Bülow's villa

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View of the villa from the east. The symmetrical structure with three of the four tower risalites, the Halberker and the very flat tent roof is clearly visible.

The Villa von Bülow ( insurance number 3657), also known as Villa Bülow , Bülow-Villa or Bülow'sche Villa , is a listed villa in Braunschweig, built in 1839 by Carl Theodor Ottmer .

history

South west side of the villa

The Brunswick architect and ducal building officer Carl Theodor Ottmer had the order for the construction of a representative villa as a “summer house” from the ducal Brunswick ( justice ) chamber president Heinrich Georg Christian Friedrich von Bülow (* 25 March 1772; † 10 August 1840) a 1.3 hectare English landscape garden directly on the western flood ditch of the Oker . Von Bülow and Ottmer knew each other personally, and the Chamber President promoted Ottmer professionally. The area to be used had become vacant in the course of the razing of the ramparts , which were part of the fortifications of the city of Braunschweig , initiated by the architect Peter Joseph Krahe at the beginning of the 19th century .

Building description

Extract from August Wehrt's 1844 plan of Braunschweig and its immediate vicinity . The north-eastern part of the Okerum flood ditch (center) can be seen. Out of town on the Petri Thor street immediately to the left of it the Villa Bülow with the park of H. [Auses] v. [On] Bülow and the Kreuzkloster .

The villa designed by Ottmer is the largest residential project he has implemented in Braunschweig and part of a large number of classicist villa buildings that were built on the city's major arteries in the course of the 19th century. The strictly symmetrical , two-story, box- like, square stone building with a basement and mezzanine floor was completed in 1839 according to Ottmer's plans in the style of the Italian Renaissance and influenced by Ottmer's teacher Karl Friedrich Schinkel . This Italian “castellum type” became known during the Renaissance through the Villa Trissino (Cricoli) built between 1530 and 1538 and found its architectural implementation in Schinkel's design for the Tegel Castle, built between 1820 and 1824 . Ottmer's Villa Bülow was further inspired by the Villa Farnesina in Rome , which Ottmer had studied during a stay in Italy in 1826/27. At the four corners of the clearly structured, seven-axis building is characterized by tower-like, elevated risalits . The lower two floors are characterized by arched windows . There is a semicircular bay window on the southeast side . The mezzanine has horizontal and round windows. The tent roof is very shallow and is inclined by a subtle tooth section - cornice surrounded. As with other buildings created by Ottmer, Ottmer's formal language is clearly recognizable in the von Bülow villa .

A farm yard with single-storey outbuildings bordered the villa to the northwest. In front of the Chaussee (today's Celler Straße ) a publicly visible front garden was laid out, while a screened private garden was created on the southern rear side of the villa.

The Villa von Bulow was the first villa which was built in the first half of the 19th century outside the ramparts of Braunschweig. Originally, the villa, together with the classicist gatehouses designed by Peter Joseph Krahe , the surrounding parks and the buildings in the area of ​​the Petritores, formed an “architecturally remarkable city entrance situation”. The Kraheschen gatehouses on Celler Strasse were demolished as early as the 19th century, and some buildings in the immediate vicinity were destroyed during the Second World War (for example, the Kreuzkloster is only a few meters across from it ). The villa is elevated above street level, today on the corner of Celler Straße 3 and Freisestraße (at the time of construction it was Celler Straße 1 and Freisestraße was still called Pflegehausstraße ) and is an outstanding example of late classicism in Braunschweig due to its well-proportioned facade design .

Use after 1869

Coat of arms of the Löbbecke family above the original main entrance on the northeast side

From 1869 to 1873 the villa was owned by Major Friedrich Wilhelm von Rauch , commander of the Brunswick Hussar Regiment No. 17 and General a. D. Gustav von Girsewald , commander of the Braunschweig Infantry Regiment No. 92 and representative of the von Bülowschen community of heirs from 1861 to 1868 .

