Zhukaigou culture

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Neolithic cultures of China
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Shangshan culture 11000-9000 cal BP
Zaoshi culture of the lower class 7500-7000 BC Chr.
Pengtoushan culture 7500-6100 BC Chr.
Gaomiao culture 7400-7100 BC Chr.
Zhaobaogou culture 7000-6400 BC Chr.
Hemudu culture 7000-4500 BC BC / 5000–3300 BC Chr.
Houli culture 6250-5850 BC Chr.
Xinglongwa culture 6200-5400 BC Chr.
Laoguantai culture also Dadiwan-I culture 6000-5000 BC BC / 6000-3000 BC Chr.
Dadiwan culture 5800-3000 BC Chr.
Chengbeixi culture 5800-4700 BC Chr.
Peiligang culture 5600-4900 BC Chr.
Xinle culture 5500-4800 BC Chr.
Cishan culture 5400-5100 BC Chr.
Beixin culture 5400-4400 BC Chr.
Qingliangang culture 5400-4400 BC Chr.
Tangjiagang culture 5050-4450 BC Chr.
Baiyangcun culture 5000-3700 BC Chr.
Yangshao culture also Miaodigou-I culture 5000-2000 BC Chr.
Yingpanshan culture 5000 –... v. Chr.
Caiyuan culture 4800-3900 BC Chr.
Majiabang culture 4750-3700 BC Chr.
Hongshan culture 4700-2900 BC Chr.
Daxi culture 4400-3300 BC Chr.
Dawenkou culture 4100-2600 BC Chr.
Beiyinyangying culture 4000-3000 BC Chr.
Songze culture 3900-3200 BC Chr.
Miaozigou culture 3500-3000 BC Chr.
Liangzhu culture 3400-2000 BC Chr.
Longshan culture also Miaodigou II culture 3200-1850 BC Chr.
Shanbei culture 3050-2550 BC Chr.
Majiayao culture 3000-2000 BC Chr.
Xiaoheyan culture 3000-2000 BC Chr.
Tanshishan culture 3000-2000 BC Chr.
Shixia culture 2900-2700 BC Chr.
Qujialing culture 2750-2650 BC Chr.
Shijiahe culture 2600-2000 BC Chr.
Banshan Machang culture 2500-2000 BC Chr.
Baodun culture 2500-1700 BC Chr.
Keshengzhuang II culture 2300-2000 BC Chr.
Zhukaigou culture ...– 1500 BC Chr.
Qijia culture 2000 –... v. Chr.
Qugong culture v. Chr.
Shangzhai culture v. Chr.
Xinkailiu culture v. Chr.
Youziling culture v. Chr.
Kuahuqiao culture v. Chr.
Lijiacun culture v. Chr.
Pianbaozi culture v. Chr.
Banpo culture v. Chr.
Shijia culture v. Chr.
Miaodigou culture v. Chr.
Xiwangcun culture v. Chr.
Qinwangzhai culture v. Chr.
Hougang culture v. Chr.
Dasikongcun culture v. Chr.
Xiawanggang culture v. Chr.
Changguogou culture v. Chr.
Copper Age

The Zhukaigou culture (朱 開溝 文化) was a late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age culture (up to approx. 1,500 BC) of the Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia , China .

The type locality was discovered near Ejin-Banner (Inner Mongolia) and excavated from 1977 to 1984. The Zhukaigou culture is the presumed forerunner of the Bronze Age section of the Ordos culture and consequently one of the first cultures of the northern region, with an expansion into northern and central Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi and northern Shanxi , with the Ordos region as Center. The introduction of metal processing is at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. At the same time, a higher quality of ceramic production can be observed.

The Zhukaigou culture was divided into five phases that correspond in time to the late stage of the Longshan culture , the early, middle and late stages of the Erlitou culture, and the early stage of the Erligang culture . The early phase was influenced by the Longshan culture, whereas the middle phase was influenced by the Qijia culture , as this is the period in which the first bronze artifacts appear in the remains of the Zhukaigou. They were farmers who mainly grew millet and raised sheep, pigs and cattle.

Artifacts of the Shang type suggest that contacts between the Zhukaigou and the Shang existed around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, or that they spread to the north. Shang ritual vessels came to the Zhukaigou in the Erlitou (approx. 2,100-1,800 / 1500) and Erligang periods (approx. 1,500-1,400).

The end of the Zhukaigou is dated bronze objects from local production around 1,500 BC. Adopted. For this last period of the Zhukaigou a mixture of bronze objects of typical northern daggers, typical Shang ge (戈) dagger axes and knives that show characteristics of both cultures is typical.

See also

literature

  • Katheryn M. Linduff: Zhukaigou, steppe culture and the rise of Chinese civilization. In: Antiquity Vol. 69 = No. 262, March 1995, ISSN  0003-598X , pp. 133-145.
  • Michael Loewe , Edward L. Shaughnessy (Eds.): The Cambridge History of Ancient China. From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-47030-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Nicola Di Cosmo: The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China. In: Loewe, Shaughnessy (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Ancient China. 1999, p. 898 f.