Cadillac

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Cadillac

logo
legal form Division / brand
founding August 22, 1902
Seat New York City
Branch Automobile manufacturer
Website cadillac.com

Cadillac is an American manufacturer of automobiles . The company, founded in 1902, has been part of General Motors since the 1910s and is limited to the premium segment.

In the period before the Second World War , Cadillac mainly presented extraordinary designs. This includes the first mass-produced V8 petrol engine (from 1914) and a number of luxury-class vehicles with sixteen-cylinder petrol engines that emerged in the 1930s. At that time Cadillac also had a sister brand called LaSalle and was in competition with Packard , Pierce-Arrow and Imperial , today the car brand competes with Lincoln (premium division of Ford ) on the domestic market .

history

The early years: relationships with Henry Ford

Henry Martyn Leland

The Cadillac brand goes back to the Detroit Automobile Company , which was founded in 1899 by Henry Ford as the first automobile manufacturer in the city of Detroit . The Detroit Automobile Company was insolvent just two years after it was founded. After refinancing, the company was renamed the Henry Ford Company in 1901 . Henry Ford separated from the company just one year later and shortly afterwards founded the Ford Motor Company, which in the following decades became the still existing, globally operating Ford concern. The Henry Ford Company was managed by Henry Martyn Leland , who renamed the company to Cadillac Motor Company in August 1902. It was named after the French Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac (named for the south-east French town on the Gironde), who founded the city of Detroit (Michigan) in 1701. Leland is considered the founder of Cadillacs in automotive literature. In the following years he took over the majority stake in the company. In 1909 he sold Cadillac to the General Motors Group for a price of US $ 4.5 million. Leland founded the automobile manufacturer Lincoln in 1917, which was positioned in a similar market segment as Cadillac. After five years, Lincoln was insolvent. In 1922 Ford took over the company and incorporated it into its group as a top brand.

The first Cadillac, the Cadillac Tonneau (retroactively also: Model A), was a compact automobile that was powered by a single-cylinder engine located under the driver's seat. It had a two-speed planetary gearbox and chain drive. In 1905, the Model D was added, a four-cylinder car that was sold in various modifications until 1909. During this time, Henry Leland made particular efforts to ensure quality and standardization. To prove the manufacturing precision of his company, Leland had three Cadillacs completely dismantled in Great Britain in 1908. The parts were mixed together. After that, mechanics reassembled the cars from the unsorted parts and took a 500-mile test drive on the Brooklands circuit with no problem . The company motto Standard of the world , which was developed shortly thereafter, referred to this success .

Between the world wars

General Motors positioned Cadillac above the other group brands such as Buick , Oakland , Oldsmobile and - from 1918 - Chevrolet . In 1914, the world's first eight-cylinder V-engine to be mass-produced made its debut in the Type 51 . Cadillac offered this design in various modifications until 1924 and produced a total of over 200,000 copies.

At the end of the 1920s, Cadillac had a wide range of models that served different price ranges. The Series Eight with V8 and the Series Twelve with V12 engines were factory-fitted with standardized superstructures supplied by the GM group body manufacturers Fisher and Fleetwood . From 1927 Cadillac expanded its model range downwards. Just like some competitors at the time, Cadillac established its own second brand, which was named LaSalle. LaSalle vehicles were designed to bridge the gap between the cheapest Cadillac and the most expensive Buick. In fact, the LaSalle brand, which existed until 1940, was only successful in a few model years.

In the upper class segment, the Cadillac Series Sixteen was added from 1930 , a high-quality vehicle with a completely newly developed 7.4 liter sixteen-cylinder V-engine, for which up to 70 individual bodies were available in a few years. Some of them were unique, such as the Imperial Club Sedan with five seats from 1930. These were factory superstructures that Cadillac obtained from Fisher and Fleetwood. In contrast to competing manufacturers, independent coachbuilders only clad a few chassis. The sixteen-cylinder models, which competed primarily with similarly powered vehicles from Marmon and the twelve-cylinder models from Lincoln, Packard and Pierce-Arrow , sold poorly during the Depression. While more than 3000 copies were made in the first year, in the following years mostly only low three-, and sometimes only two-digit numbers were sold. Regardless of this, Cadillac launched the Series 90, a redesigned sixteen-cylinder model with a 7.1 liter engine in the 1938 model year , which remained in the program until 1940 and was manufactured around 500 times during this time. With these large models, however, it was only a question of prestige projects that did not yield any profit and, above all, pursued the goal of establishing the brand in the upper class.

