Tsering Woeser

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Tsering Woeser, 2009

Woeser (* 21 July 1966 in Lhasa ), speaking, manner , Öser , Oisêr , Wei Se , ཚེ་ རིང་ འོད་ཟེར་ ( Tibetan ), 唯色 (traditional traditional characters and simplified abbreviation of Chinese writing ), manner ( HanyuPinyin Romanization) or Tsering Woeser's full name , tshe-ring 'od-zer (Romanization after Wylie), is a Chinese writer, poet, dissident essayist and blogger of Tibetan nationality since 2005 .

Woeser, as she calls herself according to Tibetan tradition, dares to express herself critically on sensitive issues in China . The Chinese authorities therefore see them as a threat and keep them and their visitors under observation. In the western world she is admired for her journalistic courage and has received numerous awards. Her essays and poems contain multifaceted and sometimes brutal details of daily life in Tibet, a deeply religious and secluded culture. The Tibetologist Robert J. Barnett, Columbia University, New York, for example, describes it as "a poet who forgot to be afraid." Outside China, it is an important source of information about today's Tibet.

Origin and youth

Woeser's mother is of Tibetan descent, her father is descended from a Tibetan mother and a Han Chinese father. When she was four years old, her father and his family were transferred to Kham for some time .

Her parents were staunch Maoists . Her father, Tsering Dorje, was an officer in the People's Liberation Army . Woeser describes him as someone who refused religion in public during the day, but sought refuge in Buddhist texts in the evening. When he died in 1991, she found a biography of the Dalai Lama with donkey's ears in his bookcase. According to her, he was like many other Tibetans in the civil service: “They are torn inside. We call them people with two heads. "

Woeser grew up during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) in Lhasa , the capital of Tibet, and was then herself a staunch supporter of the Great Chairman Mao Zedong . She had doubts about this political conviction when she went to Southwest University for National Minorities in Chengdu , the capital of Sichuan , which borders Tibet . Here she belonged to a minority for the first time and often felt discriminated against.

In the late 1980s, Woeser received his PhD in Chinese literature in Chengdu .

In Chengdu she read the forbidden biography of the fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso and the book In Exile from the Land of Snows by John Avedon, which describes how Tibetans are oppressed as Buddhists and perish as exiles in China. She read in them things that were contrary to everything she had learned, and their persuasiveness made these books a great influence on Woeser's development. She wrote of the Palestinian-American writer Edward Said - with regard to his work on colonialism -: "Said has opened my eyes."

Editor of the magazine "Tibetan Literature"

After completing her studies, she returned to Lhasa in 1990, where she became the editor of the state journal " Tibetan Literature " (name translated). During this period (1987-1993) protests were severely suppressed. Woeser met monks who told her about the protests and subsequent strict measures in 1989. These conversations made her aware of the horrors of Chinese domination and led her to decide to fight it as a writer.

Woeser initially had no intention of publishing the photos her father had taken during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). That changed after she decided in 1999 to rediscover the stories and memories behind the pictures. She sent the photos to Wang Lixiong, a Chinese writer and intellectual who specialized in Tibet. He sent the photos back and gave her his impression that the recordings witnessed a time that had been hidden by the Chinese authorities and that urgently needed to be rediscovered. Finally, Woeser published these photos in 2006 under the title Killing and Robbing. Four decades of forbidden memories, the cultural revolution in Tibet under the microscope. (杀劫: 四 十年 的 记忆 禁区, 镜头 下 的 西藏 文革) and memory of Tibet (西藏 记忆). These books were published outside the People's Republic (in Taiwan).

In 2003 she published a collection of essays that marked the end of her career as an editor. In the formulations which are harmless for the West, she went too far by Chinese standards by praising spiritual leaders such as the fourteenth Dalai Lama and the seventeenth Gyalwa Karmapa , Trinley Dorje Orgyen. For example, she wrote that the Dalai Lama is revered as a spiritual leader by the Tibetans, but slandered by the Chinese leadership. In 2004 she was expelled from the State Writers ' Association because she did not want to recognize her "political mistakes". These consisted of glorifying the Dalai Lama, damaging solidarity in the country and exaggerating the positive effects of religion in social life.

