Cystovirus: Difference between revisions
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Most identified cystoviruses infect ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.<ref name="Silander_2005">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM|date=December 2005|title=Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=102|issue=52|pages=19009–14|bibcode=2005PNAS..10219009S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503074102|pmc=1323146|pmid=16365305}}</ref> The type species is ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]'', but there are many other proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,<ref name="Mindich_1999">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D|date=August 1999|title=Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA|url= |journal=J. Bacteriol.|volume=181|issue=15|pages=4505–8|pmc=103579|pmid=10419946}}</ref> but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.<ref name="Silander_2005" /> These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,<ref name="Mindich_1999" /> with the distant relatives thought to infect via the [[Lipopolysaccharide|LPS]] rather than the pili.<ref name="Gottleib_2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I|date=2002|title=Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA|journal=Virology|volume=295|issue=2|pages=266–271|doi=10.1006/viro.2002.1436|pmid=12033785}}</ref> |
Most identified cystoviruses infect ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.<ref name="Silander_2005">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM|date=December 2005|title=Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=102|issue=52|pages=19009–14|bibcode=2005PNAS..10219009S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503074102|pmc=1323146|pmid=16365305}}</ref> The type species is ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]'', but there are many other proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,<ref name="Mindich_1999">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D|date=August 1999|title=Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA|url= |journal=J. Bacteriol.|volume=181|issue=15|pages=4505–8|pmc=103579|pmid=10419946}}</ref> but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.<ref name="Silander_2005" /> These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,<ref name="Mindich_1999" /> with the distant relatives thought to infect via the [[Lipopolysaccharide|LPS]] rather than the pili.<ref name="Gottleib_2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I|date=2002|title=Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA|journal=Virology|volume=295|issue=2|pages=266–271|doi=10.1006/viro.2002.1436|pmid=12033785}}</ref> |
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=== Other hosts === |
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It is also possible for ''Cystovirus'' to infect other bacteria such as ''[[Streptomyces]]'' according to a transcriptomic study<ref name="Siddhart">Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002409 Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity]. PlosOne.</ref> and ''[[Lactococcus]]'' and ''[[Pectobacterium]]'' according to the [[NCBI]] which includes two unassigned RNA phages in the family.<ref name="ncbi">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=10877 Cystoviridae]. NCBI Taxonomy.</ref> This does not suggest that the host range of cystoviruses can extend to [[gram-positive bacteria]].<ref name="Siddhart"/> |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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*''[[Pseudomonas virus phiYY]]'' |
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phiYY]]'' |
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{{Div col end}} |
{{Div col end}} |
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Other unassigned phages: |
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* ''[[Streptomyces virus phi0]]''<ref name="Siddhart"/> |
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* ''[[Lactococcus virus phi7-4]]''<ref name="ncbi"/> |
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* ''[[Pectobacterium virus MA14]]''<ref name="ncbi"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 04:04, 10 May 2021
| Cystovirus | |
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| Pseudomonas phage phi6 particle, reconstruction, and genome | |
Virus classification 
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| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Duplornaviricota |
| Class: | Vidaverviricetes |
| Order: | Mindivirales |
| Family: | Cystoviridae |
| Genus: | Cystovirus |
| Species | |
Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects Pseudomonas bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are currently seven species in this genus, including the type species Pseudomonas virus phi6.[1][2][3]
Discovery
Pseudomonas virus phi6 was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne Vidaver at the University of Nebraska. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB1OY with halo blight infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or bacteriophage present.[4]
In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich at the Public Health Research Institute associated with New York University. They did this by culturing various leaves in Lysogeny Broth and then plating the broth on lawns of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. They were able to identify viral plaques from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.[5]
Microbiology
Structure
Cystovirus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85 nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by their outer layer protein and lipid envelope. No other bacteriophage has any lipid in its outer coat, though the Tectiviridae and the Corticoviridae have lipids within their capsids.[1][2]
Genome
Cystoviruses have a tripartite double-stranded RNA genome which is approximately 14 kbp in total length. The genome is linear and segmented, and labeled as large (L) 6.4 kbp, medium (M) 4 kbp, and small (S) 2.9 kb in length. The genome codes for twelve proteins.[1][2]
Life cycle
Cytoviruses enter the bacteria by adsorption on its pilus and then membrane fusion. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The progeny viruses are released from the cell by lysis.[1][2]
Most identified cystoviruses infect Pseudomonas species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.[6] The type species is Pseudomonas virus phi6, but there are many other proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,[5] but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.[6] These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,[5] with the distant relatives thought to infect via the LPS rather than the pili.[7]
Other hosts
It is also possible for Cystovirus to infect other bacteria such as Streptomyces according to a transcriptomic study[8] and Lactococcus and Pectobacterium according to the NCBI which includes two unassigned RNA phages in the family.[9] This does not suggest that the host range of cystoviruses can extend to gram-positive bacteria.[8]
Taxonomy
Members of the Cystoviridae appear to be most closely related to the Reoviridae,[10] but also share homology with the Totiviridae. In particular, the structural genes of cystoviruses are highly-similar to those used by a number of dsRNA viruses that infect eukaryotes.[11] The genus Cystovirus has seven species:[1]
Other unassigned phages:
References
- ^ a b c d e "ICTV Report Cystoviridae".
- ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cystoviridae". NCBI. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ Vidaver AK, Koski RK, Van Etten JL (May 1973). "Bacteriophage Φ6 a Lipid-Containing Virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola". Journal of Virology. 11 (15): 799–805.
- ^ a b c Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D (August 1999). "Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA". J. Bacteriol. 181 (15): 4505–8. PMC 103579. PMID 10419946.
- ^ a b Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM, et al. (December 2005). "Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (52): 19009–14. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10219009S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503074102. PMC 1323146. PMID 16365305.
- ^ Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I (2002). "Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA". Virology. 295 (2): 266–271. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1436. PMID 12033785.
- ^ a b c Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity. PlosOne.
- ^ a b c Cystoviridae. NCBI Taxonomy.
- ^ Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD (July 1997). "Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6". EMBO J. 16 (14): 4477–87. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477. PMC 1170074. PMID 9250692.
- ^ Koonin, Eugene V.; Dolja, Valerian V.; Krupovic, Mart (2015). "Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity". Virology. 479–480: 2–25. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039. PMC 5898234. PMID 25771806.
External links
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