List of GM engines: Difference between revisions
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==Divisions== |
==Divisions== |
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[[File:Northway Motors Corp. 1920.jpg|thumb|Share of the Northway Motors Corporation, issued 21. May 1920]] |
[[File:Northway Motors Corp. 1920.jpg|thumb|Share of the Northway Motors Corporation, issued 21. May 1920]] |
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When General Motors was created in 1908, it started out with Buick and soon after acquired Oldsmobile, Cadillac and Oakland. There were dozens of other smaller companies that William Durant acquired during his first employment term until he was let go due to financially overextending his purchases. He regained control when he brought on Chevrolet in 1917 which was short lived until he was let go for the second time. This meant that the different core brands designed and manufactured their own engines with few interchangeable parts between brands, while sharing chassis, suspension and transmissions. One of the companies Durant bought in 1909 was the '''Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company''' founded by Ralph Northway who had previously supplied engines to Buick, Oakland, Cartercar and other 1900s manufacturers, including V8 engines to Oldsmobile, Oakland and Cadillac.<ref name="Northway Motor Detroit, Michigan">{{cite web |title=Northway Motor (Detroit, Michigan) |url=http://wikimapia.org/27439305/Northway-Motor |website |
When General Motors was created in 1908, it started out with [[Buick]] and soon after acquired [[Oldsmobile]], [[Cadillac]] and [[Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]. There were dozens of other smaller companies that William Durant acquired during his first employment term until he was let go due to financially overextending his purchases. He regained control when he brought on [[Chevrolet]] in 1917 which was short lived until he was let go for the second time. This meant that the different core brands designed and manufactured their own engines with few interchangeable parts between brands, while sharing chassis, suspension and transmissions. |
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One of the companies Durant bought in 1909 was the '''Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company''' founded by Ralph Northway who had previously supplied engines to Buick, Oakland, [[Cartercar]] and other 1900s manufacturers, including V8 engines to Oldsmobile, Oakland and Cadillac when they were independent companies.<ref name="Northway Motor Detroit, Michigan">{{cite web |title=Northway Motor (Detroit, Michigan) |url=http://wikimapia.org/27439305/Northway-Motor |website=Wikimapia |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> When Durant bought companies that became part of GM, Northway continued to supply engines to his former clients and added Cadillac, GMC and Oldsmobile to the list, then Northway Motors became the '''Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division''' in 1925 and became part of the GM Intercompany Parts Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=100 years GMC History |url=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_APRIL_2014.pdf |website=GM Heritage Center |publisher=General Motors |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> |
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When [[Fisher Body]] was bought in 1925, coachwork was shared and with the introduction of the Art and Color Section also in the late 1920, GM products shared appearances. The core items that made each brand unique were the engines. Buick and Chevrolet used overhead valves while Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Oakland used side valve or flathead engines and the divisions no longer outsourced their engines and manufactured them according to particular brand requirements. The original factory location was located at Maybury Grand Avenue, Buchanan Street and the [[Grand Trunk Railway]] in Detroit then later became GM truck Plant No. 7 in 1926 to manufacture front and rear axles and parts for past model Chevrolets. Starting around 1925 engine blocks and cylinder heads were now developed at each brand but were cast at [[Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.442.com/oldsfaq/ofeng.htm |title=Olds FAQ - Engines |publisher=442.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> In the mid-1960s, there were 8 separate families of GM [[V8 engine]]s on sale in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/12/class-of-1965-when-gm-had-eight-v8-engine-families/ |title=Class of 1965: When GM Had Eight V8 Engine Families |publisher=The Truth About Cars |date=2010-12-18 |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref><ref name="Northway Motor Detroit, Michigan"/> |
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By the 1970s, GM began to see problems with their approach. For instance, four different North American divisions ([[Chevrolet]], [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[Oldsmobile]] and [[Buick]]) offered four completely different versions of a 350 cu in V8 engine - very few parts would interchange between the four designs despite their visual similarities, resulting in confusion for owners who naturally assumed that replacement parts would be usable across brands. In addition to these issues and the obvious overlap in production costs, the cost of certifying so many different engines for tightening worldwide emissions regulations threatened to become very costly. |
By the 1970s, GM began to see problems with their approach. For instance, four different North American divisions ([[Chevrolet]], [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[Oldsmobile]] and [[Buick]]) offered four completely different versions of a 350 cu in V8 engine - very few parts would interchange between the four designs despite their visual similarities, resulting in confusion for owners who naturally assumed that replacement parts would be usable across brands. In addition to these issues and the obvious overlap in production costs, the cost of certifying so many different engines for tightening worldwide emissions regulations threatened to become very costly. |
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Thus, by the early 1980s, GM had consolidated its powertrain engineering efforts into a few distinct lines. Generally, North American and European engineering units remained separate, with Australia's Holden and other global divisions borrowing designs from one or the other as needed. GM also worked out sharing agreements with other manufacturers such as [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] and [[Nissan]] to fill certain gaps in engineering. Similarly, the company also purchased other automotive firms (including [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] and [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]]), eventually folding their engine designs into the corporate portfolio as well. GM later reorganized its Powertrain Division into GM Global Propulsion Systems, located in [[Pontiac, Michigan]] |
Thus, by the early 1980s, GM had consolidated its powertrain engineering efforts into a few distinct lines. Generally, North American and European engineering units remained separate, with Australia's Holden and other global divisions borrowing designs from one or the other as needed. GM also worked out sharing agreements with other manufacturers such as [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] and [[Nissan]] to fill certain gaps in engineering. Similarly, the company also purchased other automotive firms (including [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] and [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]]), eventually folding their engine designs into the corporate portfolio as well. GM later reorganized its Powertrain Division into GM Global Propulsion Systems, located at 800 N Glenwood Ave in [[Pontiac, Michigan]],<ref>[http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/feb/0216-powertrain.html GM Global Propulsion Systems]</ref> which became the GM Global Product Group in March 2020 and is in close proximity to the old location of [[Pontiac Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Tom |title=GM Motors On Without Powertrain Division |url=https://www.wardsauto.com/engines/gm-motors-without-powertrain-division |website=Wards Auto |date=13 March 2020 |publisher=Informa USA |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> |
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GM's German subsidiary, [[Opel]], relies on a range of three-, four- and six-cylinder [[gasoline]] and [[Diesel engine|diesel]] engines. A survey{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} of their range shows a reliance on petrol and diesel four-cylinders, and in 2014, there was only one 3-cylinder engine and one 6 cylinder engine in service in Opel's passenger car range. |
GM's German subsidiary, [[Opel]], relies on a range of three-, four- and six-cylinder [[gasoline]] and [[Diesel engine|diesel]] engines. A survey{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} of their range shows a reliance on petrol and diesel four-cylinders, and in 2014, there was only one 3-cylinder engine and one 6 cylinder engine in service in Opel's passenger car range. |
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===Two-cylinder=== |
===Two-cylinder=== |
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* 1904–1911 [[Buick]] [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] [[flat-twin engine|flat-twin]]<ref>{{cite web|author=e |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/buick.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How Buick Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |date=2007-06-05 |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> World's first production overhead valve engine. |