She was fired and forced to move to Beijing for "transformation," which meant she was regularly arrested and mentally ill-treated. Because she repeatedly expressed her great admiration for one of China's most famous writers, Wang Lixiong, friends arranged for them to meet. They married a year later.

Woeser's family were also threatened, arrested and interrogated after their work. People, on whom she was initially able to rely on for keeping them up to date on current events and the situation in Tibet, dared not tell her any more in 2010 out of fear of retaliation from the Chinese government. At least 13 of them were arrested.

Woeser was not permanently obliged to stay in Beijing, and she and her husband go on long hikes through Tibetan areas every year. For her, Beijing has now become a practical choice because there is less spy on her than in Lhasa. “I'm here, like Ai Weiwei , just an artist, a lonely, little voice. Sometimes we are arrested, sometimes we are intimidated, but we are not really threatening. "

Books

The Tibetan Autonomous Administrative Divisions in China

Woeser publishes her books in Mandarin . She wrote dozens of books of poetry, stories or essays, including her first volume of poetry under the title Tibet live (西藏 在 上). Her books are translated into Tibetan , Japanese , English , French , German , Polish , Spanish and Catalan .

Her most famous book Notes on Tibet (西藏 笔记), with 38 short travel stories, was banned by the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in September 2003, nine months after its publication . It was published in an edition of 11,000 copies. Other books were also blacklisted and she was forbidden to publish any of the following books.

Woeser worked for about two years on two books on the Cultural Revolution that were published by Locus Publishing in Taiwan . The books are written in Mandarin and translated as follows: Killing and Robbery: Four Decades of Forbidden Memories, the Cultural Revolution in Tibet under the microscope. and memory of Tibet . The Taiwanese editor then reprinted Notes on Tibet . The first is a book with hundreds of photos that her father, Tsering Dorje, left her after his death in 1991 and took between 1966 and 1970. The photos showed z. B. Red Guard soldiers who painted mustaches on Tibetan monks' upper lip, and Tibetans who were loaded onto a truck to be taken to fields where they were killed. Her husband Wang Lixiong wrote in the foreword to the book that there was a gap in the history of Tibet during the Cultural Revolution about which there are only three documents; these three documents are under close military surveillance.

In 2009 the International Campaign for Tibet published their book Like gold that fears no fire - New writing from Tibet online, with essays and poems that are banned in China.

Weblog

Qingzangrailwaymap.png
Last tunnel of the Tibet Railway in front of Lhasa Station

In 2005 Woeser started a blog about topics that are rarely discussed in Tibet, such as AIDS , prostitution , environmental damage and the opening of the Beijing- Lhasa railway in 2006, which inundated the region with Chinese emigrants. Security officers monitored her home, and the Chinese authorities kept closing her weblog. Your now fourth blog on a foreign server was one of the few sources of information in the West during the Tibetan riots in 2008 . In the days surrounding the anniversary of the 1959 Tibet Uprising ( March 10 ), she and her husband were placed under house arrest by the Chinese authorities .

Hackers from the government- affiliated Chinese Hongke Alliance managed to crack her weblog and gain access to her login data after sending her an email infected with computer viruses ( phishing or whaling ). They emptied their weblog and exchanged it for a picture of the flag of the People's Republic of China combined with a call to violence against Woeser. Nevertheless, Woeser reopened her fifth weblog. The hosting took place in 2011 from abroad on a server that can only be reached with special software.

12 July 2009 Wang Lixiong and Woeser wrote in their blog a petition for the release of dissident and blogger Ilham Tohti , university lecturer at the School of Economics of the Central Nationalities University , "Minzu University of China" (English), in Beijing. He belongs to the ethnic minority of the Uyghurs and criticized the settlement policy in relation to the Han Chinese in particular. His website was accused of instigating the unrest in Xinjiang's capital, Urumqi, in early July 2009, killing more than 150 both Han Chinese and Uyghurs, and Tohti was arrested again.

Trial against the state

Woeser had tried to apply for a passport in Lhasa , but political officials had given her to understand that she should have no hope of doing so in the Tibet Autonomous Region . In 2005, she applied for a passport in Changchun , where her husband Wang lived. She was repeatedly denied her passport in the following years.

