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{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Ant spiders
| fossil_range={{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
| image = Mallinella.fulvipes.female.-.tanikawa.jpg
| name=Ant spiders
| image_caption = female ''[[Mallinella fulvipes]]''
| image=Mallinella.fulvipes.female.-.tanikawa.jpg
| display_parents = 2
| image_caption=Female ''[[Mallinella fulvipes]]''
| taxon = Zodariidae
| display_parents=2
| authority = [[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1881
| diversity_link = List of Zodariidae species
| taxon=Zodariidae
| authority=[[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1881<ref name=WSC_gl109/>
| diversity = 72 genera, 828 species
| diversity_link=List of Zodariidae species
| range_map = Distribution.zodariidae.1.png
| diversity=90 genera, 1259 species
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| diversity_ref=<ref name=WSC_stats/>
| subdivision = See text.
| range_map=Distribution.zodariidae.1.png
}}
}}
[[File:Palindroma morogorom paratype male dorsal.jpg|thumb|Male ''[[Palindroma morogorom]]'']]
[[Image:Mallinella.shimojanai.female.-.tanikawa.jpg|thumb|Female ''[[Mallinella shimojanai]]'']]


'''Ant spiders''' are members of the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Zodariidae'''. They are small to medium-sized eight-eyed [[spider]]s found in all tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, Arabia and the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arachne.org.au/01_cms/details.asp?ID=1664|title=Zodariidae ant spiders|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Most species are daytime hunters and live together with ants, [[mimicking]] their behavior and sometimes even their chemical traits.<ref name=":0" /> Although little is known about most zodariids, members of the genus ''[[Zodarion]]'' apparently feed only on ants; a number of other [[genera]] in the family are apparently also [[ant]] (or [[termite]]) specialists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eol.org/pages/9038/articles|title=zodariid ground spiders|website=EOL-Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
[[Image:Mallinella.fulvipes.male.-.tanikawa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|male ''[[Mallinella fulvipes]]'']]
[[Image:Mallinella.shimojanai.female.-.tanikawa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|female ''[[Mallinella shimojanai]]'']]


==Genera==
'''Ant spiders''' are members of the [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Zodariidae'''. They are small to medium-sized eight-eyed [[spider]]s found world-wide in tropical to warm temperate regions, though there are relatively few species in [[North America]].
{{As of|2022|12}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following genera:<ref name=WSC_gl109/>

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
Some zodariids are [[ant mimicry|ant mimics]]. Although ant mimicry is quite common in spiders, the form it takes in the zodariids is unusual because, although each species bears a morphological resemblance to the species of ant that forms its prey, the resemblance is not particularly close. It is enhanced by the spider's behaviour. The spiders live in association with a nest of ants of their prey species, and use their mimicry to enter and leave the nest unmolested (if the ants detected them as intruders they would mass to repel and perhaps kill them). The spiders walk on only the three rear pairs of legs, and if they encounter an ant during their forays into the nest territory, they touch their front legs to the ant's antennae in the same way as another ant would with its own antennae. If they have already captured an ant, they then offer that towards the challenging ant, which inspects it and behaves towards the spider as if it were another ant carrying a dead conspecific away from the nest (a common behaviour among ants).
*''[[Acanthinozodium]]'' <small>Denis, 1966</small>

*''[[Akyttara]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1987</small>
It is likely that the spiders also derive some protection against predation from their similarity to the ants, since ants are unpalatable to many species that eat spiders.
*''[[Amphiledorus]]'' <small>Jocqué & Bosmans, 2001</small>

*''[[Antillorena]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
== Systematics ==
*''[[Asceua]]'' <small>Thorell, 1887</small>

*''[[Aschema]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
The categorization into subfamilies follows Joel Hallan's [http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Zodariidae.txt Biology Catalog].
*''[[Asteron]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>

*''[[Australutica]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1995</small>
* [[Cydrelinae]] Simon, 1893
:* ''[[Aschema]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Ballomma]]'' <small>Jocqué & Henrard, 2015</small>
:* ''[[Caesetius]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Basasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2003</small>
:* ''[[Capheris]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Caesetius]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Cydrela]]'' Thorell, 1873
*''[[Cambonilla]]'' <small>Jocqué, 2019</small>
:* ''[[Eocydrele]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1958 † (fossil)
*''[[Capheris]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Procydrela]]'' Jocqué, 1999
*''[[Cavasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2000</small>
:* ''[[Psammoduon]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Chariobas]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Psammorygma]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Chilumena]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1995</small>
:* ''[[Rotundrela]]'' Jocqué, 1999
*''[[Cicynethus]]'' <small>Simon, 1910</small>
*''[[Colimarena (spider)|Colimarena]]'' <small>Jocqué & Baert, 2021</small>

*''[[Cryptothele (spider)|Cryptothele]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1872</small>
* [[Cyriocteinae]] Jocqué, 1991
:* ''[[Cyrioctea]]'' Simon, 1889
*''[[Cybaeodamus]]'' <small>Mello-Leitão, 1938</small>
*''[[Cydrela]]'' <small>Thorell, 1873</small>