Cadillac was able to hold onto the market in the 1930s mainly because of the Series Eight, which was renamed Series 60 in 1936 . These vehicles, which were inexpensive from an internal brand perspective and cost a third of the sixteen-cylinder models, were regularly produced in four-digit numbers per year. They had attractive bodies that at times corresponded to those of Buick, but became independent towards the end of the 1930s. The 1938 vintage designed by Harley Earl is particularly attractive. Its design, which dispensed with running boards, had a low roofline and integrated the trunk into the body, had a lasting influence on automotive design in the following decade. A series with twelve cylinders was positioned between the eight and sixteen-cylinder models, which mostly only achieved three-digit production figures. These vehicles were also factory-fitted with bodies from Fisher or Fleetwood.

In the 1930s, Cadillac, like all US automakers, was exposed to strong sales fluctuations. As a result of the Depression , sales of the brand fell by more than 80 percent from 1928 to 1933. In the second half of the 1930s, however, the losses were made up for again. During this time, Cadillac regularly introduced technical innovations, which was beneficial to the brand's reputation. These included brake boosters (1933), hydraulic brakes (1936), the 'Hydramatic' automatic transmission - taken over from Oldsmobile - and the air conditioning system (1941). In 1941, Cadillac sold more than 66,000 vehicles, setting the brand record. In the following February, civil automobile production at Cadillac ended due to the war. It was replaced by the manufacture of military vehicles, including tanks.

  • With V8 engine: Cadillac Type 57 (1918)

  • Upper class: Cadillac Series 16 Convertible from Fleetwood with 16 cylinders (1931)

  • Cadillac 355 (1934)

  • Cadillac V16 with special Swiss body by Hartmann (1937)

  • Cadillac 60 Special (1939)

  • Cadillac Series 62 (1941)

The post-war period: the tailfin era

The tail fin design of the polarizing 1959 vintage

In October 1945, just two months after the factory had built the last tank, the first post-war Cadillac rolled off the assembly line. Until 1947, the Cadillacs were technically and stylistically the same as the last pre-war models; however, the model range was significantly more streamlined in comparison. A completely new generation of Cadillacs appeared in the 1948 model year, which is seen as a “stylistic milestone”. The structure designed by Harley Earl followed the pontoon shape in the front area , but still had fenders suggested at the rear. Over the next ten years, during which the basic design was further developed, they were gradually incorporated into the bodywork until a pure pontoon line was finally realized in 1956. The special feature of the design from model year 1948 were two attachments at the end of the rear fenders, into which the taillights were integrated. These essays quoted the lines of the Lockheed P-38 fighter aircraft . Soon they were called Fins or Tailfins ( "tail fins"), and shaped the American automotive design the next decade than any other design details. Other manufacturers copied this element and developed it further. Cadillac itself kept the basic design of the fins introduced in 1948 until 1956. Only then were new, higher and more pointed fin designs realized almost every year. The pioneering role was mostly played by the particularly exclusive Eldorado Biarritz (Cabriolet) and Eldorado Seville (Coupé) models , the rear design of which was taken over by the volume models of the 62 and 60 Special series in the following year. The fins reached their peak at Cadillac in the 1959 model year when, in the opinion of critics, they assumed "almost ridiculous" dimensions and threatened to endanger the good reputation of the brand. The opulence of the cars was also reflected in the purchase price: while a VW Beetle Export cost 4600 marks and the luxurious Mercedes-Benz 300 27,000 marks, the price of the basic version of a Cadillac Sixty-Two was 32,700 marks. Strangely enough, this excursion to the extreme is still most associated with the brand to this day; the vehicles of the 1959 vintage are extremely popular as classic cars.

While the Chrysler brand was downright punished for its vehicle design, which had taken on far more extreme forms in 1959, Cadillac only suffered stagnation to 142,000 units in 1959. An objectification of the design began, which also included a reinterpretation of the tail fins, these were to be found on every new Cadillac until 1964, longer than on other brands. A further design development of this topic are the vertical rear lights that stand out from the trunk and can be found on almost every Cadillac model to this day.