In 2008, when she filed a lawsuit against the Chinese state, Woeser took an unusual step in China to force her to travel outside her country. She hoped to draw attention to the firm grip that China has on Tibet and its people. In an interview with the Associated Press , she said that she doesn't think she will win, but that she sees it as an opportunity to speak about the years of unfair treatment of Tibetans and to bring the truth to the outside world. She is represented in the lawsuit by Mo Shaoping, a Beijing lawyer who has made a name for himself as a defender of Chinese dissidents . Woeser set friends to gather information, whereupon the police let them know that they were endangering national security. This argument is often used to keep dissidents in check. In response to this allegation, Woeser wrote that the great country of China must be very weak if she as a writer were to pose a threat to the community. It is almost impossible for Tibetans to get a passport, which is why many risk their lives fleeing across the Himalayas to Nepal and India .

Trials are regularly postponed in Tibet, which is why Woeser's lawsuit has not yet been heard in May 2011.

In December 2008, she and her husband Wang were among the first to sign the Charter 08 Democracy Manifesto . Its author, Liu Xiaobo , received an 11-year prison term. He was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 .

Police surveillance

After posting photos of patrolling soldiers on her weblog, Woeser was picked up from her mother's house by eight police officers on August 21, 2008 and interrogated for eight hours. Her husband's laptop was broken into and part of his hard drive was erased. They shortened their planned one-month visit to Tibet to six days. A farewell party, to which she had invited many friends and family, was hardly attended, obviously for fear of possible reprisals.

During her visit in August 2008, her mother pleaded with all kinds of pressure and threats to leave her parents' home for fear of her safety. According to Woeser, this was one of the most heartbreaking moments of her life.

In 2014, on July 8th, after returning from a trip to northern China, she was placed under house arrest for initially unknown reasons. There is suspicion that this is in connection with an invitation to dinner at the US embassy in Beijing on the occasion of a routine visit by US Secretary of State John Kerry to China. Kerry is considered a great admirer of the writer.

Awards

2007 Ytringsfrihetsprisen ("Freedom of Expression Prize") from the Norwegian Writers' Union

On December 17, 2007, Woeser received the Ytringsfrihetsprisen ("Freedom of Expression Prize") from the Norwegian Writers' Association. Because Woeser had been refused the passport, she could not accept the award in person. Her husband is likely to travel to Oslo in 2008 and received the award on her behalf.

2007 Tibetan Journalists Association (ATJ) Freedom of Expression Prize

Also on December 17, 2007, Woeser was awarded the 2007 Freedom of Expression Prize by the Tibetan Journalists' Association (ATJ) in Dharamsala .

2010 Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF)

On October 19, 2010, Woeser received the Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) , which she was unable to receive in the United States because her passport was denied.

2011 Prince Claus Prize

In 2011 she was awarded the Prince Claus Prize . The jury described her as “a courageous writer / blogger from Tibet, whose work offers unique perspectives on the complexity of today's Tibet.” The Chinese authorities forbade her to receive the award at the Dutch embassy, ​​despite an appeal from previous winners.

2013 Women of Courage Award

In 2013, she received the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award . US Secretary of State John Kerry called it a 'loud voice' of the people at the ceremony. Woeser was unable to accept the award because the Chinese authorities had refused her permission to leave the country.

In an interview with The New York Times , she expressed the fact that she is deeply affected by the aggression of the state : “I feel insecure inside. I have the feeling of sitting on the edge of a cliff and being able to fall down at any moment. "

It has continued support internationally and from the PEN , which refers to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that China has signed. The PEN has already called on its regional departments to draw attention to Woeser's situation in detail.