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* 1909 [[Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] vertical engine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.my1955.com/history.htm |title=Pontiac Buggy Company | Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works | Oakland Motor Car | Pontiac | |publisher=My1955.com |date=1941-03-01 |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref><ref name="oaklandowners1">[http://www.oaklandowners.com/pages/History_McCargar.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814143041/http://www.oaklandowners.com/pages/History_McCargar.html|date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> |
* 1909 [[Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] vertical engine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.my1955.com/history.htm |title=Pontiac Buggy Company | Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works | Oakland Motor Car | Pontiac | |publisher=My1955.com |date=1941-03-01 |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref><ref name="oaklandowners1">[http://www.oaklandowners.com/pages/History_McCargar.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814143041/http://www.oaklandowners.com/pages/History_McCargar.html|date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> |
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* 2013–present [[GM small gasoline engine|Small Gasoline Engine]] |
* 2013–present [[GM small gasoline engine|Small Gasoline Engine]] |
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* 2018–present [[GM E-Turbo engine]] |
* 2018–present [[GM E-Turbo engine]] |
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* 2020–present [[LXD engine] Small diesel (Opel Models)]] |
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[[Image:Car show 013.jpg|right|thumb|150px|GM Family 1 inline-four engine]] |
[[Image:Car show 013.jpg|right|thumb|150px|GM Family 1 inline-four engine]] |
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==== Inline-4 ==== |
==== Inline-4 ==== |
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* 1905–1914 [[Cadillac Model D]] [[Side-valve engine|side-valve]] (acquired as part of the founding of GM) |
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* 1906–1923 [[Oldsmobile Model S]] [[Side-valve engine|side-valve]] (acquired as part of the founding of GM) |
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* 1906–1911 [[Buick]] Model D inline-4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1906,_Buick_Goes_Four-Cylinder |title=1906, Buick Goes Four-Cylinder - Generations of GM |publisher=History.gmheritagecenter.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> ([[T-head engine|T-head]] design, the only non-OHV Buick engine ever made)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnut.com/specs/gen/buick20.html |title = Buick Pre 1930 General Specs}}</ref> |
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* 1909–1915, |
* 1909–1915, 1917–1918 [[Buick Model 10|Buick OHV]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnut.com/specs/gen/buick20.html |title = Buick Pre 1930 General Specs}}</ref> (Model 10 had OHV-4) |
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* 1917–1924 [[Buick Four|Buick Series 30 OHV]] {{convert|170|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} inline-4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=44759 |title=1922 Buick 22-35 specifications, information, data, photos 44759 |publisher=Carfolio.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> |
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* 1909 [[Oakland Four|Oakland Model 40]]<ref name="oaklandowners1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/z19335/Oakland-Model-40.aspx |title=1909 Oakland Model 40 |publisher=Conceptcarz.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> (acquired as part of the founding of GM) |
* 1909 [[Oakland Four|Oakland Model 40]]<ref name="oaklandowners1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/z19335/Oakland-Model-40.aspx |title=1909 Oakland Model 40 |publisher=Conceptcarz.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> (acquired as part of the founding of GM) |
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* 1913–1928 [[Chevrolet Inline-4 engine|Chevrolet inline-4]] (acquired as part of [[Chevrolet]]'s merger into GM) |
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* 1923 [[Chevrolet Series M Copper-Cooled]] |
* 1923 [[Chevrolet Series M Copper-Cooled]] |
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* 1937–1965 [[Opel Olympia]] OHV |
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* 1960–1963 [[Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4]] (derived from the [[Pontiac V8 engine#389|Pontiac 389]]) |
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* 1961–1992 [[Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153]] (derived from the [[Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#230|Chevrolet inline-six]]) |
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* 1962–1993 [[Opel OHV engine|Opel OHV]] "[[Opel Kadett|Kadett]]" |
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* 1963–1983 [[Vauxhall Viva (1963–1979)|Vauxhall Viva]] OHV |
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* 1965–1994 [[Opel cam-in-head engine|Opel CIH]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.customs-n-classics.dk/Artikler/CIHHistorieUK.html |title=customs-n-classics.dk |publisher=customs-n-classics.dk |access-date=2014-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529173528/http://www.customs-n-classics.dk/Artikler/CIHHistorieUK.html |archive-date=2013-05-29 }}</ref> |
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* 1966–1988 [[Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4]] |
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* 1970–1977 [[Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300]] aluminium-block |
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* 1976–1993 [[Iron Duke engine|Iron Duke]] (built by Pontiac) |
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* 1979–1986 [[Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Starfire]] (built by [[Holden]]) |
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* 1976–1986 [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G161]]? [[Overhead camshaft engine|SOHC]] (A different Brazilian based engine was used in the [[Chevrolet Chevette]]) |
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* 1980–2014 [[GM Family II engine|Family II]] SOHC/DOHC (designed by Opel)<ref name="media.gm.com">{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/de/de/opel/company_opel/Werke/Kaiserslautern.html|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Holden stops Family II engine Production|url=http://www.zercustoms.com/news/Holden-Stops-Family-II-Engine-Production.html|work=[[ZerCustoms]]|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=history.gmheritagecenter.com |url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_do_Brasil_Milestones:_1980_-_1989}}</ref> |
* 1980–2014 [[GM Family II engine|Family II]] SOHC/DOHC (designed by Opel)<ref name="media.gm.com">{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/media/de/de/opel/company_opel/Werke/Kaiserslautern.html|access-date=23 May 2014 |title=Site Maintenance }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Holden stops Family II engine Production|url=http://www.zercustoms.com/news/Holden-Stops-Family-II-Engine-Production.html|work=[[ZerCustoms]]|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=history.gmheritagecenter.com |url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_do_Brasil_Milestones:_1980_-_1989}}</ref> |
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* 1981–2003 [[General Motors 122 engine|GM 122/Vortec 2200]] |
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* 1981–2009 [[Saab H engine|Saab H]] (acquired as part of [[Saab Automobile|Saab's]] merger into GM) |
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* 1982–present [[GM Family 1 engine|Family 1]] SOHC/DOHC (designed by [[Opel]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Werk Aspern Plant. Facts and Figures|url=http://media.gm.com/media/de/de/opel/company_opel/Werke/Aspern.html|access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> |
* 1982–present [[GM Family 1 engine|Family 1]] SOHC/DOHC (designed by [[Opel]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Werk Aspern Plant. Facts and Figures|url=http://media.gm.com/media/de/de/opel/company_opel/Werke/Aspern.html|access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> |
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* 1987–2001 [[Quad 4 engine|Quad 4]] [[DOHC]] (produced by [[Oldsmobile]]) |
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* 1989–1997 [[Toyota A engine|Toyota A]] (4A-GE/4A-FE, used in the Geo Prizm) |
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* 1990–2002 [[Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4]] SOHC/DOHC |
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* 1996–present [[GM Family 0 engine|Family 0]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by [[Opel]]) |
* 1996–present [[GM Family 0 engine|Family 0]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by [[Opel]]) |
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* 2000–present [[GM Ecotec engine|L850]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed jointly by Opel, Saab, and GM Powertrain) |
* 2000–present [[GM Ecotec engine|L850]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed jointly by Opel, Saab, and GM Powertrain) |
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* 2003–2008 [[Toyota ZZ engine|Toyota ZZ]] DOHC (Found in the 1st Gen [[Pontiac Vibe]]) |