Success with standard bodies

From 1959, Cadillac used unitary bodies for its models, according to the common parts strategy, especially for invisible parts, those from the GM group were used, especially the C platform from General Motors. Although there were nominally several series at Cadillac; Strictly speaking, however, they are very different equipment variants. The basic version was the Series 62 , which was renamed Cadillac Calais in 1964 and remained in the program until 1976. Above it was the Cadillac DeVille , which had become an independent series in 1959 and after the disappearance of the Calais assumed the function of the entry-level Cadillac. The top model was the Series 60 or the Fleetwood , which had a longer wheelbase in individual years. The Series 62 / Calais and DeVille series were regularly offered as coupés and sedans, and until 1970 also as a convertible; the Series 60 / Fleetwood, however, was only available as a sedan. As a special model there was also the Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz. At that time it was a particularly high-quality version of the DeVille Convertible, which visually hardly differed from the base model.

In the 1960s, Cadillac had firmly established itself as a top brand in the US luxury class. Ford's top brand Lincoln and Chrysler's luxury class competitor Imperial did not play a significant role in comparison. In 1961 Cadillac sold more than 142,000 vehicles. In the 1966 model year, emissions of 200,000 cars were achieved for the first time. Lincoln, on the other hand, never exceeded 40,000 annual production in the 1960s, and Imperial was usually less than 50 percent of Lincoln's value.

  • Cadillac Sedan DeVille (1965)

  • Cadillac DeVille Convertible (1965)

  • Luxury version: Cadillac Eldorado (1966)

  • Cadillac Coupe DeVille (1968)

  • Cadillac Sedan DeVille (1970)

  • Luxury version of the Sedan DeVille with almost identical body: Cadillac Fleetwood (1970)

Eldorado and Seville: New groups of buyers with their own special models

In 1967, Cadillac introduced concealed headlights at the Fleetwood Eldorado , a detail that polarized and was nevertheless copied by other manufacturers

In 1967 Cadillac began to attract new groups of buyers with a new version of the Eldorado . While the Eldorado had previously been nothing more than a particularly high-quality version of the DeVille Convertible, at the beginning of the 1967 model year it received not only a completely independent body, but also drive technology that was not shared by any other Cadillac model. With the Eldorado, Cadillac introduced front-wheel drive to the American luxury class. The technology came from Oldsmobile ; the correspondingly designed Coupé Toronado had made its debut there a year earlier . The body of the new Eldorado had nothing to do with that of the Toronado. Bill Mitchell had designed a two-door notchback coupé with a narrow passenger compartment and, in comparison, a large engine compartment. In the first series, the Eldorado had covered headlights ; later they were replaced by permanently visible units. The Eldorado was smaller, but nearly US $ 1,000 more expensive than a Coupe DeVille. In terms of price, it was roughly on par with a large Fleetwood / 60 Special.

The Eldorado was successful from the start. With it, Cadillac established the personal luxury coupé market segment , to which Lincoln was added a little later with the Continental Mark III as a competitor. Chrysler was left out in this area; the much later presented Chrysler Cordoba could not keep up with these high quality vehicles.

In 1975 Cadillac took up the concept of the Eldorado again in the area of ​​a - by American standards - small sedan. With the comparatively compact Seville , the company developed a particularly high-quality sedan that was more than half a meter shorter than Cadillac's contemporary standard models, but had full equipment and was significantly more expensive than the DeVilles and Fleetwoods. Although the Seville was largely based on the technology of the Chevrolet Nova , it was again successful on the market. In keeping with the first oil crisis, the Seville seemed to be a sign of a successful downsizing program. Lincoln copied the concept a little later with the Versailles , which, however, fell through with buyers due to its too clear similarity to the Ford Granada .

  • Front-wheel drive in the luxury class: Cadillac Eldorado (1968)

  • Cadillac Eldorado (1967)

  • Largest front-wheel drive car in the world: Cadillac Eldorado (from 1971)

  • Convertible with 8.2 liters displacement: Cadillac Eldorado (1976)

  • Separately packaged Chevrolet technology: Cadillac Seville (1975; with non-standard radiator grille)