Woeser can be seen in various documentaries such as Tibet: 50 Years After The Fall (2009) by director duo Ritu Sarin and Tenzin Sönam and Preparing Tibet For the Olympics from British Channel 4 .

bibliography

  • 1999: Xizang zai shang "西藏 在 上" ( Tibet live ), Xining (Qinghai renmin chubanshe), 西宁 (青海 人民出版社), no ISBN, Woeser's first volume of poetry. (Chinese)
  • 2003: Xizang biji «西藏 笔记» ( Notes on Tibet ), Guangzhou (Huacheng Chubanshe), 广州 市 (花城 出版社), ISBN 978-7-5360-3831-8 , first prose work, 23 photographs taken by her father. (Chinese)
    • 2006 New edition Taiwan under the title: Mingwei Xizang de shi , "名為 西藏 的 詩" ( A poem called Tibet. ) Taipei (Dakuai wenhua chuban gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (大塊 文化 出版 股份有限公司), ISBN 978- 986-7291-90-5 , (Chinese)
    • In 2006 the English translation of the main chapter from Xizang biji was published under the title: Nyima Tsering's Tears . in: Manoa , 18 (2006), pp. 97-103. Translated by Jampa, Bhuchte D. Sonam, Tenzin Tsundue, and Jane Perkins.
    • Tibetan translation of Xizang biji appeared under the title: Bod gdaṅs su gyer baʼi sñan rtsom ( A poem called Tibet ), Dharamsāla, Himachal Pradesh (Śes-bya Kun-ʼdus Rtsom-sgrig Lte-gnas), no ISBN.
  • 2003: Xizang [Jianghongse de ditu] «西藏 [絳 紅色 的 地圖]» Taipei (Shiying chubanshe), 臺北市 (時 英 出版社), ISBN 978-986-7762-04-7 . (Chinese)
  • 2005: Unlocking Tibet. A Chinese Author's Perspective on Tibet Issue. [s. l.] (Association France Tibet Argenton-sur-Creuse), no ISBN. Together with her husband Wang Lixong. Translated from Chinese, ISBN 9783906139272 .
  • 2006: Shajie. Sishinian de jiyi jinqu, jingtou xia de Xizang wenge «殺劫: 四 十年 的 記憶 禁區, 鏡頭 下 的 西藏 文革» ( Killing and Robbery: Four Decades of Forbidden Memories, the Cultural Revolution in Tibet examined closely . ), Taipei ( Dakuai wenhua chuban gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (大塊 文化 出版 股份有限公司), ISBN 986-7291-84-0 . Tibet during the Cultural Revolution.
    • In 2009 a Japanese translation of Shajie was published under the title: Shāchie: Chibetto no bunka daikakumei. «殺劫 (シ ャ ー チ ェ): チ ベ ッ ト の 文化大革命», Fukuoka (Shūkōsha) / Fukuoka (Chūgoku Shoten), 集 広 舎, 中国 書店 (発 売), ISBN 4-904213-07-6 .
    • In 2010 a French translation by Shajie was published under the title: Mémoire interdite. Témoignages sur la Révolution culturelle au Tibet , Paris (Gallimard), ISBN 978-2-07-013115-0 .
  • 2006: Xizang jiyi «西藏 記憶» ( Memory of Tibet. ) Taipei (Dakuai wenhua chuban gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (大塊 文化 出版 股份有限公司), ISBN 978-986-7291-85-1 . (Interviews). (Chinese)
  • 2008: Kanbujian de Xizang "看不見 的 西藏" ( Invisible Tibet. ) Taipei (Dakuai wenhua chuban gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (大塊 文化 出版 股份有限公司), ISBN 978-986-213-028-5 . (Chinese)
  • 2008: Tibet's True Heart. Selected Poems. Dobbs Ferry, NY ( Ragged Banner Press with excerpts ), ISBN 978-0-9816989-0-8 . Poems by Woeser (Weise), translated by AE Clark, Review October 10, 2008 (highpeakspureearth.com, English) Review October 2, 2008 ( Memento from June 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (savetibet.org, English)
  • 2008: How a country and its culture were closed down. in: New Statesman (London), no. 4908, August 4, 2008, p. 25.
  • 2009: Shunian xue shi hou. 2008 nian Xicang shi jian da shi ji , "鼠年 雪 獅吼: 2008 年 西藏 事件 大事記" ( The snow lion who roared in the year of the mouse . A chronicle of events in Tibet in 2008 ), Taipei (Yun chen wenhua shiyegufenyouxiangongsi) , 臺北市 (允 晨 文化 實業 股份有限公司), ISBN 986-7178-80-7 . Contains reports of the March 2008 Tibetan Riots. (Chinese)