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* 2009–2010 [[Toyota ZR engine|Toyota ZR]] DOHC (Found in the 2nd Gen [[Pontiac Vibe]]) |
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* 2009–2010 [[Toyota AZ engine|Toyota AZ]] DOHC (Found in the 2nd Gen [[Pontiac Vibe]]) |
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* 2002–present [[Daewoo S-TEC engine|Daewoo S-TEC]] SOHC/DOHC (acquired as part of [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]]'s merger into GM) |
* 2002–present [[Daewoo S-TEC engine|Daewoo S-TEC]] SOHC/DOHC (acquired as part of [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]]'s merger into GM) |
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* 2003–2012 [[General Motors Atlas engine|Atlas]] "Vortec" DOHC |
* 2003–2012 [[General Motors Atlas engine|Atlas]] "Vortec" DOHC |
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* 2012–present [[GM Medium Gasoline Engine|Medium Gasoline]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel) |
* 2012–present [[GM Medium Gasoline Engine|Medium Gasoline]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel) |
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* 2013–present [[GM small gasoline engine|Small Gasoline]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel) |
* 2013–present [[GM small gasoline engine|Small Gasoline]] "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel) |
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* 1995–2002 [[Suzuki G engine|Suzuki G]] (used in the [[Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Tracker]]) |
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* 1995–2002 [[Suzuki J engine|Suzuki J]] (used in the Chevrolet Tracker) |
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* 1990–1993 [[Isuzu X engine|Isuzu X]] (used in the [[Geo Storm]]) |
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* 2018–present [[GM L3B engine|L3B]] |
* 2018–present [[GM L3B engine|L3B]] |
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==== Inline-6 ==== |
==== Inline-6 ==== |
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* 1908–1912 [[Oldsmobile Limited]] (acquired as part of the founding of GM) |
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* 1913–1923 [[Oakland Six|Oakland Series 60]] |
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* 1913–1915 [[Oldsmobile Six|Oldsmobile Series 50]] |
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* 1914–1916 [[Buick Straight-6 engine|Buick Cast In Pairs]] |
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* 1916–1923 [[Buick Straight-6 engine|Buick Non-Removable-Head]] |
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* 1916–1927 [[Oldsmobile Six|Oldsmobile Series 30]] inline-6 |
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* 1923–1930 [[Buick Straight-6 engine|Buick Removable-Head]] |
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* 1923–1928 [[Oakland Six|Oakland inline-6]] |
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* 1926–1927 [[Pontiac straight-6 engine|Pontiac Split-Head]] (also modified for GMC trucks) |
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* 1928–1936 [[Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#First generation: 1929–1936|Chevrolet Stovebolt]] |
* 1928–1936 [[Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#First generation: 1929–1936|Chevrolet Stovebolt]] |
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* 1928–1950 [[Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile F-Series]] (also used in [[Buick Marquette]]) |
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* 1928–1954 [[Pontiac straight-6 engine|Pontiac GMR]] (also modified for GMC trucks) |
* 1928–1954 [[Pontiac straight-6 engine|Pontiac GMR]] (also modified for GMC trucks) |
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* 1930–1966 [[Opel straight-6 engine|Opel inline-6]] (as used in the [[Opel Kapitän]]) |
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* 1936–1962 [[Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Blue Flame]] inline-6 (also used in some GMC trucks) |
* 1936–1962 [[Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Blue Flame]] inline-6 (also used in some GMC trucks) |
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* 1939–1962 [[GMC straight-6 engine|GMC inline-6]] |
* 1939–1962 [[GMC straight-6 engine|GMC inline-6]] |
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* 1948–1962 [[Holden straight-six motor#Grey|Holden Grey]] |
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* 1962–2001 [[Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift]] |
* 1962–2001 [[Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift]] |
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* 1964–1965 [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#215|Pontiac OHV]] (derived from the Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift) |
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* 1966–1969 [[Pontiac straight-6 engine#Overhead cam|Pontiac OHC]] |
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* 1963–1980 [[Holden straight-six motor#Red|Holden Red]] |
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* 1966-1993 [[Opel cam-in-head engine#Six-cylinder versions|Opel CIH]] |
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* 1966–1993 [[Opel cam-in-head engine#Six-cylinder versions|Opel CIH]] |
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* 1980-1984 [[Holden straight-six motor#Blue|Holden Blue]] |
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* 1980–1984 [[Holden straight-six motor#Blue|Holden Blue]] |
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* 1984–1986 [[Holden straight-six motor#Black|Holden Black]] |
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* 1986-1988 [[Nissan RB engine#RB30|Nissan RB30]] (used in the [[Holden Commodore (VL)]]) |
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* 1986–1988 [[Nissan RB engine#RB30|Nissan RB30]] (used in the [[Holden Commodore (VL)]]) |
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*1999-2011 [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]] XK inline-6 (marketed as "E-TEC", used in [[Daewoo Magnus]], via GM's purchase of Daewoo Motor) |
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* 1999–2011 [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]] XK inline-6 (marketed as "E-TEC", used in [[Daewoo Magnus]], via GM's purchase of Daewoo Motor) |
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* 2001–2009 [[General Motors Atlas engine|Atlas]] "Vortec" |
* 2001–2009 [[General Motors Atlas engine|Atlas]] "Vortec" |
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==== Flat-6 ==== |
==== Flat-6 ==== |
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* 1960–1969 [[Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6]] (developed and used exclusively for the [[Chevrolet Corvair]]) |
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[[Image:Buick lesabre engine 1.jpg|thumb|150px|Buick V6 engine]] |
[[Image:Buick lesabre engine 1.jpg|thumb|150px|Buick V6 engine]] |
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==== V6 ==== |
==== V6 ==== |
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* 1960–1974 [[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]] |
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* 1962–2009 [[Buick V6 engine|Buick V6]] (marketed as "Fireball V6", "3800", "Dauntless V6" in 1966-1971 Jeeps, and "Ecotec" in Holdens) |
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* 1977–2013 [[Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]] (derived from the [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet Small-Block" V8]]; now marketed as ''GM Vortec V6'') |
* 1977–2013 [[Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]] (derived from the [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet Small-Block" V8]]; now marketed as ''GM Vortec V6'' or Vortec 4300 or EcoTec3 V6) |
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* 1979–2010 [[General Motors 60° V6 engine| |
* 1979–2010 [[General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60-Degree]] V6 |
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* 1994–2005 [[General Motors 54° V6 engine|Opel 54-Degree]] L81 V6 (used in the [[Saturn Vue]], [[Cadillac Catera]] and [[Saturn L series]]) |
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* 1995–present [[Suzuki H engine|Suzuki H]] (used in several models built for GM by Suzuki) |
* 1995–present [[Suzuki H engine|Suzuki H]] (used in several models built for GM by Suzuki) |
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* 2004–2008 [[Honda J engine|Honda J]] (used in the Saturn Vue) |
* 2004–2008 [[Honda J engine|Honda J]] (used in the Saturn Vue) |
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* 1998–2002 [[Northstar engine series#LX5 (Shortstar)|Shortstar LX5]] (based on the Northstar V8) |
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* 2003–2011 [[GM High Value engine|GM High Value]] |
* 2003–2011 [[GM High Value engine|GM High Value]] (an evolution of the Chevrolet 60-Degree V6) |
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* 2004–present [[GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature]] |
* 2004–present [[GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature]] |
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* 2012–present [[Chevrolet Indy V6]] [[IndyCar Series]] (technically designed, built and assembled by [[Ilmor Engineering]]) |
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* 2014–present [[LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V|GM Generation V]] "Ecotec3" |
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===Eight-cylinder=== |
===Eight-cylinder=== |
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==== Inline-8 ==== |
==== Inline-8 ==== |
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* 1931–1936 [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick Straight-8]] |
