Vincent Fettmilch

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Vinzenz Fettmilch , also Fedtmilch (* between 1565 and 1570 in Büdesheim ; † February 28, 1616 in Frankfurt am Main ) was a German clerk and gingerbread baker and one of the leaders of the Fettmilch uprising from 1612 to 1614 in Frankfurt am Main.

Vinzenz Fettmilch (copperplate engraving)

Before the uprising

Vinzenz Fettmilch was born in Büdesheim between 1565 and 1570. Reinhard Fettmilch (1562–1602), the Untergräfe and “traveling servant” (mounted soldier) at Friedberg Castle , is believed to be his father . Vinzenz had a brother, Johann Eitel Fettmilch, who studied law in Marburg at the University of Marburg in 1598 .

After his marriage to Catharina Schiele in Frankfurt am Main, Vinzenz Fettmilch received Frankfurt citizenship on June 11, 1593 . In 1595 he tried in vain for the post of clerk at the Hospital of the Holy Spirit . For financial reasons he became a gingerbread baker, joined the guild of fat buyers and in 1607 acquired the “Zum Hasen” building in Töngesgasse . Fettmilch was one of the leaders of the fat milk uprising named after him between 1612 and 1614 in Frankfurt am Main.

The riot

Vinzenz Fettmilch, Conrad Gerngroß and Conrad Schopp , the leaders of the Fettmilch Uprising, engraving 1614

In May 1612, Frankfurt citizens used the election and coronation of Emperor Matthias to disclose their privileges, reduce the number of Jews and set up a weekly grain market , reduce interest rates from 12 to 8 percent and expel all Jews who were not at least 15,000 Taler possessed wealth to demand from the city council. In July 1612, a “citizens' committee”, to which Fettmilch belonged, was founded to enforce these demands. Fettmilch's appearances led to his arrest in the Frankfurt council chamber from 5th to. May 8, 1614. In a "civil contract" the inspection of privileges and control of the city's finances was agreed. The citizens' committee was not satisfied with that. Fettmilch led the looting of the Judengasse on August 22, 1614.

Arrest and Punishment

The execution on the Rossmarkt

Emperor Matthias then announced the imperial ban on fat milk, the carpenter Conrad Gerngroß and the tailor Conrad Schopp, the main ringleaders. The councilor Mattias Müller applied on November 24, 1614 to arrest Fettmilch. Three days later he was arrested by lay judge Hans Martin Baur after a scuffle. Outraged journeymen, including the Frankfurt citizen and book printer journeyman Hans Schlegel, freed him on the same day from arrest at the Bornheimer Pforte . Fettmilch holed up in his house at Zum Hasen in Töngesgasse , but surrendered the next day to the city guard under Baur's leadership.

On December 2, 1614, Fettmilch was delivered to the Mayor of Mainz at Gutleuthof and brought to Aschaffenburg . On February 28, 1616 he and his cronies were taken to the Roßmarkt . The executioner severed two fingers from his oath hand , beheaded and cut him into four parts.

The column of shame erected in Töngesgasse instead of Fettmilch's house

Fettmilch's corpse was hung up on the gallows together with those of the other convicts , and their heads were displayed on iron bars on the south side of the bridge tower on the right Main Main .

“Among the ancient remains, from childhood on, the skull of a state criminal, stuck on the bridge tower, was strange to me, who of three or four, as indicated by the empty iron tips, had survived since 1616 through all the rigors of time and weather. Whenever you returned to Frankfurt from Sachsenhausen, you had the tower in front of you and the skull caught your eye. "

- Goethe : Poetry and Truth . 4th book part 1

In 1801 the bridge tower was torn down and the heads of the condemned were removed.

As Damnatio memoriae , his house at Zum Hasen was razed to the ground. The wife, children and brother had to leave the city. In 1617, on the site of the former Zum Hasen house, a pillar of shame was erected as a "perpetual memory of the uprising" ( Sempiternae Rebellionis Memoriae ). The column perished in the Great Christian Fire in 1719 . However, the base was retained. The property was not built on again until the 19th century.