    • Reprinted in 2011 under the title Xizang 2008 "西藏: 2008" ( Tibet 2008 ), Taipei (Lian jing chubanshiye gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (聯 經 出版 事業 股份有限公司), ISBN 978-957-08-3829-9 . (Chinese )
    • The Tibetan translation was published in 2009 under the title: Gaṅs seṅ gi ṅar sgra: sa byi loʼi Bod chol kha gsum gźis lus mi dmaṅs kyis spel baʼi źi rgol las gul gyi byuṅ rim zin tho / ʼOd-zer gyis brtsams; Kun-thar gyis bsgyur , Dharamsāla, Himachal Pradesh (Bod-kyi Yig-sgyur-khaṅ gis rtsom sgyur daṅ dpar ʼgrems byas), no ISBN.
    • English translation of the preface to The Snow-Lion Roaring in the Year of the Mouse: A Chronicle of the Events in Tibet of 2008 was published in 2009 by High Peaks Pure Earth blog . (highpeakspureearth.com, English)
    • The German translation was published in 2009 under the title: You have the guns, I have a pen. A chronology of the events in 2008 in Tibet , Berlin (Lungta-Verlag), ISBN 978-3-00-028220-1 . Translated by Gottfried Gärtner and published by Tibet Initiative Deutschland e. V. online preview September 16, 2009 (adamcathcart.wordpress.com, English / German) accessed on December 18, 2012
  • 2009: Ting shuo Xizang "聽說 西藏" (voices from Tibet), Taipei (Dakuai wenhua chuban gufenyouxiangongsi), 臺北市 (大塊 文化 出版 股份有限公司), ISBN 978-986-213-119-0 . By Woeser (唯 色) and her husband Wang Lixiong (王力雄).
  • 2009: wise shi xuan. Xueyu de bai «唯 色 詩選: 雪域 的 白» ( A selection of poems by Woeser. As white as snow ), Taipei (Tangshan chubanshe), 臺北市 (唐山 出版社), ISBN 978-986-6552-29 -8 . Poetry book by Weser.
  • 2009: Like gold that fears no fire - New writing from Tibet , ICT, online edition ( Memento from June 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Woeser 2009 (savetibet.org, English)
  • 2010: Tradition of protest in: Index on Censorship. 39 (2010), pp. 150-155.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Tsering Woeser, Tibet ( Memento from November 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (iwmf.org, English)
  2. ↑ a b c d e Garschagen, Oscar Alsof zes miljoen Tibetanen een bedreiging vormen voor China , NRC Handelsblad, November 3, 2011 pp. 12-13 (Dutch)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tibetan writer, a rare outspoken voice against Beijing's policies, sues Chinese government (phayul.com, English)
  4. ↑ a b c d e Carol Huang: In Beijing, author treads fine line as she tells Tibet's story ( English ) The Christian Science Monitor . 2008-11-18. Retrieved on December 20, 2012: "csmonitor.com"
  5. ↑ a b Tsering Woeser: Fearless Reporting Behind China's Great Firewall Barnes, Joshua October 5, 2011 (sampsoniaway.org, English)
  6. ↑ The Loneliness of the Long Distance Blogger Norbu, Jamyang May 2, 2008 (rangzen.net, English)
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Andrew Jacobs: A Tibetan Blogger, Always Under Close Watch, Struggles for Visibility ( English ) NY Times. 2009-04-25. Retrieved December 7, 2012: "nytimes.com"
  8. ↑ Bruno Philip: Le couple qui tient tete a pekin ( french ) Le Monde. 200-04-16. Retrieved September 10, 2019: "lemonde.fr" open letter in the French daily Le Monde , Bruno Philip, April 16, 2008 (lemonde.fr, French)
  9. ↑ a b Sapa-AP: china blocks blogs by banned tibetan writer . The Guardian. August 1, 2008. Accessed September 10, 2019. (English)
  10. ^ Roberts II, John B. & Roberts, Elizabeth A .: Freeing Tibet - 50 Years of Struggle, Resilience, and Hope , Amacom, American Management Association, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8144-0983-1 , p. 208