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* 1932–1948 [[Oldsmobile Straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile Straight-8]] |
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* 1932–1954 [[Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac Silver Streak]] |
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* 1934–1936 [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (Oldsmobile Straight-8 in a unique to LaSalle displacement assembled by LaSalle/Cadillac from Oldsmobile supplied components) |
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* 1936–1953 [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick Fireball]] |
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[[Image:Pontiac Straight-8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Pontiac Silver Streak eight engine]] |
[[Image:Pontiac Straight-8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Pontiac Silver Streak eight engine]] |
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==== V8 ==== |
==== V8 ==== |
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* 1914–1935 [[Cadillac V8 engine#L-Head|Cadillac Type 51]] (also used in the [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]) |
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* 1915–1917 [[Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]] Model 50 |
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* 1915–1923 [[Oldsmobile]] Model 40 |
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* 1917–1918 [[Chevrolet Series D]] (acquired as part of Chevrolet's merger into GM) |
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* |
* 1929–1931 [[Viking (automobile)|Viking]] V8 |
||
* |
* 1930–1932 [[Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]] V8 (used in [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] models during its final year) |
||
* |
* 1935–1948 [[Cadillac V8 engine#Monobloc|Cadillac Series 60]] (also used in the LaSalle) |
||
* |
* 1949–1980 [[Cadillac V8 engine#OHV|Cadillac OHV V8]] |
||
* |
* 1949–1990 [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8]] |
||
* |
* 1953–1976 [[Buick V8 engine|Buick Fireball V8]] (also referred to as "Nailhead") & [[Buick_V8_engine#Buick_big_block|Buick Big-Block V8]] |
||
* |
* 1955–2003 [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] "Generation I" (originally "Turbo-Fire") |
||
* |
* 1955–1980 [[Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8]] (also modified for GMC Truck models) |
||
* |
* 1958–1965 [[Chevrolet big-block engine|Chevrolet W]] (also referred to as "Turbo-Thrust") |
||
* |
* 1961–1980 [[Buick V8 engine#Buick_small_block|Buick small block V8]] (formed the basis of the 1961-1963 [[Oldsmobile_V8_engine#Aluminum_215|Oldsmobile 215 aluminum V8]]) (now better known as the [[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]] and also the Buick-based "Dauntless V8" on Jeeps or the [[Repco]] V8 [[Formula One]] engine based on the Oldsmobile version) |
||
* |
* 1965–2009 [[Chevrolet big-block engine#Mark IV|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] (originally "Turbo-Jet") |
||
* |
* 1967–1972 [[GMC V8 engine|GMC Truck 60-degree V8]] (derived from the [[GMC V6 engine|GMC 60-degree V6]]) |
||
* |
* 1967–1984 [[Cadillac V8 engine#World's largest|Cadillac New V8]] |
||
* |
* 1969–1984 [[Holden V8 engine|Holden 253]] |
||
* |
* 1969–2000 [[Holden V8 engine|Holden 308]] (stroke reduced in 1985, making it {{Convert|304|cid|l|1|abbr=unit}}; {{Convert|350|cid|l|1|abbr=unit}} version also produced from mid 1994 for use by HSV) |
||
* |
* 1982–1995 [[Cadillac High Technology engine|Cadillac HT]] |
||
* |
* 1990–1995 [[Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|Chevrolet LT5 DOHC V8]] (exclusive to the [[Chevrolet_Corvette_(C4)#ZR-1_(1990–1995)|Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1]]) |
||
* |
* 1993–2010 [[Northstar engine series|Northstar V8]] (also used in the [[Oldsmobile Aurora]]) |
||
* |
* 1992–1997 [[Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#Generation II|GM LT "Generation II" small-block V8]] |
||
* |
* 1997–2020 [[General Motors LS-based small-block engine|GM LS small-block V8]] (referred to as Generation III or IV depending on type) |
||
* 2014–present [[General_Motors_LS-based_small-block_engine#Generation_V_(2013–present)|GM LT Generation V small-block V8]] (Also called Ecotec3 V8) |
|||
* 2018–2020 [[Cadillac twin-turbo V8]] |
|||
* 2018–2020 [[Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing twin-turbo V8]] |
|||
* 2022-present [[Chevrolet_LT6-based_small-block_engine|GM LT6]] |
|||
* 2023–present [[Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|Chevrolet Gemini DOHC V8]] |
|||
[[Image:1931Cadillac370AcoupeV12-engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Cadillac Twelve engine]] |
[[Image:1931Cadillac370AcoupeV12-engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Cadillac Twelve engine]] |
||
Line 186: | Line 193: | ||
=== Twelve-cylinder === |
=== Twelve-cylinder === |
||
* |
* 1930–1937 [[Cadillac V16 engine#V12|Cadillac Twelve]] (derived from the [[Cadillac V16 engine|Cadillac Sixteen]]) |
||
* |
* 1960s–1966 [[GMC V6 engine|GMC Twin Six]] (derived from the [[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]]) |
||
===Sixteen-cylinder=== |
===Sixteen-cylinder=== |
||
* |
* 1930–1937 [[Cadillac V16 engine#Series 452|Cadillac Sixteen OHV]] |
||
* |
* 1937–1940 [[Cadillac V16 engine#Series 90|Cadillac Sixteen L-Head]] |
||
* 2003 [[Cadillac Sixteen]] |
* 2003 [[Cadillac Sixteen]] (concept only) |
||
===Gasoline-electric hybrid=== |
===Gasoline-electric hybrid=== |
||
Line 203: | Line 210: | ||
===Four-cylinder=== |
===Four-cylinder=== |
||
* |
* 1970–1977 [[Opel cam-in-head engine#21D|Opel 2.1 liter]] |
||
* |
* 1975–1981 [[Opel cam-in-head engine#20D|Opel 2.0 liter]] |
||
* |
* 1982–1988 Opel [[GM Family II engine|Family II]] 1.6 liter (16DA/16D) |
||
* |
* 1982–1993 [[Opel cam-in-head engine#2.3D|Opel 2.3 liter]] (23YD/23YDT/23DTR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatespecs.com/car-specs/Opel/3435/Opel-Omega-A-23-TD.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/02-05-astra-1-6-cdti.html |title=1988 Opel Omega A 2.3 TD Specs |publisher=media.opel.de |date= 2011-10-15|access-date=2014-02-05}}</ref> |
||
* |
* 1982–2000 [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu E engine|Isuzu E]] (1.5 and 1.7 liter engines marketed as D or TD for Opel/Isuzu cars) |
||
* 1990–2014 [[Circle L engine|Isuzu Circle L]] (marketed as Ecotec DTI, DI or CDTI; acquired via GM's takeover of [[DMAX (engines)|DMAX)]] |
* 1990–2014 [[Circle L engine|Isuzu Circle L]] (marketed as Ecotec DTI, DI or CDTI; acquired via GM's takeover of [[DMAX (engines)|DMAX)]] |
||
* 1996–2005 Opel 2.0 and 2.2 liter SOHC 16V (X20DTL/X20DTH/Y20DTL/Y20DTH/X22DTL/X22DTH/Y22DTL/Y22DTH/Y22DTR) (marketed as "Ecotec DTI" or "Ecotec DI") |
* 1996–2005 [[GM_Ecotec_Diesel_(1997)|Opel 2.0 and 2.2 liter SOHC 16V]] (X20DTL/X20DTH/Y20DTL/Y20DTH/X22DTL/X22DTH/Y22DTL/Y22DTH/Y22DTR) (marketed as "Ecotec DTI" or "Ecotec DI") |
||
* 2003–present [[JTD engine#1.3|Fiat 1.3 JTD]] (marketed as Ecotec CDTI or Ecotec depending on brand) |
* 2003–present [[JTD engine#1.3|Fiat 1.3 JTD]] (marketed as Ecotec CDTI or Ecotec depending on brand) |
||
* |
* 2003–2010 [[List of VM Motori engines#RA 420 SOHC|VM Motori]] RA 420 (marketed as Ecotec 2.0 CDTI or 2.0 VCDi depending on brand) |
||
* 2004–2009 [[JTD engine#1.9|Fiat 1.9 JTD]] (marketed as Ecotec 1.9 CDTI or 1.9 TiD/TTiD depending on brand) |
* 2004–2009 [[JTD engine#1.9|Fiat 1.9 JTD]] (marketed as Ecotec 1.9 CDTI or 1.9 TiD/TTiD depending on brand) |
||
* 2008–present [[GM Family B engine|GM Family B]] "2.0 CDTI" |
* 2008–present [[GM Family B engine|GM Family B]] "2.0 CDTI" |
||
* 2011–present [[GM Family Z engine|Family Z]] (marketed as "2.0", "2.2 VCDi" or "2.2 CDTI") |
* 2011–present [[GM Family Z engine|Family Z]] (marketed as "2.0", "2.2 VCDi" or "2.2 CDTI") |
||
* 2012–present 2.5 and 2.8 litre Duramax<ref>{{cite web|url= |
* 2012–present [[Duramax I4 engine|2.5 and 2.8 litre Duramax]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Oct/1005_diesels.html |title=New Diesels Power Chevy's Global Midsize Trucks |publisher=media.opel.de |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=2014-02-05}}</ref> |
||
* 2013–present [[GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel]] "1.6 CDTI Ecotec"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/01_16_new_opel_diesel.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/02-05-astra-1-6-cdti.html |title=New 1.6-liter diesel engine continues powertrain renewal at Opel |publisher=media.opel.de |date= 2013-01-16|access-date=2014-02-05}}</ref> |
* 2013–present [[GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel]] "1.6 CDTI Ecotec"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/01_16_new_opel_diesel.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/02-05-astra-1-6-cdti.html |title=New 1.6-liter diesel engine continues powertrain renewal at Opel |publisher=media.opel.de |date= 2013-01-16|access-date=2014-02-05}}</ref> |
||
* 2014–present GM Large Diesel "2.0 CDTI Ecotec"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/09-10-new-opel-cdti.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/02-05-astra-1-6-cdti.html |title=All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris |publisher=media.opel.de |date= 2014-09-10|access-date=2014-12-14}}</ref> |
* 2014–present GM Large Diesel "2.0 CDTI Ecotec"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/09-10-new-opel-cdti.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/02-05-astra-1-6-cdti.html |title=All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris |publisher=media.opel.de |date= 2014-09-10|access-date=2014-12-14}}</ref> |
||
===Six-cylinder=== |
===Six-cylinder=== |
||
* |