  • Cadillac Seville

Downsizing and new developments

Production of Cadillac vehicles in Detroit, 1973

In addition to the special models Eldorado and Seville, Cadillac's standard models became larger and heavier with each new generation of models until the mid-1970s. In order to continue to guarantee the usual driving performance, the increase in size also affected the engines. The eight-cylinder V-engine introduced in 1959 had a displacement of 6.4 liters (390 cubic inches). Its 1964 successor was already 7.2 liters (429 cubic inches); A construction of comparable size also existed in the Chrysler Group and Ford. For the 1968 model year, the Cadillac engines were given a displacement increased to 7.7 liters (472 cubic inches). The other GM brands did not offer a parallel version of this construction; their largest engines had a displacement of 7.5 liters (454 cubic inches). Two years later there was a further increase at Cadillac: for the 1970 model year, a version of the brand's own eight-cylinder engine, which had a capacity of 400 SAE -PS, was enlarged to 8.2 liters (500 cubic inches)  . It was the world's largest engine used in a series car. For the first five years, this design was reserved exclusively for the Eldorado, which was available from 1971 alternatively as a coupé or a convertible. In the 1975 and 1976 model years, Cadillac equipped all other models with the 8.2-liter engine; the only exception was the Seville, which was only available with a 5.7 liter Oldsmobile engine. The large eight-cylinder engines lost more and more power over the years due to ever stricter environmental regulations. In their last version, equipped with carburettors, they delivered 195 net horsepower; with the alternatively available gasoline injection, the output was 215 net hp. On the other hand, the Cadillacs had comfort features that were only used in European vehicles years later. Still, these vehicles were uneconomical. They weighed more than 2.6 tons empty and, according to the factory, consumed an average of 26 liters per 100 km.

In view of the effects of the oil crisis , an improvement in profitability was inevitable. Like the top models from other GM brands, the standard Cadillacs also became significantly lighter and shorter with the 1977 model year. The so-called downsizing meant that the DeVilles and Fleetwoods, which were newly introduced in 1977, were a total of 30 cm shorter and weighed 500 kg less than their direct predecessors, without reducing the space in the interior or in the luggage compartment. The same applied to the Eldorado, which was also much more compact from 1979 onwards.

In the search for improved economy, Cadillac also treaded new paths in the engine area, which were not always problem-free. After the standard engine had initially been reduced to 7.0 liters from 1977, a version reduced to 6.0 liters was released for the 1981 model year, which was equipped with cylinder deactivation. Depending on the load conditions, the engine ran on eight, six or four cylinders. The system was not fully developed when it was introduced and caused numerous problems in everyday use that damaged Cadillac's image. The same was true for the 5.7 liter, low-performance and unreliable eight-cylinder diesel engine that Cadillac obtained from Oldsmobile and offered as an option in all model series from 1981.

A new generation of vehicles appeared in the 1985 model year, which abandoned many of the design features of earlier years. Cadillac's standard models, which were based on GM's C platform, now had front-wheel drive and a transverse engine. The body was self-supporting and had a total length of less than five meters. Cadillac pursued this concept in various vehicle generations up into the first years of the 21st century. The previous model names have been replaced by factual letter combinations (e.g. CTS, DTS and STS). SUVs such as the Escalade have also been added to the portfolio . For safety reasons, Cadillac had switched to front-wheel drive, since systems such as ESP and ASR put the negative effects of rear-wheel drive into perspective, Cadillac has returned to this drive.

  • Cadillac Coupe DeVille (1973)

  • Standard with 8.2 liters displacement: Cadillac Sedan DeVille (1976)

  • Shorter and lighter from 1977: Cadillac DeVille (here: the version from 1980)

  • From 1980 for the first time optionally with a diesel engine: Cadillac Eldorado

  • From 1985 with front-wheel drive and transverse engine: Cadillac Sedan DeVille

  • Cadillac Coupe DeVille (1987)

Representation limousines

Cadillacs had also been used as representative vehicles since the 1930s at the latest. For decades, Cadillac offered factory-extended versions of its standard models, most of which were referred to as Series 75 (later: Fleetwood 75). On this basis, various independent body manufacturers, including Armbruster or American Custom Coachworks, produced further extended and individualized versions at the customer's request. Many Presidents of the United States used Cadillac limousines as official vehicles, including Barack Obama with the Cadillac DTS Presidential States Car . In this function too, Cadillac was and is in competition with Ford's Lincoln brand, which in turn supplied a number of presidents. Due to the protection requirements in particular, Cadillac's presidential sedans have little in common with mass-produced vehicles.

