Ctenizidae: Difference between revisions

Ctenizidae; Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Cteniza sauvagesi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Mygalomorphae
Clade:	Avicularioidea
Family:	Ctenizidae; Thorell, 1887
Genera
	See text
Diversity
	2 genera, 5 species

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Ctenizidae is a small family of mygalomorph spiders that construct burrows with a cork-like trapdoor made of soil, vegetation, and silk. They may be called trapdoor spiders, as are other, similar species, such as those of the families Liphistiidae, Barychelidae, and Cyrtaucheniidae, and some species in the Idiopidae and Nemesiidae. The name comes from the distinctive behavior of the spiders to construct trapdoors, and ambush prey from beneath them.^[2]

In 2018, the family Halonoproctidae was split off from the Ctenizidae.^[3] A further genus, Stasimopus, was split off into its own family, Stasimopidae, in 2020.^[3]^[4] The family currently consists of two genera and five species.^[1]

Etymology

The name derives from Greek κτενὶζειν ktenizein, meaning "combing" or "cleaning", referring to their behaviour of cleaning continuously, and the suffix "-idae", which designates belonging to a family.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy

The family Ctenizidae was first described by Thorell in 1887, being based on the genus Cteniza.^[3] Since the advent of molecular phylogenetics and its application to spiders, the family has been progressively dismantled;^[5] the World Spider Catalog lists over 100 genera formerly placed in Ctenizidae but now transferred to other families.^[3] The Halonoproctidae were split off in 2018, leaving only three genera. Even so, the family was not monophyletic, since Stasimopus is not in the same clade as the other two genera, according to a 2018 study (the three genera left in the Ctenizidae at that time are shaded in yellow):^[5]

Stasimopus

Heteromigas (Migidae)

Idiops (Idiopidae)

Myrmekiaphila (Euctenizidae)

	Cteniza

	Cyrtocarenum

Halonoproctidae

In 2020, a large scale molecular phylogenetic study confirmed the placement of Stasimopus outside the clade consisting of Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum, and transferred it to its own family, Stasimopidae.^[4] This placement is accepted by the World Spider Catalog as of February 2022^[update].^[3]

Genera

As of February 2022^[update], the World Spider Catalog accepted only two extant genera:^[3]

Cteniza Latreille, 1829 — Europe, Central Asia
Cyrtocarenum Ausserer, 1871 — Greece, Turkey

Extinct genera

†Baltocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000 Early Eocene Baltic amber^[6]
†Electrocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000 Early Eocene Baltic amber^[6]

Distribution and habitat

The two genera of Ctenizidae are found in Europe and Turkey, particularly in France and Italy.^[3] Like many other mygalomorphs, Cteniza have highly localized distributions. This results in clumps of spider burrows a short distance from their maternal burrows, resulting in a dense cluster of spiders surrounding a large female.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "Currently valid spider genera and species", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2022-02-16
^ Buchli, Harro H.R. (1969-02-01). "Hunting Behavior in the Ctenizidae". American Zoologist. 9 (1): 175–193. doi:10.1093/icb/9.1.175. ISSN 0003-1569.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Family Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-24
^ ^a ^b Opatova, V.; Hamilton, C.A.; Hedin, M.; Montes de Oca, L.; Král, J. & Bond, J.E. (2020). "Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data". Systematic Biology. 69 (4): 671–707. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz064. PMID 31841157.
^ ^a ^b Godwin, Rebecca L.; Opatova, Vera; Garrison, Nicole L.; Hamilton, Chris A. & Bond, Jason E. (2018-09-01), "Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126: 303–313, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.008, PMID 29656103, S2CID 4890400
^ ^a ^b Eskov, K. Y.; Zonstein, S. L. (2000). "The First Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae)". Paleontological Journal. 34 (suppl. 3): S268–S274. Part 1; Part 2 (PDF).
^ Hormiga, Gustavo; Jäger, Peter; Jocqué, Rudy; Platnic, Norman I.; Ramírez, Martín J.; Raven, Robert J. (2020). Spiders of the World: A Natural History. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–53. ISBN 978-0-691-18885-0. JSTOR j.ctvpbnqfg.

External links

[WSC_stats-1] "Currently valid spider genera and species", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2022-02-16

[:0-2] Buchli, Harro H.R. (1969-02-01). "Hunting Behavior in the Ctenizidae". American Zoologist. 9 (1): 175–193. doi:10.1093/icb/9.1.175. ISSN 0003-1569.