* 1980s–present [[Detroit Diesel 60]] inline-6 |
||
* |
* 1982–1985 [[Oldsmobile V6 Diesel]] 4.3L (the lesser-known counterpart to the infamous Oldsmobile 350 diesel<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blattenberg |first=Adam |date=2016-04-06 |title=Diesel History Retrospective: Oldsmobile's Other Diesel |url=https://www.dieselworldmag.com/diesel-cars/diesel-history-retrospective-the-lt7-front-drive-v-6-oldsmobiles-other-diesel/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Diesel World |language=en-US}}</ref>) |
||
* |
* 1994–2003 [[BMW M51]] 2.5 liter (X25DT/U25DT/Y25DT) |
||
* 2002–present [[DMAX V6 engine|DMAX V6]] (acquired via GM's takeover of DMAX) |
* 2002–present [[DMAX V6 engine|DMAX V6]] (acquired via GM's takeover of DMAX) |
||
* 2019–present [[Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6]] |
* 2019–present [[Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6]] |
||
===Eight-cylinder=== |
===Eight-cylinder=== |
||
* |
* 1977–1985 [[Oldsmobile Diesel engine]] |
||
* |
* 1982–2000 [[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8]] 6.2L and 6.5L (6.5L engines are still in production by AM General for use in [[Humvee]]s and various marine applications) |
||
* 2001–present [[Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8]] (acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of DMAX) |
* 2001–present [[Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8]] (acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of DMAX) |
||
Line 240: | Line 247: | ||
===Locomotive engines=== |
===Locomotive engines=== |
||
* |
* 1934–1938 Winton 201-A (multi-purpose) |
||
* |
* 1938–1966 [[EMD 567]] |
||
* |
* 1965–1988 [[EMD 645]] |
||
* 1984–present [[EMD 710]] |
* 1984–present [[EMD 710]] |
||
* 1998–present [[EMD 265]] |
* 1998–present [[EMD 265]] |
||
===Marine/stationary diesel engines=== |
===Marine/stationary diesel engines=== |
||
* |
* 1934–1938 Winton 201-A (multi-purpose) |
||
* 248 (8, 12, 16 cylinder) |
* 248 (8, 12, 16 cylinder) |
||
* 258 (12 cylinder, 4 stroke, direct reversing) |
* 258 (12 cylinder, 4 stroke, direct reversing) |
||
Line 265: | Line 272: | ||
==Heavy and off-road diesel engines== |
==Heavy and off-road diesel engines== |
||
* |
* 1938–1995 [[Detroit Diesel Series 71]] |
||
* |
* 1945–1965 [[Detroit Diesel Series 110]] |
||
* |
* 1950–1955 Detroit Diesel Series 51 |
||
* |
* 1957–1990s Detroit Diesel Series 53 |
||
* |
* 1960s–1980s [[Detroit Diesel Series 149]] |
||
* 1974–1995 [[Detroit Diesel Series 92]] |
* 1974–1995 [[Detroit Diesel Series 92]] |
||
==Turboshaft engines for land== |
|||
[[GM Whirlfire engine]], including: |
|||
* 1953 ''GT-300'' |
|||
* 1954 ''GT-302'' |
|||
* 1956 ''GT-304'' |
|||
* 1958 ''GT-305'' |
|||
* 1964 ''GT-309'' |
|||
* 1971 ''GT-404'' |
|||
==Aircraft engines== |
==Aircraft engines== |
||
===Piston=== |
===Piston=== |
||
* |
* 1931–1944 [[Allison V-1710]] |
||
* |
* 1937–1944 [[Allison V-3420]] (derived from the V-1710) |
||
===Propfan=== |
===Propfan=== |
||
* 1987–1989 *[[Pratt & Whitney/Allison 578-DX|Allison 578-DX]] |
|||
===Turboprop=== |
===Turboprop=== |
||
* |
* 1947–1950s [[Allison T38]] |
||
* |
* 1953–1955 [[Allison T40]] |
||
*1954–present [[Allison T56]] "501-D" (also produced by [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]) |
* 1954–present [[Allison T56]] "501-D" (also produced by [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]) |
||
===Turboshaft=== |
===Turboshaft=== |
||
* 1954–present [[Allison T56]] "501-D" (also produced by [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]) |
* 1954–present [[Allison T56]] "501-D" (also produced by [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]) |
||
* |
* 1960s–present [[Allison 250]] (also produced by Rolls-Royce) |
||
===Turbojet=== |
===Turbojet=== |
||
* |
* 1944–1959 [[Allison J33]] (originally developed by [[General Electric]] and transferred to GM for production) |
||
* |
* 1946–1955 [[Allison J35]] (originally developed by General Electric and transferred to GM for production) |
||
* |
* 1948–1958 [[Allison J71]] |
||
==See also== |
|||
* [[List of GM bellhousing patterns]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |
|||
{{GM late engine timeline}} |
|||
|+''[[General Motors]] [[Automobile|automotive]] [[engine]] timeline, 1980 to present'' |
|||
{{General Motors}} |
|||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | |
|||
{{General Motors brands}} |
|||
! colspan="10" |1980s |
|||
{{Lists of products of US automotive brands}} |
|||
! colspan="10" |1990s |
|||
! colspan="10" |2000s |
|||
! colspan="10" |2010s |
|||
!2020s |
|||
|- |
|||
!0 |
|||
!1 |
|||
!2 |
|||
!3 |
|||
!4 |
|||
!5 |
|||
!6 |
|||
!7 |
|||
!8 |
|||
!9 |
|||
!0 |
|||
!1 |
|||
!2 |
|||
!3 |
|||
!4 |
|||
!5 |
|||
!6 |
|||
!7 |
|||
!8 |
|||
!9 |
|||
!0 |
|||
!1 |
|||
!2 |
|||
!3 |
|||
!4 |
|||
!5 |
|||
!6 |
|||
!7 |
|||
!8 |
|||
!9 |
|||
!0 |
|||
!1 |
|||
!2 |
|||
!3 |
|||
!4 |
|||
!5 |
|||
!6 |
|||
!7 |
|||
!8 |
|||
!9 |
|||
!0 |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="33" |[[Gasoline engine|Gasoline]] |
|||
![[Flat engine|Flat]] |
|||
! rowspan="12" |4 |
|||
| colspan="25" | |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Subaru EJ engine|''EJ'']] |
|||
| colspan="14" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="19" |[[Inline engine (aeronautics)|Inline]] |
|||
! colspan="14" |[[Opel OHV engine|OHV]] |
|||
! colspan="27" |[[GM Ecotec engine|Ecotec]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="14" |[[Iron Duke engine|Iron Duke]] |
|||
| colspan="2" | |
|||
! colspan="25" |[[GM Family 0 engine|Family 0]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="15" |[[Opel cam-in-head engine#Four-cylinder versions|CIH]] |
|||
| colspan="5" | |
|||
! colspan="9" |[[Saab H engine|H]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Toyota AZ engine|''AZ'']] |
|||
| colspan="10" rowspan="2" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="7" |[[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|''G'']] |
|||
! colspan="16" |[[Quad 4 engine|Quad 4]] |
|||
! colspan="6" |[[Toyota ZZ engine|''ZZ'']] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Toyota ZR engine|''ZR'']] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="9" |[[Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Slant-4]] |
|||
! colspan="9" |[[Toyota A engine|''A'']] |
|||
| colspan="4" | |
|||
! colspan="19" |[[Daewoo S-TEC engine|S-TEC]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="7" |[[Holden Starfire engine|Starfire]] |
|||
| colspan="3" | |
|||
! colspan="13" |[[Saturn I4 engine|Saturn]] |
|||
! colspan="10" |[[General Motors Atlas engine|Atlas]] |
|||
! colspan="8" |[[GM Medium Gasoline Engine|MGE]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="35" |[[GM Family II engine|Family II]] |
|||
! colspan="6" |[[GM small gasoline engine|SGE]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
|||
! colspan="39" |[[GM Family 1 engine|Family 1]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="22" |[[General Motors 122 engine|122]] |
|||
| colspan="14" | |
|||
! colspan="3" |[[GM L3B engine|L3B]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="10" | |
|||
! colspan="4" |[[Isuzu X engine|''X'']] |
|||
| |
|||
! colspan="8" |[[Suzuki G engine|''G'']] |
|||
| colspan="18" rowspan="2" | |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="15" | |
|||
! colspan="8" |[[Suzuki J engine|''J'']] |
|||
|- |
|||
!5 |
|||
| colspan="22" | |
|||
! colspan="11" |Atlas |
|||
| colspan="8" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="4" |3 |
|||
! colspan="11" |''G'' |
|||
! colspan="30" |S-TEC |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="16" | |
|||
! colspan="25" |Family 0 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="33" | |
|||
! colspan="8" |SGE |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="38" | |
|||
! colspan="3" |[[GM E-Turbo engine|E-Turbo]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="9" |6 |
|||
! colspan="22" |[[Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet]] |
|||
| colspan="19" | |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Holden Red motor|Red]] |
|||
! colspan="4" |[[Holden Blue motor|Blue]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Holden Black motor|Black]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Nissan RB engine#RB30|''RB30'']] |
|||
| colspan="12" | |
|||
! colspan="9" |Atlas |
|||
| colspan="11" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="14" |[[Opel cam-in-head engine#Six-cylinder versions|CIH]] |
|||
| colspan="5" | |
|||
! colspan="13" |[[Daewoo Magnus|E-TEC]] |
|||
| colspan="9" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="16" |[[V engine|V]] |
|||
! colspan="29" |[[Buick V6 engine|Buick]] |
|||
| colspan="12" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="35" |[[General Motors 90° V6 engine|90°]] |
|||
| colspan="6" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="31" |[[General Motors 60° V6 engine|60°]] |
|||
| colspan="10" | |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="14" | |
|||
! colspan="11" |[[General Motors 54° V6 engine|54°]] |
|||
! colspan="16" |[[GM High Feature engine|High Feature]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="21" | |
|||
! colspan="4" |[[Suzuki H engine#H25A|''H'']] |
|||
! colspan="3" |[[Honda J engine#J35S|''J'']] |
|||
| colspan="13" | |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="19" | |
|||
! colspan="4" |[[Northstar engine series#LX5 (Shortstar)|Shortstar]] |
|||
! colspan="9" |[[GM High Value engine|High Value]] |
|||
| colspan="2" | |
|||
! colspan="7" |[[LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|Ecotec3]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!16 |
|||
| colspan="23" | |
|||
![[Cadillac Sixteen|16]] |
|||
| colspan="17" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="8" |8 |
|||
! colspan="11" |[[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Rocket]] |