*''[[Cyrioctea]]'' <small>Simon, 1889</small>
* [[Lachesaninae]] Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Diores (spider)|Diores]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Antillorena]]'' Jocqué, 1991
:* ''[[Australutica]]'' Jocqué, 1995
*''[[Dusmadiores]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1987</small>
:* ''[[Lachesana]]'' Strand, 1932
*''[[Epicratinus]]'' <small>Jocqué & Baert, 2005</small>
:* ''[[Lutica]]'' Marx, 1891
*''[[Euasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2003</small>
*''[[Euryeidon]]'' <small>Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004</small>

*''[[Forsterella]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
* [[Sterenomorphinae]] Simon, 1893
:* ''[[Chariobas]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Habronestes]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1872</small>
*''[[Heliconilla]]'' <small>Dankittipakul, Jocqué & Singtripop, 2012</small>
:* ''[[Cicynethus]]'' Simon, 1910
:* ''[[Madrela]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Heradida]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
*''[[Heradion]]'' <small>Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004</small>
:* ''[[Storenomorpha]]'' Simon, 1884
:* ''[[Thaumastochilus]]'' Simon, 1897
*''[[Hermippus (spider)|Hermippus]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
*''[[Hetaerica]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1916</small>

*''[[Holasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2004</small>
* [[Storeninae]] Simon, 1893
:* ''[[Amphiledorus]]'' Jocqué & Bosmans, 2001
*''[[Indozodion]]'' <small>Ovtchinnikov, 2006</small>
:* ''[[Asceua]]'' Thorell, 1887
*''[[Ishania]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1925</small>
:* ''[[Asteron]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Lachesana]]'' <small>Strand, 1932</small>
*''[[Laminion]]'' <small>Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020</small>
:* ''[[Basasteron]]'' Baehr, 2003
:* ''[[Cavasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2000
*''[[Leprolochus]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Chilumena]]'' Jocqué, 1995
*''[[Leptasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2001</small>
:* ''[[Cybaeodamus]]'' Mello-Leitão, 1938
*''[[Leviola]]'' <small>Miller, 1970</small>
:* ''[[Euasteron]]'' Baehr, 2003
*''[[Lutica]]'' <small>Marx, 1891</small>
:* ''[[Forsterella]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Malayozodarion]]'' <small>Ono & Hashim, 2008</small>
:* ''[[Habronestes]]'' L. Koch, 1872
*''[[Mallinella]]'' <small>Strand, 1906</small>
:* ''[[Hermippus (genus)|Hermippus]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Mallinus]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small>
:* ''[[Hetaerica]]'' Rainbow, 1916
*''[[Masasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2004</small>
:* ''[[Ishania]]'' Chamberlin, 1925
*''[[Mastidiores]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1987</small>
:* ''[[Leprolochus]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Microdiores]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1987</small>
:* ''[[Leptasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2001
*''[[Minasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2000</small>
*''[[Murphydrela]]'' <small>Jocqué & Russell-Smith, 2022</small>
:* ''[[Mallinella]]'' Strand, 1906
:* ''[[Minasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2000
*''[[Neostorena]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small>
:* ''[[Neostorena]]'' Rainbow, 1914
*''[[Nostera]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
:* ''[[Nostera]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Nosterella]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2017</small>
:* ''[[Pax (genus)|Pax]]'' Levy, 1990
*''[[Notasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2005</small>
:* ''[[Pentasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2001
*''[[Omucukia]]'' <small>Koçak & Kemal, 2008</small>
*''[[Palaestina (spider)|Palaestina]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872</small>
:* ''[[Phenasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2001
:* ''[[Platnickia]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Palfuria]]'' <small>Simon, 1910</small>
:* ''[[Pseudasteron]]'' Jocqué & Baehr, 2001
*''[[Palindroma]]'' <small>Jocqué & Henrard, 2015</small>
*''[[Parazodarion]]'' <small>Ovtchinnikov, Ahmad & Gurko, 2009</small>
:* ''[[Selamia]]'' Simon, 1873
:* ''[[Spinasteron]]'' Baehr, 2003
*''[[Pax (spider)|Pax]]'' <small>Levy, 1990</small>
:* ''[[Storena]]'' Walckenaer, 1805
*''[[Pentasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2001</small>
:* ''[[Storosa]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Phenasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2001</small>
:* ''[[Subasteron]]'' Baehr & Jocqué, 2001
*''[[Platnickia]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
*''[[Procydrela]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1999</small>
:* ''[[Tenedos (genus)|Tenedos]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1897
:* ''[[Tropasteron]]'' Baehr, 2003
*''[[Psammoduon]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
:* ''[[Zillimata]]'' Jocqué, 1995
*''[[Psammorygma]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
*''[[Pseudasteron]]'' <small>Jocqué & Baehr, 2001</small>

