.9% of the 1,132 inhabitants were Protestant, 31% Roman Catholic and 34.1% other or without a denomination. The proportion of foreigners was 4.1%. The proportion of people over 65 was 24.2%.

history

On a branch of the ridge, 800 m from the center of Tönisheide, is the old castle , the ancestral seat of the Lords of Hardenberg , which was first mentioned in 1145. As early as 1354, the manor was sold by its owner at that time, the knight Heinrich von Hardenberg, to Count Gerhard von Jülich-Berg and Ravensberg for financial reasons . After 142 years in which Hardenberg was administered by Bergisch officials, it was passed on to Bertram von Lützerode as a hereditary fief in 1496. As the Bergisch subordinate rule, the place retained a certain degree of independence. Tax and jurisdiction remained in Hardenberg until around 1806.

Despite the close proximity to the castle, no village developed as a castle settlement. Due to the harsh climate, the main settlement areas of the Große Höhe farmers , the extent of which almost corresponds to today's district, were in the spring hollows, such as B. Klauheim (around 1150 Cloheim) and Eldikum (1326 Eldichen).

Rather, a long-distance trade route, which reaches one of its highest points here, seems to have been decisive for the settlement of hostels and craft businesses. The Strata Coloniensis was one of the most important long-distance trade routes in the Niederberg hills in the Middle Ages . It connected the trading metropolis of Cologne with the 799 from St. Liudger founded the empire-free Werden Abbey , later a Benedictine monastery. The Strata Coloniensis was a traffic route coming from Cologne that already existed at the beginning of the 2nd century. The first evidence is a deed of donation: On October 16, 1065, Heinrich IV gave the Archbishop of Bremen a forest spell between the Ruhr, Rhine, Düssel and the path that leads from Cologne to the bridge before Werden .

Another impetus came through the establishment of, the hermit Anthony consecrated chapel , as is clear from a document of the 1513th The chapel was first mentioned in a lease in 1448. It should go back to a foundation of the Bergisch Duke Gerhard II . "St. Tönis" was named for the small town on the high heath.

Blood jurisdiction was one of the privileges of the Bergische Unterherrschaft Hardenberg . In 1554, the district court of Neviges was subject to the Jülich-Bergisch legal system. The "neck judgment", the judgment of life and death, was in the hands of the regional court. The Hardenberg gallows stood on the Eldikum tree between Tönisheide and Keffhäuschen . Death sentences required confirmation of rule. A witch trial from 1587 is only sparsely documented. A list in connection with a dispute over blood justice, which was drawn up in 1707, names several executions from the 15th century on. Executioners from Hattingen or Angermund were appointed for executions with rope or sword . The last known execution took place by hanging in 1769. According to this, due to a judicial murder, the neck court of the Hardenberg rule should have been withdrawn. A mother, whose son had disappeared, was suspected of having killed him. She confessed to the crime under torture and was sentenced to the gallows and executed. But the son reappeared several years later and learned of the mother's fate. Thereupon the electoral government in Düsseldorf withdrew the Hardenbergers from the neck court for eternity.

Since the 17th century there was an important fair on the Tönisheide, where especially Munsterland horses were offered for sale.

The loosely built-up area experienced an upswing through the expansion of Kölner Strasse into a road in 1815, at which time there were 262 residents.

In 1818 the road from Langenberg (today Kuhlendahler Straße) was extended to Tönisheide. Both roads were mainly used to transport coal . Coal drivers from Tönisheide, who delivered the coal from the mines in the nearby area to neighboring towns by horse and cart, until the railroad and automobile replaced this profession.

In 1832 Tönisheide belonged to the Hardenberg mayor in the Elberfeld district . The place, categorized as a village according to the statistics and topography of the administrative district of Düsseldorf , had a church, a public building, 39 residential buildings and 15 agricultural buildings at that time. At that time, 307 residents lived in the place, 32 of them Catholic and 275 Protestant denominations. The municipality and estate district statistics of the Rhine Province list the place in 1871 with 32 houses and 313 inhabitants. In the municipality lexicon for the Rhineland province in 1885, 32 houses with 286 inhabitants are given.

In modern times, agriculture was joined by the craft of weaving and metal processing, which gradually developed into an industry. In the area of ​​the " Große Höhe " the population increased from 1871 to 1910 from 1297 to 2434 (+87%).

In 1888 Tönisheide finally got a railway connection and developed into a transport hub for the next 100 years. Numerous industrial companies in the metal industry settled in the town center.

The Naturfreunde Tönisheite received due to a won bet with a farmer, whose stony field had to be cleared of stones within a set period of time, an adjoining hillside property on which they built the Naturfreundehaus from 1923 on their own.