The subsequent owner was then the merchant Ferdinand Ebeling, who sold the house and property in 1891 to Artur Löbbecke (1850–1932) from the Löbbecke banking family from Braunschweig . The Löbbeck family coat of arms, which can still be seen over the former main entrance of the villa, also dates from this time.

According to Pingel, the house and property were sold to Artur Löbbecke in 1891 from the estate of the merchant and art collector August Vorhauer, who had a well-known art collection on the second floor of the villa .

"School of German Crafts"

At the beginning of the 1930s, the villa became the property of the city. In the early phase of National Socialism , the villa was converted into the School of German Crafts on the occasion of the Reichshandwerkertag on October 28, 1934 . It was the only one of its kind in the German Reich. The aim of the institution was the training "in the National Socialist view of questions of the craft". In the school, ten-day training courses in rhetoric , general knowledge and craft policy were offered for the NSDAP - “leaders and young leaders” . By the end of 1937, 2,200 “trade officials” had taken part in courses. The school ceased operations at the beginning of the Second World War . By then, around 3,600 people had taken part in training. The principal was Wilhelm Wernet (January 9, 1901– April 21, 1984).

The building was subsequently used as Wehrmacht service used and after the end of World War II as a dormitory for up to 1952 student nurses of the hospital are in close proximity Holwedestraße. After that, the villa stood empty for more than 25 years and gradually fell into ruin .

Decades of vacancy, decay and rescue

Through almost three decades of neglect and vandalism , the old villa had become increasingly dilapidated. Dry rot had spread and the interior had been deliberately damaged, destroyed or looted. Natural stone work and the carved front door on the north side had been stolen . A large number of possible uses have been discussed over the years, but the city of Braunschweig itself was not involved due to a lack of funding. After the war-damaged Braunschweiger Schloss was demolished in 1960 after a long controversy, an article appeared in the Braunschweiger Zeitung on March 2, 1961 with the heading "History under the pickaxe", in which attention was drawn to the desolate condition of the villa. Already on the following day the “Städtische Hochbauamt” of the city of Braunschweig replied that the mentioned damage was old and ultimately [...] the Ottmer architecture could only be preserved by a complete demolition and a new building in the same form [...]. Another newspaper article followed on February 28, 1968 with a reference to the condition and possible rescue options. On December 5, 1974, followed by the article “The wind whistles through the Bülow Villa. Professor Herrenberger has plans for the renovation. ”This article was taken up on November 11, 1974 by the renowned architecture magazine Bauwelt and pointed out, among other things, that the city of Braunschweig had not taken up private proposals to save the villa and asked: Or should it Does this city's contribution to the European Monument Protection Year [1975] consist in the demolition of another Ottmer building [after the residential palace in 1960]? .

Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research

View from the north with today's entrance area to the GEI

Friedrich Theodor Kohl , architect and councilor of the city of Braunschweig, submitted an application from the CDU parliamentary group to the city council on August 26, 1975 , which commissioned the administration of the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research (GEI) and the State of Lower Saxony in Negotiations to enter into the use of the Bülow villa by the GEI. This laid the foundation stone to save the villa. After more than two decades of vacancy and decay, the GEI took over the building, which was in dire need of renovation. From 1979 to 1981, was finally a major overhaul, which is completely gutted was to meet the requirements of the Institute operation: conference and study rooms for 25 employees including rooms for a book magazine and a lending library with 200,000 volumes, cater to. For example, wooden structures inside were replaced by much more stable steel frames in order to be able to better absorb and distribute the enormous loads caused by the library . Walls and ceilings were also otherwise reinforced on site. The representative, curved access ramp to the main entrance on the north side on Celler Straße was preserved like the open staircase with terrace on the south side, which was probably created later, but is now inoperative because the access was implemented via Freisestraße. The executing architects were Justus Herrenberger and Jörn Miehe. On May 6, 1982, the new headquarters of the Georg Eckert Institute was finally inaugurated.

Structural changes

Open stairs to the park on the southwest side

Some of Ottmer's original sketches as well as his construction (execution) cracks have been preserved. From 1960 to 1961, among other things, on this basis, a building survey of the villa was carried out by students at the Department of Building History at the Technical University of Braunschweig under their professor Konrad Hecht . This made it possible to trace structural changes since the building was constructed.