Archival material

  • Institute for City History Frankfurt am Main. Signatures: Collection of personal history S2–286; Criminalia 679, 873, 709, 752, Impressen 72, 77, Jews against foreigners 999

literature

  • Thomas Bauer: Fettmilch, Vinzenz in the Frankfurter Personenlexikon (edited online version), as well as in: Wolfgang Klötzer (Ed.): Frankfurter Biographie . Personal history lexicon . First volume. A – L (=  publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XIX , no. 1 ). Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-7829-0444-3 , p. 199-201 .
  • Johann Christof Wagenseil's instruction in the Jewish-German way of speaking and writing . Conrad Month, Frankfurt 1715; therein: From the uproar which Vinzenz Fettmilch struck in 1616 in the HR Reichs Freye city of Frankfurth and, like the same, was consequently quenched . Digitized
  • Rudolf Frank: Vincenz Fettmilch. A historical tale from the history of the Free City of Frankfurt a / M. (1612-1616) . Gustav Oehme, Leipzig 1861 digitized
  • Otto Speyer: The Frankfurt Revolution under Vincenz Fettmilch 1612–1616 . Frankfurter Intellektivenblatt, Frankfurt a. M. 1883
  • Ernst Kelchner :  Fettmilch, Vincenz . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1877, p. 728 f.
  • Heinz F. Friedrichs:  Fettmilch, Vincenz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 105 ( digitized version ).
  • The Frankfurt Fettmilch Uprising . In: Hauptwache: Frankfurter illustrated newspaper . Vol. 2; (1977), No. 14, pp. 18-22 and 22-26
  • Horst Karasek The Fedtmilch uprising or how the Frankfurters heated up their council in 1612/14 (= Wagenbach's pocket library , volume 58), Wagenbach, Berlin 1979, ISBN 3-8031-2058-6 .
  • Robert Brandt: The Fettmilch Uprising. Civil unrest and hostility towards Jews in Frankfurt am Main 1612–1616. An exhibition project by the Historisches Museum Frankfurt in cooperation with the History Seminar of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University . Historical Museum, Frankfurt am Main 1996
  • Andrea van Dülmen : Citizens are fighting for political power. The Fettmilch Uprising of 1612–1614 . Bayerischer Rundfunk, Munich 1988
  • Christopher R. Friedrichs: Politics or Pogrom? The Fettmilch Uprising in German and Jewish History . In: Central European history. Cambridge University Press ISSN  1569-1616 , Vol. 19.1986, pp. 186-228
  • Helmut Lenz: The rebellion of Vincenz Fettmilch. Frankfurt citizens fought for religious and political equality in 1614 . In: Diözese, Limburg Lahn Hrsg .: Almanach, calendar for the Diocese of Limburg . Knecht, Frankfurt a. M. 1994, pp. 142-144
  • Turmoil, trauma, and triumph. The Fettmilch uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612-1616) according to Megillas Vintz. A critical edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew text including an English translation . Peter Lang, New York 2001
  • Konrad Schneider: The Frankfurt politician and “tribune” Vinzenz Fettmilch - also a counterfeiter? In: Heimatbund . Marburg / Lahn Vol. 53, 2003, Issue 2, pp. 76-80

Fiction

  • Elchanan Heln : Megilass Winz . Amsterdam 1648
  • Carl Feldmann: Vincenz Fettmilch the Lebküchler from Frankfurt. A tragedy . Offenbach [1850]
  • Rudolf Frank: Vincenz Fettmilch. A historical tale from the history of the free city of Frankfurt a / M. (1612-1616) . Leipzig 1861.
  • Theodor Poppe: The Tragoedia by Vincenz Fettmilch. In five lifts . Georg Müller, Munich 1905
  • Adolf Stoltze : Vinzenz Fettmilch. Drama in five acts . 1st - 3rd Thousand Stoltze Nachf., Frankfurt am Main 1927
  • Hans Albrecht: Fettmilch wants to power. Acting . 1964
  • Revolution in Frankfurt , German TV film from 1979. Directed by Fritz Umgelter .
  • Albrecht Glöckner: Vinzenz Fettmilch 1616 and the "Parierer" Diller-Glöckler . (Short story in letter form)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang Benz : Handbook of Antisemitism , Volume 4; Events, decrees, controversies , de Gruyter, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-598-24076-8 ( online: p. 133 ).
  2. ↑ NDB, p. 105.
  3. ↑ Thomas Bauer, p. 199.
  4. ^ Nachum T. Gidal : The Jews in Germany from Roman times to the Weimar Republic . Könemann, Cologne 1997, p. 91.
  5. ↑ Fatty Milk Riot. In: Julius H. Schoeps : New Lexicon of Judaism . Gütersloh 1992, ISBN 3-570-09877-X , p. 146.
  6. ^ Institute for Urban History, signature Criminalia 752.
  7. ↑ a b Thomas Bauer, p. 201.
  8. ^ Institute for City History. Signature: manuscripts S6a.
  9. ^ Institute for City History. Signature: Manuscripts S6a 329.
personal data
SURNAME Fettmilch, Vincent
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Fettmilch, Vincentz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Leader of the fat milk revolt
DATE OF BIRTH between 1565 and 1570
PLACE OF BIRTH Büdesheim (Schöneck)
DATE OF DEATH February 28, 1616
Place of death Frankfurt am Main