[WSC_f20-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Family Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2018-05-24

[OpatHamiHediMont20-4] Opatova, V.; Hamilton, C.A.; Hedin, M.; Montes de Oca, L.; Král, J. & Bond, J.E. (2020). "Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data". Systematic Biology. 69 (4): 671–707. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz064. PMID 31841157.

[GodwOpatGarrHami18-5] Godwin, Rebecca L.; Opatova, Vera; Garrison, Nicole L.; Hamilton, Chris A. & Bond, Jason E. (2018-09-01), "Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126: 303–313, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.008, PMID 29656103, S2CID 4890400

[Eskov2000-6] Eskov, K. Y.; Zonstein, S. L. (2000). "The First Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae)". Paleontological Journal. 34 (suppl. 3): S268–S274. Part 1; Part 2 (PDF).

[:1-7] Hormiga, Gustavo; Jäger, Peter; Jocqué, Rudy; Platnic, Norman I.; Ramírez, Martín J.; Raven, Robert J. (2020). Spiders of the World: A Natural History. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–53. ISBN 978-0-691-18885-0. JSTOR j.ctvpbnqfg.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Family of spiders}}
-{{about||the New York City social group|Trap Door Spiders|other spiders called "trapdoor spiders"|List of trapdoor spiders}}
+{{for multi|the New York City social group|Trap Door Spiders|other spiders called "trapdoor spiders"|List of trapdoor spiders}}
-{{more footnotes|date=November 2016}}
 {{Automatic taxobox
 | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 | subdivision = See text
 | diversity_link = List of Ctenizidae species
-| diversity = 3 genera, 53 species
+| diversity = 2 genera, 5 species
 | diversity_ref = <ref name=WSC_stats/>
 | range_map = <!--Distribution.ctenizidae.1.png OUT OF DATE-->
@@ Line 17: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-'''Ctenizidae''' is a small [[family (biology)|family]] of  [[mygalomorph]] [[spiders]] that construct burrows with a cork-like trapdoor made of soil, vegetation, and silk. They may be called [[List of trapdoor spiders|'''trapdoor spiders''']], as are similar species, such as those of the families [[Liphistiidae]], [[Barychelidae]], and[[Cyrtaucheniidae]], and some species in the [[Idiopidae]] and [[Nemesiidae]]. In 2018, the family [[Halonoproctidae]] was split off from the Ctenizidae, leaving only three genera.
+'''Ctenizidae''' is a small [[family (biology)|family]] of [[mygalomorph]] [[spiders]] that construct burrows with a cork-like trapdoor made of soil, vegetation, and silk. They may be called [[List of trapdoor spiders|'''trapdoor spiders''']], as are other, similar species, such as those of the families [[Liphistiidae]], [[Barychelidae]], and [[Cyrtaucheniidae]], and some species in the [[Idiopidae]] and [[Nemesiidae]]. The name comes from the distinctive behavior of the spiders to construct trapdoors, and ambush prey from beneath them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Buchli|first=Harro H.R.|date=1969-02-01|title=Hunting Behavior in the Ctenizidae|journal=American Zoologist|volume=9|issue=1|pages=175–193|doi=10.1093/icb/9.1.175|issn=0003-1569|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In 2018, the family [[Halonoproctidae]] was split off from the Ctenizidae.<ref name=WSC_f20/> A further genus, ''[[Stasimopus]]'', was split off into its own family, Stasimopidae, in 2020.<ref name=WSC_f20/><ref name=OpatHamiHediMont20/> The family currently consists of two genera and five species.<ref name=WSC_stats/>
 ==Etymology==
-The name derives from Greek {{lang|grc|κτενὶζειν}} ''ktenizein'', meaning "combing" or "cleaning", referring to their behaviour of cleaning continuously, and the suffix ''-idae'', which designates belonging to a family.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
+The name derives from Greek {{lang|grc|κτενὶζειν}} ''ktenizein'', meaning "combing" or "cleaning", referring to their behaviour of cleaning continuously, and the suffix "-idae", which designates belonging to a family.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
 ==Taxonomy==
-The family Ctenizidae was first described by [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]] in 1887, being based on the genus ''[[Cteniza]]''.<ref name=WSC_f20/> Since the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] and its application to spiders, the family has been progressively dismantled;<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/> the [[World Spider Catalog]] lists over 100 genera formerly placed in Ctenizidae but now transferred to other families.<ref name=WSC_f20/> The [[Halonoproctidae]] were split off in 2018, leaving only three genera. Even so, the family is not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], since ''[[Stasimopus]]'' is not in the same [[clade]] as the other two genera, according to a 2018 study (the three genera then left in the Ctenizidae are shaded in yellow):<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/>