  11. ↑ a b Tibetan Writer Under House Arrest in Beijing Radio Free Asia March 21, 2008 (www.rfa.org, English)
  12. ↑ TAR Authorities Ban Book by Tibetan Author Tibet Information Network March 16, 2004 (tibet.ca, English)
  13. ↑ a b c Tibet’s most famous woman blogger, Woeser, detained by police , Macartney, Jane August 26, 2008 Times Online Woesers Invisible Tibet own press review (woeser.middle-way.net, English)
  14. ↑ Woeser ( Memento from June 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (tibetwrites.org, English)
  15. ↑ Like Gold that Fears no Fire: New Writing from Tibet ( english ) Retrieved on September 10, 2019. Woeser 2009 (savetibet.org, english)
  16. ↑ Woeser's weblog (woeser.middle-way.net, Chinese)
  17. ↑ Excerpts from Woeser's weblog (highpeakspureearth.com; English) accessed on December 18, 2012
  18. ↑ PEN Protests Cyber-Attacks Against Woeser - Urges Action Against Saboteurs Siems, Larry PEN American Center May 28, 2008 (pen.org, English)
  19. ↑ A month without word of detained blogger Ilham Tohti ( English ) Reporters without border – reporter sans frontieres. 2009-08-07. Retrieved on September 10, 2019: "rsf.org"
  20. ↑ UYGHUR BLOGGER FREED AFTER SIX WEEKS INCOMMUNICADO, BUT UNDER CLOSE WATCH ( English ) Reporters without border – reporters sans frontieres. 2009-08-25. Retrieved on December 20, 2012: "rsf.org"
  21. ↑ JUTTA LIETSCH: CHINAS CRITICAL LAWYER The permanent loser . taz. 2012-02-03. Retrieved on December 19, 2012: "taz.de"
  22. ↑ Charter 08 already signed by 5000 Chinese FAZ December 21, 2008 (faz.net) accessed on December 16, 2012
  23. ↑ a b China detains Tibetan writer during US official's visit on BBC News, July 9, 2014, accessed July 10, 2014
  24. ↑ Ytringsfrihetsprisen 2007 ( Norwegian ) forfatterforeningen.no. 2012-05-28. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  25. ↑ Tibetan journalists body honors Woeser on its 10th Anniversary ( English ) phayul.com. 2007-12-19. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  26. ^ Susanne Ramirez de Arellano: Tsering Woeser: blogger & author, Tibet. ( English ) International Women's Media Foundation. 2010-05-10. Retrieved on July 25, 2018: "iwmf.org"
  27. ↑ Reports despite mortal danger . derstandard.at. 2010-10-20. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  28. ↑ Woeser's speech on the award of the Courage in Journalism Prize 2010 by the International Women's Media Foundation , igfm-muenchen.de, October 25, 2010
  29. ↑ Tsering Woeser - Writer / Blogger - Lhasa, China Prins Claus Prijs 2011 (princeclausfund.org) accessed on September 10, 2019
  30. ↑ Tibetaanse blogger Tsering Woeser mag prijs niet ophalen NRC 1 March 2012 (nrc.nl; Dutch)
  31. ↑ China tibetan blogger prince claus award ( english ) The Guardian. March 9, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  32. ↑ US bravery award for Delhi rape victim on BBC News, March 5, 2013, accessed on July 10, 2014.
  33. ↑ writing for tsering woeser ( English ) PEN. Retrieved on September 10, 2019: "englishpen.org"
  34. ↑ Tibet: 50 Years After The Fall ( Dutch ) boeddhistische omroep.nl. 2007-08-28. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  35. ↑ Lindsey Hilsum: Tibet: Preparing Tibet for the Olympics ( English ) channel 4. 2007-08-28. Retrieved on December 17, 2012. with a link to the video with Tsering Woeser
personal data
SURNAME Woeser, Tsering
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chinese writer, poet, dissident essayist and (since 2005) blogger
DATE OF BIRTH July 21, 1966
PLACE OF BIRTH Lhasa