With the exception of the terrace with an outside staircase that was added on site in the 19th century, there were no major structural changes in the villa itself, apart from minor adjustments to improve living conditions over the decades (e.g. installation of bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, etc.). It was not until 1937 that serious, sometimes irreversible construction work began in the area around the villa; So the outbuildings of the farm yard, which had been designed by Ottmer, were demolished in 1937 and a house with an official apartment and two garages were built in their place. The park to the south-west was finally changed more: in the mid-1950s, the nurses' home was built on part of the site, followed in 1974/75 by a multi-storey extension. With these massive buildings and the associated extensive removal of old trees, the property finally lost its park-like character.

During the renovation from 1979 to 1981, among other things, the mostly deliberately destroyed parquet floor of the central room of the villa, the so-called garden room , was restored on the ground floor. The stucco ceiling could be reproduced with the help of what was left and was partially gilded again . Nevertheless, most of the original interior, including an impressive iron staircase, was removed. The representative main entrance was also moved from the north-eastern broad side to the north-western narrow side.

Since 2015 there have been heated discussions and legal disputes regarding an extension of the GEI on the neighboring property on Freisestrasse, on which the nurses' home is located. The building was necessary in order to be able to move the institute's library there, as the old premises were exhausted. At the end of March 2018, the Lüneburg Higher Administrative Court decided in a normative control application that the development plan for an extension planned by the GEI on Freisestraße was legal.

Skeleton finds 2019

The grave with eight male skeletons found in early 2019.
A skullcap found not far from the grave with a severe, most likely fatal blow from a saber.

The excavation work for the new library building is being supervised on site by archaeologists from an excavation company , as it was assumed that due to the immediate vicinity of the Kreuzkloster and its centuries-old cemetery , which was destroyed by the Allied bombing of October 15, 1944 , due to the immediate vicinity of the 1944 during the Second World War Graves are to be expected. In fact, several individual graves of different ages and degrees of conservation were found and examined in January and February 2019. Archaeologists estimate the number of people buried there at 300. In addition, a mass grave was discovered which contains the fully preserved skeletons of eight men between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Due to the type of burial and other finds, historians and archaeologists, including Michael Geschwinde from the Lower Saxony State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Braunschweig, as well as Henning Steinführer , director of the Braunschweig City Archives , suspect that they could be dead in the battle at Ölper , which took place on 1 August 1809, not far from where it is found today, the black crowd of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Brunswick encountered numerically superior Napoleonic troops under Jean-Jacques Reubell . A few meters away from the site of the discovery is the grave of the Braunschweig captain Carl von Rabiel, who was proven to have died in the battle, in the remaining cemetery of the monastery. In the vicinity of the mass grave, the well-preserved skull of a single man, estimated to be over 50 years old, was found, who was apparently also buried there. The artifact has three major trauma trauma; two of them were older and already healed, the last one was an unhealed and most likely fatal blow with a ( cavalry ) saber .