National Socialism and World War II

After the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists in January 1933, the KPD, together with social democrats , non-party members and members of free trade union groups in the Wuppertal area, which was traditionally considered "red", set up internal resistance groups. In the sub-district of Velbert, to which Neviges-Tönisheide, Wülfrath and Langenberg also belonged, the resistance groups were particularly deeply rooted in the working class. On January 25, 1935, a large wave of arrests began. In the Wuppertal trade union trials, Alex Judik (born 1903) was sentenced to 5 years in prison as the main defendant of the Tönisheide group in the "Eikelmann ua" trial.

The Friends of Nature House was confiscated by the National Socialist regime in 1933 and the organization of Friends of Nature was banned. Today the house belongs to the NaturFreunde Essen-Kray-Steele.

The Wehrmacht Air Force maintained a large ammunition depot in Tönisheide as early as 1939, the ammunition dispensing point 18 / VI.

In the early morning of May 24, 1943, a four-engine British bomber crashed in Tönisheide, the first of at least four Allied aircraft crashes in the area of ​​today's city of Velbert. Parts of the crashing plane hit the residential building at Velberter Straße 148 (today Nevigeser Straße 237), the right half of a semi-detached house, and completely destroyed it. A resident was killed in the attic. Other parts of the aircraft hit the Tönisheide elementary school (today the Tönisheide Municipal Community Elementary School) and damaged it, the tail of the aircraft with tail units and machine gun tower remained on the roof of the school.

To this day it has not been clarified which aircraft it was actually, the fate of a few Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax that night is still unclear . According to contemporary witness reports, all crew members were probably able to save themselves by parachute. The machine was involved in a night attack on Dortmund in which around 620 people died.

Tönisheide was affected by bombing raids on August 23, 1943, November 5, 1943 and March 26, 1944, with fatalities as well. Devastating Jabo attacks in Tönisheide cost at least 15 people their lives shortly before the end of the war - on March 15, March 24 and April 12, 1945. The Luftwaffe's 18 / VI ammunition dispensing point was also hit in one of these attacks. This ammunition depot was near the Wülfrath - Tönisheide railway line. Jabos shot at a train moving there, but also hit the ammunition dump, which exploded and was destroyed. The exploded ammunition parts were scattered around a large area and some were found and cleared there up until the 1950s.

The end of the war was tragic again in Tönisheide and Neviges. On the evening of April 15, 1945, German gun batteries in position around Tönisheide received the order to open fire on the approaching American troops. The American response consisted of a massive artillery bombardment of the city center of Neviges on the night of April 15-16, 1945, in which another 44 people were killed. On April 16, the American troops then entered Neviges, Tönisheide and Velbert.

Time after World War II

After the Second World War, large residential areas were built on the Wimmersberg and the Drenk.

As part of the municipal reform in North Rhine-Westphalia, Neviges (with Tönisheide) lost its town charter on January 1, 1975. The three neighboring cities of Neviges, Langenberg and Velbert were merged into a new municipality with the name Velbert and the name Stadt. The Tönisheide district was assigned to the Neviges district.

Culture and sights

  • The castle Hardenberg , the ruins of a hilltop castle on a 247 meter high mountain ridge between the districts Neviges and Tönisheide. The complex from the 11th or 12th century was the ancestral seat of the Lords of Hardenberg. Although the castle was destroyed by fire in the 13th century, it was still in use until the 15th century. This is proven by ceramic shards found on the castle area, which can be assigned to the 12th to 15th centuries.
  • Evangelical Uniate Church of St. Antonius (Eremit) , first mentioned in 1448, a simple, single-nave Gothic building which essentially dates from the 15th century. The roof turret was added in 1779/80.
  • Roman Catholic Church of St. Antonius (Padua) , built in 1932 after services had been held in an emergency church for the 700 Catholics of the Great Height since 1901.
  • In 2001, after abandoning the Eignerbach sewage and sludge pond, which was created in 1940, Rheinkalk created a circular hiking trail around the site. The length of the route is approx. 10 km (approx. 3 hours). Furthermore, the area now offers a species-rich nature, which can develop almost undisturbed. If the area was once used as a sedimentation basin for the sedimentation of mineral solids from the rock washing of the Flandersbach lime works , it is now gradually being renatured. In addition to wet and stone biotopes, there are still waters and open land to discover. Heck cattle are used for grazing.
  • The Panoramaradweg Niederbergbahn (spelling: PanoramaRadweg Niederbergbahn ) is a cycle path established in 2011 mainly on the route of the disused Niederbergbahn . The approximately 39.5 km long cycle path connects the Ruhr valley cycle path near Essen-Kettwig via Heiligenhaus , Velbert , Wülfrath , Wuppertal and Haan with the route of the corkscrew railway in Solingen . It has its highest point in Tönisheide. Numerous restaurants invite you to linger here.