+The family Ctenizidae was first described by [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]] in 1887, being based on the genus ''[[Cteniza]]''.<ref name=WSC_f20/> Since the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] and its application to spiders, the family has been progressively dismantled;<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/> the [[World Spider Catalog]] lists over 100 genera formerly placed in Ctenizidae but now transferred to other families.<ref name=WSC_f20/> The [[Halonoproctidae]] were split off in 2018, leaving only three genera. Even so, the family was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], since ''[[Stasimopus]]'' is not in the same [[clade]] as the other two genera, according to a 2018 study (the three genera left in the Ctenizidae at that time are shaded in yellow):<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/>
 {{clade|style=line-height:100%
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 }}
+In 2020, a large scale [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study confirmed the placement of ''Stasimopus'' outside the clade consisting of ''Cteniza'' and ''Cyrtocarenum'', and transferred it to its own family, [[Stasimopus|Stasimopidae]].<ref name=OpatHamiHediMont20/> This placement is accepted by the World Spider Catalog {{As of|lc=yes|2022|February}}.<ref name=WSC_f20/>
-''[[Stasimopus]]'' was later transferred to its own family, Stasimopidae.
 ===Genera===
+{{As of|2022|February}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted only two extant genera:<ref name=WSC_f20/>
 * ''[[Cteniza]]'' <small>Latreille, 1829</small> — [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]]
 * ''[[Cyrtocarenum]]'' <small>Ausserer, 1871</small> — [[Greece]], [[Turkey]]
@@ Line 56: / Line 58: @@
 * [[extinction|†]]''[[Baltocteniza]]'' <small>Eskov & Zonstein, 2000</small> [[Early Eocene]] [[Baltic amber]]<ref name="Eskov2000">{{cite Eskov Zonstein 2000}}</ref>
 * †''[[Electrocteniza]]'' <small>Eskov & Zonstein, 2000</small> [[Early Eocene]] [[Baltic amber]]<ref name="Eskov2000"/>
-==Ecology and behaviour==
-{{more footnotes|section|date=November 2016}}
-[[File:Ctenizidae Cork-lid Trapdoor spider dwelling IMG 4022t.JPG|thumb|Closed burrow of Cork-lid Trapdoor spider saved in padded container. Probable genus: ''Stasimopus'']]
-[[File:Ctenizidae Cork-lid Trapdoor spider dwelling IMG 4030s.JPG|thumb|Trapdoor spider burrow opened to show inside of corridor]]
-[[File:Ctenizidae Cork-lid Trapdoor spider dwelling IMG 4033s.JPG|thumb|Trapdoor spider burrow opened to show inside of lid with its ring of punctures where the spider had gripped.]]
-The trapdoor is  difficult to see when it is closed because the plant and soil materials effectively camouflage it. The trapdoor is hinged on one side with silk. The spiders, which are usually [[nocturnal]], typically wait for prey while holding on to the underside of the door with the claws on their [[tarsus (skeleton)|tarsi]]. Prey is captured when insects, other arthropods, or small vertebrates disturb the "trip" lines the spider lays out around its trapdoor, alerting the spider to a meal within reach. The spider detects the prey by vibrations and, when it comes close enough, leaps out of its burrow to make the capture.
-A hungry individual  waits halfway outside its burrow for a meal. Male trapdoor spiders can overcome the female's aggressive reactions to their approach, but  how is not known. Females never travel far from their burrows, especially if they have an egg sac. During this time, the female captures food and regurgitates it to feed her spiderlings. Predators of the trapdoor spider include certain [[pompilidae|pompilid]]s (spider wasps), which seek out the burrows and manage to gain entrance. They sting the owner and lay their eggs (usually one per spider) on its body. When the egg hatches, the larva devours the spider alive.
-Unlike other [[Mygalomorphae|mygalomorph]] spiders, the Ctenizidae have a [[Wiktionary:rastellum|rastellum]] on their [[chelicera]]e. Resembling "teeth" or "barbs" on each fang, this modification is used to dig and gather soil while constructing a burrow.<ref name= "ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3">Holm, Erik, Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie; Goggo Guide; LAPA publishers (URL: WWW.LAPA.co.za). 2010</ref> They use their [[pedipalp]]s and first legs to hold the trapdoor closed when disturbed.<ref name=Tso2003>Tso ''et al.'' 2003</ref>
-About 50 species are placed in the Ctenizidae.
-The spider wasps of the subfamily [[Ctenocerinae]] found in the [[Neotropics]], Africa, and Australia are specialised hunters of trapdoor spiders.<ref>Evans H.E. 1972 The Tribe Ctenoceratini in Australia ''Aust. J. Entomol.'' '''11(3''') 244-252</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