literature

  • Reinhard Bein : Narrative time. Reports and postcards from the city and state of Braunschweig 1933–1945. Döring, Braunschweig 2002, ISBN 978-3925268-22-9 , p. 52.
  • Association of German Architects (Braunschweig district group): Braunschweig. Architecture 19. – 20. Century. Self-published by BDA, Braunschweig 1985, ISBN 3-9801122-0-9 , No. 64.
  • Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel , Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. (= Publications of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. 94th and exhibition catalog for the 200th birthday), Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-927939-48-X , pp. 273–285.
  • Udo Gebauhr (ed.), Monika Lemke-Kokkelink : Paths to Ottmer. 60 stations from Ahlum to Zorge. A guide to the surviving buildings by the architect Carl Theodor Ottmer (1800–1843), to stations in his life and to buildings by his most important students and employees on his 200th birthday in 2000. Meyer, Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-926701-40-4 .
  • Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony , Volume 1.2 .: City of Braunschweig , Part 2, Hameln 1996, ISBN 3-8271-8256-5 , p. 171.
  • Ulrich H. Mey, Christian Streibel: Braunschweig architecture guide . Höller and Zwick, Braunschweig 1986, ISBN 3-89057-006-2 , column 84.
  • NN: Georg Eckert Institute for international textbook research - GEI formerly Villa von Bülow. In: City of Braunschweig (Ed.): City Forum Braunschweig. City. Research. Economy. Technology. Edgar Hartmann Verlag, Osterode 1988. p. 235.
  • Norman-Mathias Pingel: Bülow Villa. In: Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Hrsg.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Supplementary volume. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, ISBN 3-926701-30-7 , p. 33 .
  • Simon Paulus, Ulrich Knufinke: The Braunschweiger Wallring. Guide to the history and architecture of a cultural and historical monument , with photographs by Heinz Kudalla, Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2011, ISBN 978-3-941737-59-4 , pp. 82–83.

Web links

Commons : Villa von Bülow  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 273.
  2. ^ Bernhard Kiekenap : Karl and Wilhelm. The sons of the Black Duke. Volume II: Literature Review, Sources and Notes. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-930292-40-8 , p. 102.
  3. ↑ a b c Simon Paulus, Ulrich Knufinke: The Braunschweiger Wallring. Guide to the history and architecture of a cultural and historical monument. P. 82.
  4. ^ Ulrich H. Mey, Christian Streibel: Braunschweig architecture guide . Column 84.
  5. ↑ a b Wolfgang Kimpflinger: monuments in Lower Saxony , band 1.2 .: Braunschweig , Part 2, p 169th
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Kimpflinger: monuments in Lower Saxony , band 1.2 .: Braunschweig , Part 2, p 170th
  7. ^ Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 276.
  8. ↑ a b N. N .: Georg Eckert Institute for international textbook research - GEI formerly Villa von Bülow. P. 235.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 277.
  10. ^ Pingel: Bülow Villa. In: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon , supplementary volume, p. 33.
  11. ↑ Braunschweigisches address book for the year 1889. 75th edition, published by Joh. Heinr. Meyer, Braunschweig, p. 212.
  12. ↑ a b Karl Traupe: From the history of the Braunschweig Chamber of Crafts. In: Martin Kintzinger (Hrsg.): Handwerk in Braunschweig. Origin and development from the Middle Ages to the present. Appelhans, Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-930292-38-6 , p. 402.
  13. ↑ quoted from: Valentin Chesi: Structure and functions of the craft organization in Germany since 1933. Duncker & Humblot 1966, p. 77.
  14. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Ludewig : Crafts and Politics from the First World War to the Federal Republic. In: Martin Kintzinger (Hrsg.): Handwerk in Braunschweig. Origin and development from the Middle Ages to the present. P. 352.
  15. ^ Obituary for Wilhelm Wernet
  16. ^ Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 278.
  17. ^ Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 279.
  18. ↑ a b Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 280.
  19. ^ Udo Gebauhr: Villa von Bülow. In: Gerd Biegel, Angela Klein (ed.): Carl Theodor Ottmer 1800–1843. Braunschweigischer Hofbaumeister - European architect. P. 283.
  20. ↑ Strong criticism of the new building plan of the Georg Eckert Institute. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of December 6, 2016, p. 13.
  21. ↑ New row about the Eckert conversion. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of December 14, 2016, p. 20.
  22. ^ Villa von Bülow in court on der-loewe.info of March 16, 2018
  23. ↑ Textbook researchers are growing. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of September 30, 2016, p. 19.
  24. ^ The court allows the Georg Eckert Institute to be expanded. In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of March 27, 2018, p. 9.
  25. ↑ Skeleton find at the Georg Eckert Institute in Braunschweig: Archaeologists assume 300 deaths on news38.de
  26. ↑ 300 deaths and a sensational find on the GEI construction site on focus.de on February 28, 2019.

Coordinates: 52 ° 16 ′ 5.4 "  N , 10 ° 30 ′ 39.7"  E