*''[[Ranops]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
* [[Zodariinae]] Thorell, 1881
:* ''[[Akyttara]]'' Jocqué, 1987
*''[[Rotundrela]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1999</small>
:* ''[[Diores (genus)|Diores]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Selamia]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small>
:* ''[[Dusmadiores]]'' Jocqué, 1987
*''[[Spinasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2003</small>
*''[[Spinozodium]]'' <small>Zamani & Marusik, 2022</small>
:* ''[[Heradida]]'' Simon, 1893
:* ''[[Mallinus]]'' Simon, 1893
*''[[Storena]]'' <small>Walckenaer, 1805</small>
:* ''[[Mastidiores]]'' Jocqué, 1987
*''[[Storenomorpha]]'' <small>Simon, 1884</small>
:* ''[[Microdiores]]'' Jocqué, 1987
*''[[Storosa]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
*''[[Subasteron]]'' <small>Baehr & Jocqué, 2001</small>
:* ''[[Palaestina (genus)|Palaestina]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1872
:* ''[[Palfuria]]'' Simon, 1910
*''[[Suffascar]]'' <small>Henrard & Jocqué, 2017</small>
:* ''[[Ranops]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Suffasia]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1991</small>
:* ''[[Suffasia]]'' Jocqué, 1991
*''[[Suffrica]]'' <small>Henrard & Jocqué, 2015</small>
:* ''[[Trygetus]]'' Simon, 1882
*''[[Systenoplacis]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small>
*''[[Tenedos (spider)|Tenedos]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small>
:* ''[[Zodarion]]'' Walckenaer, 1826
*''[[Thaumastochilus]]'' <small>Simon, 1897</small>

*''[[Tropasteron]]'' <small>Baehr, 2003</small>
* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
*''[[Tropizodium]]'' <small>Jocqué & Churchill, 2005</small>
:* ''[[Adjutor (spider)|Adjutor]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1942 † (fossil)
:* ''[[Admissor]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1942 † (fossil)
*''[[Trygetus]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small>
*''[[Workmania]]'' <small>Dankittipakul, Jocqué & Singtripop, 2012</small>
:* ''[[Anniculus]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1942 † (fossil)
:* ''[[Colima (spider)|Colima]]'' Jocqué & Baert, 2006
*''[[Zillimata]]'' <small>Jocqué, 1995</small>
*''[[Zodariellum]]'' <small>Andreeva & Tyschchenko, 1968</small>
:* ''[[Cryptothele (spider)|Cryptothele]]'' L. Koch, 1872 (Southeast Asia)
:* ''[[Epicratinus]]'' Jocqué & Baert, 2006
*''[[Zodarion]]'' <small>Walckenaer, 1826</small>
{{Div col end}}
:* ''[[Euryeidon]]'' Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004
:* ''[[Heradion]]'' Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004
:* ''[[Holasteron]]'' Baehr, 2004
:* ''[[Masasteron]]'' Baehr, 2003
:* ''[[Notasteron]]'' Baehr, 2001
:* ''[[Tropizodium]]'' Jocqué & Churchill, 2005
:* ''[[Zodariellum]]'' Andreeva & Tyschchenko, 1968

== See also ==


==See also==
* [[List of Zodariidae species]]
* [[List of Zodariidae species]]
* ''[[Myrmarachne]]'', a genus of ant-mimicking spiders in the family [[Salticidae]]
* [[Spider families]]


==References==
== External links ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{wikispecies|Zodariidae}}
<ref name=WSC_gl109>{{citation |title=Family Zodariidae Thorell, 1881 (genus list) |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genlist/109 |access-date=2017-04-28 }}</ref>
{{commons category|Zodariidae}}


<ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2017-04-28 }}</ref>
* Full species and range listing available at the [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ZODARIIDAE.html World Spider Catalog entry for Zodariidae]
}}
* Pictures of Zodariidae: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909205619/http://www.usq.edu.au:80/spider/find/spiders/523.htm ''Neostorena'' sp.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060115134122/http://www.usq.edu.au:80/spider/find/spiders/539.htm ''Storena formosa''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060115151609/http://www.usq.edu.au:80/spider/find/spiders/511.htm ''S. obscura'']


{{Araneae}}
{{Araneae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q12059}}


[[Category:Zodariidae|*]]
[[Category:Zodariidae|*]]

Latest revision as of 07:42, 10 May 2024

Ant spiders
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Female Mallinella fulvipes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Suborder: Opisthothelae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Zodariidae
Thorell, 1881[1]
Diversity[2]
90 genera, 1259 species
Male Palindroma morogorom
Female Mallinella shimojanai

Ant spiders are members of the family Zodariidae. They are small to medium-sized eight-eyed spiders found in all tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, Arabia and the Indian subcontinent.[3] Most species are daytime hunters and live together with ants, mimicking their behavior and sometimes even their chemical traits.[3] Although little is known about most zodariids, members of the genus Zodarion apparently feed only on ants; a number of other genera in the family are apparently also ant (or termite) specialists.[4]

Genera[edit]

As of December 2022, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:[1]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Family Zodariidae Thorell, 1881 (genus list)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2017-04-28
  2. ^ "Currently valid spider genera and species", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2017-04-28
  3. ^ a b "Zodariidae ant spiders". Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  4. ^ "zodariid ground spiders". EOL-Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
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