|||
! colspan="21" |[[Northstar engine series|Northstar]] |
|||
| colspan="7" | |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Blackwing]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac]] |
|||
! colspan="14" |[[Cadillac High Technology engine|High Technology]] |
|||
| colspan="25" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="30" |[[Chevrolet big-block engine|Big Block]] |
|||
| colspan="11" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="21" |[[Holden V8 engine|Holden]] |
|||
| colspan="20" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="5" |[[Cadillac V8 engine|Cadillac]] |
|||
| colspan="10" | |
|||
! colspan="26" |[[LS based GM small-block engine|LS]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="24" |[[Chevrolet small-block engine|Small Block]] |
|||
| colspan="17" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="12" |[[Diesel engine|Diesel]] |
|||
| |
|||
! colspan="20" |[[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit]] |
|||
! colspan="20" |[[Duramax V8 engine|Duramax]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="6" |[[Oldsmobile Diesel engine#LF9|Oldsmobile]] |
|||
| colspan="35" | |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="3" |6 |
|||
| colspan="2" | |
|||
! colspan="4" |[[Oldsmobile Diesel engine#LT6|Oldsmobile]] |
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| colspan="15" | |
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! colspan="8" |[[DMAX V6 engine|DMAX]] |
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| colspan="12" | |
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|- |
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! rowspan="9" |Inline |
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| colspan="15" | |
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! colspan="7" |[[BMW M51|''M51'']] |
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| colspan="17" | |
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! colspan="2" |[[Duramax I6 engine|Duramax]] |
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|- |
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| colspan="7" | |
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! colspan="14" |[[Detroit Diesel 60|Detroit 60]] |
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| colspan="20" | |
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|- |
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! rowspan="7" |4 |
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| colspan="23" rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="18" |[[JTD engine|''JTD'']] |
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|- |
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! colspan="8" |[[List of VM Motori engines#RA 420 SOHC|''RA'']] |
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! colspan="5" |[[GM Family Z engine|Family Z]] |
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| colspan="5" | |
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|- |
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| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="14" |[[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu E engine|''E'']] |
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| colspan="3" | |
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! colspan="16" |[[Circle L engine|Circle L]] |
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| colspan="6" rowspan="2" | |
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|- |
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! colspan="19" |Family II |
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| colspan="7" | |
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! colspan="7" |[[GM Family B engine|''Family B'']] |
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|- |
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| colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="8" |[[List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|''A'']] |
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|- |
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! colspan="8" |[[GM Medium Diesel engine|MDE]] |
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|- |
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| colspan="27" | |
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! colspan="14" |[[Isuzu 6H engine|''6H'']] |
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|- |
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| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |{{Unbulleted list|<small>''non-GM engines used in''</small>|<small>''GM vehicles italicized''</small>}} |
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! colspan="10" |1980s |
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! colspan="10" |1990s |
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! colspan="10" |2000s |
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! colspan="10" |2010s |
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!2020s |
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|} |
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{{General Motors|state=collapsed}} |
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{{General Motors brands|state=collapsed}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:42, 2 March 2024
This list of GM engines encompasses all engines manufactured by General Motors and used in their cars.
Divisions[edit]
When General Motors was created in 1908, it started out with Buick and soon after acquired Oldsmobile, Cadillac and Oakland. There were dozens of other smaller companies that William Durant acquired during his first employment term until he was let go due to financially overextending his purchases. He regained control when he brought on Chevrolet in 1917 which was short lived until he was let go for the second time. This meant that the different core brands designed and manufactured their own engines with few interchangeable parts between brands, while sharing chassis, suspension and transmissions.
One of the companies Durant bought in 1909 was the Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company founded by Ralph Northway who had previously supplied engines to Buick, Oakland, Cartercar and other 1900s manufacturers, including V8 engines to Oldsmobile, Oakland and Cadillac when they were independent companies.[1] When Durant bought companies that became part of GM, Northway continued to supply engines to his former clients and added Cadillac, GMC and Oldsmobile to the list, then Northway Motors became the Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division in 1925 and became part of the GM Intercompany Parts Group.[2]
When Fisher Body was bought in 1925, coachwork was shared and with the introduction of the Art and Color Section also in the late 1920, GM products shared appearances. The core items that made each brand unique were the engines. Buick and Chevrolet used overhead valves while Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Oakland used side valve or flathead engines and the divisions no longer outsourced their engines and manufactured them according to particular brand requirements. The original factory location was located at Maybury Grand Avenue, Buchanan Street and the Grand Trunk Railway in Detroit then later became GM truck Plant No. 7 in 1926 to manufacture front and rear axles and parts for past model Chevrolets. Starting around 1925 engine blocks and cylinder heads were now developed at each brand but were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations.[3] In the mid-1960s, there were 8 separate families of GM V8 engines on sale in the USA.[4][1]
By the 1970s, GM began to see problems with their approach. For instance, four different North American divisions (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile and Buick) offered four completely different versions of a 350 cu in V8 engine - very few parts would interchange between the four designs despite their visual similarities, resulting in confusion for owners who naturally assumed that replacement parts would be usable across brands. In addition to these issues and the obvious overlap in production costs, the cost of certifying so many different engines for tightening worldwide emissions regulations threatened to become very costly.
Thus, by the early 1980s, GM had consolidated its powertrain engineering efforts into a few distinct lines. Generally, North American and European engineering units remained separate, with Australia's Holden and other global divisions borrowing designs from one or the other as needed. GM also worked out sharing agreements with other manufacturers such as Isuzu and Nissan to fill certain gaps in engineering. Similarly, the company also purchased other automotive firms (including Saab and Daewoo), eventually folding their engine designs into the corporate portfolio as well. GM later reorganized its Powertrain Division into GM Global Propulsion Systems, located at 800 N Glenwood Ave in Pontiac, Michigan,[5] which became the GM Global Product Group in March 2020 and is in close proximity to the old location of Pontiac Assembly.[6]
GM's German subsidiary, Opel, relies on a range of three-, four- and six-cylinder gasoline and diesel engines. A survey[citation needed] of their range shows a reliance on petrol and diesel four-cylinders, and in 2014, there was only one 3-cylinder engine and one 6 cylinder engine in service in Opel's passenger car range.
In addition to automobile and truck engines, GM produced industrial engines, which were sold by brands such as Detroit Diesel, Allison, and Electro-Motive. Most of these engine designs are unrelated to GM's automotive engines.[citation needed]
Automotive gasoline engines[edit]
Two-cylinder[edit]
- 1904–1911 Buick OHV flat-twin[7] World's first production overhead valve engine.