traffic

  • In 1888 the Niederbergbahn Oberdüssel-Kettwig reservoir was built and a train station was built. Until the end of the 1930s, the volume of traffic on the route was rather low. Due to the intensification of armaments production in the region during the Second World War, the importance of the Niederbergbahn for freight and passenger traffic increased significantly and led to good utilization. Passenger traffic on the railway ended as early as 1960. The transport of goods from Heiligenhaus via Velbert to Wülfrath was continued until the end of 1994 (until Velbert until 1996). At the end of 1995 the section between Velbert and Heiligenhaus was officially closed, and in 1999 the rest of the line between Wülfrath and Velbert was also closed.
    View from the panorama cycle path to Velbert-Tönisheide
    Proposals to create a fast passenger transport connection from Essen to Velbert by reactivating the Niederbergbahn via Kettwig and Heiligenhaus never got beyond the planning stage. In order to use the railway line and to secure the possibility of a revitalization of the Niederbergbahn in the long term, planning began in 2009 to build a cycle path on the line . The Niederbergbahn Panorama Cycle Path was opened on July 16, 2011 and runs right through Tönisheide.
  • In 1898 the Bergische Kleinbahn opened the tram line from Elberfeld via Neviges and Velbert to Werden.
  • In 1912 the Dornap-Wülfrath-Schlupkothen small railway was extended to Tönisheide. During this time, Tönisheide became a transport hub. The shutdown of the small train took place again in 1938, the tram was dismantled in 1952.
  • The federal highway 535 replaced since 1980, initially as B224n the federal highway 224 that ran through the place. Tönisheide is directly connected by the Tönisheide and Wülfrath slopes.

economy

The economy is dominated by medium-sized industrial companies that are active in metal processing, among other things. Another important branch is agriculture. Important companies are:

  • Stein & Co. GmbH manufacturer of electronic devices
  • Öztürk Industries GmbH & Co. KG - plastic injection molding production for the automotive industry
  • Mühlhaus GmbH stamped and formed parts
  • Julius Niederdrenk GmbH & Co. KG locking technology
  • Schulte-Schlagbaum AG locking technology

literature

  • Karl Krafft: The foundation of the Bergisches Provincial Synod on July 21, 1589 at Neviges near Elberfeld . Evang. Ges. In Komm., Elberfeld 1889. ( Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf )
  • Christoph Schotten: Neviges - turbulent times. The 50s. Wartberg, Gudensberg 1999.
  • Gerd Haun, Uwe Holtz, Willi Willebrand: 50 years of Neviges city rights. Bühner-Druck, Neviges 1972.
  • Kurt Wesoly: Rheinischer Städteatlas 077. Neviges. Böhlau, Cologne 2001.
  • Siegfried Quandt: Social history of the city of Langenberg and the rural community Hardenberg-Neviges with special consideration of the period 1850-1914. Schmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 1971.
  • Civic Association Tönisheide 1907 e. V: Tönisheide through the ages , Velbert.
  • Horst Degen, Christoph Schotten. (Ed.): Velbert - history of three cities. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-7616-1843-1 .
  • Jürgen Lohbeck: Velbert, Langenberg and Neviges in the air war 1939–1945 . Scala Verlag, Velbert 2018, ISBN 978-3-9819265-2-1 (short version)

Web links

Commons : Tönisheide  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Population statistics City of Velbert 2019
  2. ↑ Ludwig Bender, History of the former rule of Hardenberg in Bergisch from prehistoric times to their abolition, Langenberg 1879, digital
  3. ↑ Johann Georg von Viebahn : Statistics and Topography of the Administrative District of Düsseldorf , 1836.
  4. ↑ Johann Georg von Viebahn : Statistics and Topography of the Administrative District of Düsseldorf , 1836.
  5. ↑ Royal Statistical Bureau Prussia (ed.): The communities and manor districts of the Prussian state and their population . The Rhine Province, No. XI . Berlin 1874.
  6. ↑ Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Prussia) (Ed.): Community encyclopedia for the Rhineland Province, based on the materials of the census of December 1, 1885 and other official sources, (Community encyclopedia for the Kingdom of Prussia, Volume XII), Berlin 1888.
  7. ↑ How the Naturfreundehaus Tönisheide was created out of a bet
  8. ^ Wuppertal union processes
  9. ↑ Jürgen Lohbeck: Velbert, Langenberg and Neviges in the air war 1939–1945, p. 190. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2018.
  10. ↑ Jürgen Lohbeck: Velbert, Langenberg and Neviges in the air war 1939-1945, pp. 110-115. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2018.
  11. ↑ Jürgen Lohbeck: Velbert, Langenberg and Neviges in the air war 1939–1945, pp. 172-175. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2018.
  12. ↑ Jürgen Lohbeck: Velbert, Langenberg and Neviges im Luftkrieg 1939 - 1945, p. 190. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2018.
  13. ↑ Horst Degen, Christoph Schotten. (Ed.): Velbert - history of three cities, pp. 421-422. Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2009.