Manufacturing

Car manufacturing in China

Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation, and is the essence of secondary industry. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).

Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, LG, Samsung and Tata Motors.

History and development

Finished regenerative thermal oxidizer at manufacturing plant

Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner

An industrial worker amidst heavy steel semi-products (KINEX BEARINGS, Bytča, Slovakia, c. 1995–2000)

A modern automobile assembly line

In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.

In the pre-industrial world, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.

The factory system was first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century and later spread around the world. The main characteristic of the factory system is the use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later by electricity. Increased use of economies of scale, the centralization of factories, and standardization of interchangeable parts were adopted in the American system of manufacturing in the nineteenth century.

Manufacturing in the Soviet Union was based on collectivism.

Manufacturing systems: methods of manufacturing

• Agile manufacturing
• Fabrication
• Flexible manufacturing
• Just-in-time manufacturing
• Lean manufacturing
• Manufacturing Engineering
• Mass customization
• Mass production
• Numerical control
• Prefabrication
• Rapid manufacturing
• Reconfigurable manufacturing system

Industrial policy

Main article: Industrial policy

Economics of manufacturing

Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.

The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.

Safety

Manufacturing has unique health and safety challenges and has been recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.

Manufacturing and investment

Capacity utilization in manufacturing in the FRG and in the USA

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:

• The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
• Competitiveness; and
• Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.

In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand. Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries. A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007. In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organization has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.

List of countries by manufacturing output

List of top 20 manufacturing countries by total value of manufacturing in US dollars for its noted year according to World Bank.

Rank	Country/Region	Millions of $US	Year
	World	13,171,000	2017
1	China	4,002,752	2018
2	United States	2,173,319	2017
3	Japan	1,007,330	2017
4	Germany	832,431	2018
5	South Korea	440,941	2018
6	India	408,693	2018
7	Italy	310,897	2018
8	France	273,971	2018
9	United Kingdom	251,985	2018
10	Mexico	208,498	2018
11	Indonesia	207,017	2018
12	Russia	203,988	2018
13	Brazil	180,541	2018
14	Spain	180,264	2018
15	Canada	160,531	2015
16	Turkey	146,077	2018
17	Thailand	135,927	2018
18	Switzerland	129,162	2018
19	Ireland	115,591	2018
20	Saudi Arabia	100,232	2018

Manufacturing processes

• List of manufacturing processes
• Manufacturing Process Management

Control

• Management
  • List of management topics
  • Total quality management
• Quality control
  • Six Sigma

See also

Main article: Outline of manufacturing

• List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
• Industrial robot
• National Occupational Research Agenda Manufacturing Sector Council, USA
• Manufacturing engineering
• Manufacturing in the United States
• Industrial engineering
• Advanced manufacturing
• Metal fabrication
• Microfabrication
• Optics fabrication
• Semiconductor device fabrication
• Biomanufacturing
• Mesoscale Manufacturing
• Cyber manufacturing
• Taylorism/Scientific management
• Fordism

Sources

• Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (August 2005). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–36, 951–88. ISBN 978-0-13-148965-3.

External links

• How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations
• Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
• EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers
• Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing
• Manufacturing Sector of the National Occupational Research Agenda, USA, 2018.
• "Manufactures" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.