- 1909 Oakland vertical engine[8][9]
Three-cylinder[edit]
Inline-3[edit]
- 1991–present Daewoo M-TEC/S-TEC (acquired with purchase of Daewoo)
- 1984–present Suzuki G (designed and built by Suzuki)
- 1996–present GM Family 0
- 2013–present Small Gasoline Engine
- 2018–present GM E-Turbo engine
- 2020–present [[LXD engine] Small diesel (Opel Models)]]
Four-cylinder[edit]
Inline-4[edit]
- 1905–1914 Cadillac Model D side-valve (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
- 1906–1923 Oldsmobile Model S side-valve (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
- 1906–1911 Buick Model D inline-4[10] (T-head design, the only non-OHV Buick engine ever made)[11]
- 1909–1915, 1917–1918 Buick OHV[12] (Model 10 had OHV-4)
- 1917–1924 Buick Series 30 OHV 170 cu in (2.8 L) inline-4[13]
- 1909 Oakland Model 40[9][14] (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
- 1913–1928 Chevrolet inline-4 (acquired as part of Chevrolet's merger into GM)
- 1923 Chevrolet Series M Copper-Cooled
- 1937–1965 Opel Olympia OHV
- 1960–1963 Pontiac Trophy 4 (derived from the Pontiac 389)
- 1961–1992 Chevrolet 153 (derived from the Chevrolet inline-six)
- 1962–1993 Opel OHV "Kadett"
- 1963–1983 Vauxhall Viva OHV
- 1965–1994 Opel CIH[15]
- 1966–1988 Vauxhall Slant-4
- 1970–1977 Chevrolet 2300 aluminium-block
- 1976–1993 Iron Duke (built by Pontiac)
- 1979–1986 Starfire (built by Holden)
- 1976–1986 Isuzu G161? SOHC (A different Brazilian based engine was used in the Chevrolet Chevette)
- 1980–2014 Family II SOHC/DOHC (designed by Opel)[16][17][18]
- 1981–2003 GM 122/Vortec 2200
- 1981–2009 Saab H (acquired as part of Saab's merger into GM)
- 1982–present Family 1 SOHC/DOHC (designed by Opel)[19]
- 1987–2001 Quad 4 DOHC (produced by Oldsmobile)
- 1989–1997 Toyota A (4A-GE/4A-FE, used in the Geo Prizm)
- 1990–2002 Saturn I4 SOHC/DOHC
- 1996–present Family 0 "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel)
- 2000–present L850 "Ecotec" DOHC (designed jointly by Opel, Saab, and GM Powertrain)
- 2003–2008 Toyota ZZ DOHC (Found in the 1st Gen Pontiac Vibe)
- 2009–2010 Toyota ZR DOHC (Found in the 2nd Gen Pontiac Vibe)
- 2009–2010 Toyota AZ DOHC (Found in the 2nd Gen Pontiac Vibe)
- 2002–present Daewoo S-TEC SOHC/DOHC (acquired as part of Daewoo's merger into GM)
- 2003–2012 Atlas "Vortec" DOHC
- 2012–present Medium Gasoline "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel)
- 2013–present Small Gasoline "Ecotec" DOHC (designed by Opel)
- 1995–2002 Suzuki G (used in the Chevrolet Tracker)
- 1995–2002 Suzuki J (used in the Chevrolet Tracker)
- 1990–1993 Isuzu X (used in the Geo Storm)
- 2018–present L3B
Flat-4[edit]
Five-cylinder[edit]
Six-cylinder[edit]
Inline-6[edit]
- 1908–1912 Oldsmobile Limited (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
- 1913–1923 Oakland Series 60
- 1913–1915 Oldsmobile Series 50
- 1914–1916 Buick Cast In Pairs
- 1916–1923 Buick Non-Removable-Head
- 1916–1927 Oldsmobile Series 30 inline-6
- 1923–1930 Buick Removable-Head
- 1923–1928 Oakland inline-6
- 1926–1927 Pontiac Split-Head (also modified for GMC trucks)
- 1928–1936 Chevrolet Stovebolt
- 1928–1950 Oldsmobile F-Series (also used in Buick Marquette)
- 1928–1954 Pontiac GMR (also modified for GMC trucks)
- 1930–1966 Opel inline-6 (as used in the Opel Kapitän)
- 1936–1962 Chevrolet Blue Flame inline-6 (also used in some GMC trucks)
- 1939–1962 GMC inline-6
- 1948–1962 Holden Grey
- 1962–2001 Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift
- 1964–1965 Pontiac OHV (derived from the Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift)
- 1966–1969 Pontiac OHC
- 1963–1980 Holden Red
- 1966–1993 Opel CIH
- 1980–1984 Holden Blue
- 1984–1986 Holden Black
- 1986–1988 Nissan RB30 (used in the Holden Commodore (VL))
- 1999–2011 Daewoo XK inline-6 (marketed as "E-TEC", used in Daewoo Magnus, via GM's purchase of Daewoo Motor)
- 2001–2009 Atlas "Vortec"
Flat-6[edit]
- 1960–1969 Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 (developed and used exclusively for the Chevrolet Corvair)
V6[edit]
- 1960–1974 GMC V6
- 1962–2009 Buick V6 (marketed as "Fireball V6", "3800", "Dauntless V6" in 1966-1971 Jeeps, and "Ecotec" in Holdens)
- 1977–2013 Chevrolet 90° V6 engine (derived from the Chevrolet Small-Block" V8; now marketed as GM Vortec V6 or Vortec 4300 or EcoTec3 V6)
- 1979–2010 Chevrolet 60-Degree V6
- 1994–2005 Opel 54-Degree L81 V6 (used in the Saturn Vue, Cadillac Catera and Saturn L series)
- 1995–present Suzuki H (used in several models built for GM by Suzuki)
- 2004–2008 Honda J (used in the Saturn Vue)
- 1998–2002 Shortstar LX5 (based on the Northstar V8)
- 2003–2011 GM High Value (an evolution of the Chevrolet 60-Degree V6)
- 2004–present GM High Feature
- 2012–present Chevrolet Indy V6 IndyCar Series (technically designed, built and assembled by Ilmor Engineering)
Eight-cylinder[edit]
From the 1950s through the 1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Today, there are only two families of V8 engines in production for road vehicles: the Generation IV small-block and its Generation V small-block derivative.