+The two genera of Ctenizidae are found in Europe and Turkey, particularly in France and Italy.<ref name=WSC_f20/> Like many other mygalomorphs, ''Cteniza'' have highly localized distributions. This results in clumps of spider burrows a short distance from their maternal burrows, resulting in a dense cluster of spiders surrounding a large female.<ref name=":1" />
-{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
-Genera of Ctenizidae are found in Europe, Asia, and South Africa. They may be more common than thought because of their cryptic habits. They do tend to be localized in distribution, so may be subject to extinction because of local habitat destruction. Most species live in burrows rather than webs. They make silk-hinged doors that blend with their habitat. Not all members of the family use trapdoors.
 ==See also==
-* [[List of Ctenizidae species]]
 * [[Spider families]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Hormiga|first1=Gustavo|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvpbnqfg|title=Spiders of the World: A Natural History|last2=Jäger|first2=Peter|last3=Jocqué|first3=Rudy|last4=Platnic|first4=Norman I.|last5=Ramírez|first5=Martín J.|last6=Raven|first6=Robert J.|date=2020|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18885-0|pages=18–53| jstor=j.ctvpbnqfg }}</ref>
-<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18>{{Citation |last1=Godwin |first1=Rebecca L. |last2=Opatova |first2=Vera |last3=Garrison |first3=Nicole L. |last4=Hamilton |first4=Chris A. |last5=Bond |first5=Jason E. |date=2018-09-01 |title=Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=126 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.008 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=29656103 }}</ref>
+<ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18>{{Citation |last1=Godwin |first1=Rebecca L. |last2=Opatova |first2=Vera |last3=Garrison |first3=Nicole L. |last4=Hamilton |first4=Chris A. |last5=Bond |first5=Jason E. |date=2018-09-01 |title=Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=126 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.008 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=29656103 |s2cid=4890400 }}</ref>
+<ref name=OpatHamiHediMont20>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Opatova |first1=V. |last2=Hamilton |first2=C.A. |last3=Hedin |first3=M. |last4=Montes de Oca |first4=L. |last5=Král |first5=J. |last6=Bond |first6=J.E. |date=2020 |title=Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=671–707 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syz064 |pmid=31841157 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 <ref name=WSC_f20>{{citation |title=Family Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/20 |access-date=2018-05-24 }}</ref>
-<ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2018-05-16 }}</ref>
+<ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2022-02-16 }}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 93: / Line 81: @@
 * Raven, R.J. 1985 The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''182''': 1-180.
 * Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. ''Malaysian Nature Society'', Kuala Lumpur.
-* {{aut|Tso, I.; Haupt, J. & Zhu, M.}} (2003): The trapdoor spider family Ctenizidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Taiwan. ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''51'''(1): 25-33. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/51/51rbz025-033.pdf PDF] (''Ummidia'' and ''Latouchia'')
+* {{aut|Tso, I.; Haupt, J. & Zhu, M.}} (2003): The trapdoor spider family Ctenizidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Taiwan. ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' '''51'''(1): 25-33. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/51/51rbz025-033.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617205336/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/51/51rbz025-033.pdf |date=2007-06-17 }} (''Ummidia'' and ''Latouchia'')
-* Hendrixson, B.E. & Bond, J.E. (2004): A new species of ''Stasimopus'' from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history. ''Zootaxa'' '''619''': 1-14. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/zt00619.pdf PDF]
 ==External links==
 {{Wikispecies|Ctenizidae}}
 {{Commons category|Ctenizidae}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031219093219/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.html Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Trapdoor Spider ''(Ummidia sp.)'']
-* [http://mamba.bio.uci.edu/~pjbryant/biodiv/spiders/Bothriocyrtum%20californicum.htm California Trapdoor Spider.]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003000135/http://insects.tamu.edu/extension/youth/bug/bug162.html Jackman, John, Trapdoor Spider ''(Ummidia sp.)'']
-* [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81-87/index.html Platnick, N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog.]
-* [http://www.spidy.goliathus.com/english/zaklopkac-laos-id157.html Photos, Laos trapdoor spider]
 {{Araneae}}