Inline-8[edit]
- 1931–1936 Buick Straight-8
- 1932–1948 Oldsmobile Straight-8
- 1932–1954 Pontiac Silver Streak
- 1934–1936 LaSalle (Oldsmobile Straight-8 in a unique to LaSalle displacement assembled by LaSalle/Cadillac from Oldsmobile supplied components)
- 1936–1953 Buick Fireball
V8[edit]
- 1914–1935 Cadillac Type 51 (also used in the LaSalle)
- 1915–1917 Oakland Model 50
- 1915–1923 Oldsmobile Model 40
- 1917–1918 Chevrolet Series D (acquired as part of Chevrolet's merger into GM)
- 1929–1931 Viking V8
- 1930–1932 Oakland V8 (used in Pontiac models during its final year)
- 1935–1948 Cadillac Series 60 (also used in the LaSalle)
- 1949–1980 Cadillac OHV V8
- 1949–1990 Oldsmobile Rocket V8
- 1953–1976 Buick Fireball V8 (also referred to as "Nailhead") & Buick Big-Block V8
- 1955–2003 Chevrolet Small-Block V8 "Generation I" (originally "Turbo-Fire")
- 1955–1980 Pontiac V8 (also modified for GMC Truck models)
- 1958–1965 Chevrolet W (also referred to as "Turbo-Thrust")
- 1961–1980 Buick small block V8 (formed the basis of the 1961-1963 Oldsmobile 215 aluminum V8) (now better known as the Rover V8 and also the Buick-based "Dauntless V8" on Jeeps or the Repco V8 Formula One engine based on the Oldsmobile version)
- 1965–2009 Chevrolet Big-Block V8 (originally "Turbo-Jet")
- 1967–1972 GMC Truck 60-degree V8 (derived from the GMC 60-degree V6)
- 1967–1984 Cadillac New V8
- 1969–1984 Holden 253
- 1969–2000 Holden 308 (stroke reduced in 1985, making it 304 cu in (5.0 L); 350 cu in (5.7 L) version also produced from mid 1994 for use by HSV)
- 1982–1995 Cadillac HT
- 1990–1995 Chevrolet LT5 DOHC V8 (exclusive to the Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)
- 1993–2010 Northstar V8 (also used in the Oldsmobile Aurora)
- 1992–1997 GM LT "Generation II" small-block V8
- 1997–2020 GM LS small-block V8 (referred to as Generation III or IV depending on type)
- 2014–present GM LT Generation V small-block V8 (Also called Ecotec3 V8)
- 2018–2020 Cadillac Blackwing twin-turbo V8
- 2023–present Chevrolet Gemini DOHC V8
Twelve-cylinder[edit]
- 1930–1937 Cadillac Twelve (derived from the Cadillac Sixteen)
- 1960s–1966 GMC Twin Six (derived from the GMC V6)
Sixteen-cylinder[edit]
- 1930–1937 Cadillac Sixteen OHV
- 1937–1940 Cadillac Sixteen L-Head
- 2003 Cadillac Sixteen (concept only)
Gasoline-electric hybrid[edit]
- Voltec (used in the Chevrolet Volt)
Automotive diesel engines[edit]
Three-cylinder[edit]
- 2020–present
Four-cylinder[edit]
- 1970–1977 Opel 2.1 liter
- 1975–1981 Opel 2.0 liter
- 1982–1988 Opel Family II 1.6 liter (16DA/16D)
- 1982–1993 Opel 2.3 liter (23YD/23YDT/23DTR)[20]
- 1982–2000 Isuzu E (1.5 and 1.7 liter engines marketed as D or TD for Opel/Isuzu cars)
- 1990–2014 Isuzu Circle L (marketed as Ecotec DTI, DI or CDTI; acquired via GM's takeover of DMAX)
- 1996–2005 Opel 2.0 and 2.2 liter SOHC 16V (X20DTL/X20DTH/Y20DTL/Y20DTH/X22DTL/X22DTH/Y22DTL/Y22DTH/Y22DTR) (marketed as "Ecotec DTI" or "Ecotec DI")
- 2003–present Fiat 1.3 JTD (marketed as Ecotec CDTI or Ecotec depending on brand)
- 2003–2010 VM Motori RA 420 (marketed as Ecotec 2.0 CDTI or 2.0 VCDi depending on brand)
- 2004–2009 Fiat 1.9 JTD (marketed as Ecotec 1.9 CDTI or 1.9 TiD/TTiD depending on brand)
- 2008–present GM Family B "2.0 CDTI"
- 2011–present Family Z (marketed as "2.0", "2.2 VCDi" or "2.2 CDTI")
- 2012–present 2.5 and 2.8 litre Duramax[21]
- 2013–present GM Medium Diesel "1.6 CDTI Ecotec"[22]
- 2014–present GM Large Diesel "2.0 CDTI Ecotec"[23]
Six-cylinder[edit]
- 1980s–present Detroit Diesel 60 inline-6
- 1982–1985 Oldsmobile V6 Diesel 4.3L (the lesser-known counterpart to the infamous Oldsmobile 350 diesel[24])
- 1994–2003 BMW M51 2.5 liter (X25DT/U25DT/Y25DT)
- 2002–present DMAX V6 (acquired via GM's takeover of DMAX)
- 2019–present Duramax I6
Eight-cylinder[edit]
- 1977–1985 Oldsmobile Diesel engine
- 1982–2000 Detroit Diesel V8 6.2L and 6.5L (6.5L engines are still in production by AM General for use in Humvees and various marine applications)
- 2001–present Duramax V8 (acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of DMAX)
Other diesel engines[edit]
GM entered the diesel field with its acquisition of the Cleveland-based Winton Engine Company in 1930. Winton's main client was the Electro Motive Company, a producer of internal combustion-electric rail motorcars. GM acquired Electro Motive at roughly the same time as Winton.
A partnership of GM's Research and Development Division and their Winton Engine Corporation delivered their first diesel engines suitable for mobile use starting in 1934. The engines were also sold for marine and stationary applications. In a 1938 reorganization, Winton Engine Corporation became the GM Cleveland Diesel Engine Division, and GM's Detroit Diesel Engine Division began production of smaller (50–149 cu in (0.8–2.4 L) per cylinder) diesel engines. Locomotive engines were moved under the GM Electro Motive Division (EMD) in 1941, while Cleveland Diesel retained development and production of large marine and stationary engines.
Cleveland Diesel was dissolved in 1962 and their remaining production moved to EMD. In 1988, the Detroit Diesel Engine Division was incorporated as an independent company, later acquired by DaimlerChrysler in 2005. EMD was sold off by GM in 2005 and is now a subsidiary of Progress Rail.
Locomotive engines[edit]
- 1934–1938 Winton 201-A (multi-purpose)
- 1938–1966 EMD 567
- 1965–1988 EMD 645
- 1984–present EMD 710
- 1998–present EMD 265
Marine/stationary diesel engines[edit]
- 1934–1938 Winton 201-A (multi-purpose)
- 248 (8, 12, 16 cylinder)
- 258 (12 cylinder, 4 stroke, direct reversing)
- 258S (16 cylinder, 4 stroke, turbocharged, direct reversing)
- 268 (3, 4, 6, 8 cylinder)
- 268A (3, 4, 6, 8 cylinder)
- 268A NM (8 cylinder)
- 278 (6, 8, 12, 16 cylinder)
- 278A (6, 8, 12, 16 cylinder)
- 278A NM (8, 12 cylinder)
- 241 (6 cylinder - 4 stroke)
- 288 (12 cylinder, direct reversing)
- 338 (16 cylinder, vertical radial)
- 498 (8, 12, 16 cylinder)
- 498 NM (8 cylinder)
- 358H (16 cylinder, horizontal radial)
Heavy and off-road diesel engines[edit]
- 1938–1995 Detroit Diesel Series 71
- 1945–1965 Detroit Diesel Series 110
- 1950–1955 Detroit Diesel Series 51
- 1957–1990s Detroit Diesel Series 53
- 1960s–1980s Detroit Diesel Series 149
- 1974–1995 Detroit Diesel Series 92
Turboshaft engines for land[edit]
GM Whirlfire engine, including:
- 1953 GT-300
- 1954 GT-302
- 1956 GT-304
- 1958 GT-305
- 1964 GT-309
- 1971 GT-404
Aircraft engines[edit]
Piston[edit]
- 1931–1944 Allison V-1710
- 1937–1944 Allison V-3420 (derived from the V-1710)
Propfan[edit]
- 1987–1989 *Allison 578-DX
Turboprop[edit]
- 1947–1950s Allison T38
- 1953–1955 Allison T40
- 1954–present Allison T56 "501-D" (also produced by Rolls-Royce)
Turboshaft[edit]
- 1954–present Allison T56 "501-D" (also produced by Rolls-Royce)
- 1960s–present Allison 250 (also produced by Rolls-Royce)
Turbojet[edit]
- 1944–1959 Allison J33 (originally developed by General Electric and transferred to GM for production)
- 1946–1955 Allison J35 (originally developed by General Electric and transferred to GM for production)
- 1948–1958 Allison J71
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Northway Motor (Detroit, Michigan)". Wikimapia. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ "100 years GMC History" (PDF). GM Heritage Center. General Motors. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ "Olds FAQ - Engines". 442.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "Class of 1965: When GM Had Eight V8 Engine Families". The Truth About Cars. 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ GM Global Propulsion Systems
- ^ Murphy, Tom (13 March 2020). "GM Motors On Without Powertrain Division". Wards Auto. Informa USA. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ e (2007-06-05). "HowStuffWorks "How Buick Works"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "Pontiac Buggy Company | Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works | Oakland Motor Car | Pontiac |". My1955.com. 1941-03-01. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ a b [1] Archived August 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "1906, Buick Goes Four-Cylinder - Generations of GM". History.gmheritagecenter.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "Buick Pre 1930 General Specs".
- ^ "Buick Pre 1930 General Specs".
- ^ "1922 Buick 22-35 specifications, information, data, photos 44759". Carfolio.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "1909 Oakland Model 40". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "customs-n-classics.dk". customs-n-classics.dk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "Site Maintenance". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Holden stops Family II engine Production". ZerCustoms. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ history.gmheritagecenter.com http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_do_Brasil_Milestones:_1980_-_1989.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Werk Aspern Plant. Facts and Figures". Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "1988 Opel Omega A 2.3 TD Specs". media.opel.de. 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ "New Diesels Power Chevy's Global Midsize Trucks". media.opel.de. October 5, 2011. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ "New 1.6-liter diesel engine continues powertrain renewal at Opel". media.opel.de. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ "All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris". media.opel.de. 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
- ^ Blattenberg, Adam (2016-04-06). "Diesel History Retrospective: Oldsmobile's Other Diesel". Diesel World. Retrieved 2022-11-14.