  • Cadillac Series 75 with factory body (1958)

  • Cadillac Fleetwood 75 with factory body (1986)

  • Cadillac DTS sedan

  • Ronald Reagan's Cadillac Fleetwood Sedan with Custom Roof Structure (1983)

  • Cadillac DeVille as a representative limousine for Nancy Reagan (2004)

Current models

In the 2019 model year, which began in August 2018, Cadillac offers seven series. Four of them are sedans or coupes, three are SUVs:

The Cadillac CT4 and Cadillac CT5 models will be available as a sedan in the mid-range from model year 2020.

  • Cadillac ATS sedan

  • Cadillac CTS

  • Cadillac XTS

  • Cadillac CT6

  • Cadillac XT4

  • Cadillac XT5

  • Cadillac Escalade

Logo and corporate design

The Cadillac logo quotes European heraldry and is based on the family crest of Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , the name giver of the brand. In the meantime, the logo has been more abstract, earlier accessories such as crown and laurel wreath are missing.

The Eurostile font has been used for decades to label the instrument cluster and other controls in vehicles .

  • Lettering and Cadillac logo until 2014

  • Logo since 2014

Development of tail fins and rear lights at Cadillac

From 1948, the tail fins, which became a symbol of progressive optimism, were characteristic of the design of Cadillac vehicles. The vertical rear lights that can still be found on Cadillac models today were derived from this stylistic feature.

  • Airplane look with tail fins: Cadillac Series 62 Coupé (1948)

  • Cadillac Coupe DeVille (1951)

  • Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz (1956)

  • Cadillac Fleetwood 60 Special (1957)

  • Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz (left, 1958) and Eldorado Seville (right, 1957)

  • Cadillac 62 Series (1959)

  • 1964: Cadillac's last year with tail fins

  • Vertical taillights: Stylistic development of the tail fin theme on a DeVille Convertible from 1970 ...

  • ... and a Coupe DeVille from 1984

  • Vertical rear lights on the ATS

Previous models: overviews

Cadillac models timeline , 1930s to 1980s
Type 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9
Middle class 60 61 2nd ww 61 Cimarron
355 70/80 62 Series 62 6200 Calais
upper middle class Seville
Upper class 65 Coupe DeVille / Sedan DeVille
60S Sixty Special Fleetwood Flwd60S Fleetwood
Limousines 355 72/75/85 Series 75 6700 Fleetwood 75 FL FB Brougham
Personal Luxury Eldorado
Roadster Allante
Luxury class V-16 Brougham
Timeline of Cadillac models from 1980 to present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0
Middle class Cimarron BLS ATS CT4
upper middle class Catera CTS CTS CTS CT5
Seville Seville Seville Seville STS XTS
Upper class DeVille DeVille DeVille DeVille DTS
Fleetwood Fleetwood Fleetwood CT6
Brougham
Personal Luxury Eldorado Eldorado Eldorado
Crossover SUV Lyriq
XT4
SRX SRX XT5
XT6
SUV Escalade Escalade Escalade Escalade
Roadster Allante XLR

Cadillac and Europe

Cadillac on the European market

A 1934 Cadillac parked at the Leipzig Exhibition Center in 1954

As a high-priced car brand, Cadillac vehicles have always been a niche product in Europe. In the 1920s, the brand stood out from the German competition with lavish and detailed catalogs. Between 1927 and 1931 General Motors had an assembly plant in Berlin-Borsigwalde . Chassis for Cadillacs were also produced there, which were mainly equipped with bodies from German manufacturers such as Erdmann & Rossi or Buhne .

Apart from that, the Cadillacs that were offered in European markets were regularly imported vehicles. General Motors' import program changed often; Usually not the entire Cadillac program, but only individual models were sold in Europe. Deviating standards e.g. B. in screws were considered disadvantageous by buyers.

In the 1990s, the model range in Europe was limited to a Europeanized version of the Cadillac Seville . In 2003 the Dutch company Kroymans took over sales in Europe, in 2004 around 1000 Cadillac were sold in Europe. One year later, the Cadillac BLS followed for the first time in the company's history, a vehicle developed exclusively for the European market. The GM Epsilon platform served as the basis, the car was manufactured by Saab in Sweden , the model was also available with a manual transmission, diesel engine and as a station wagon. Other models in Europe were the Cadillac CTS , Cadillac Escalade , Cadillac SRX , Cadillac STS and Cadillac XLR . In March 2009, the financial crisis from 2007 onwards led to the bankruptcy of the European Cadillac dealer Kroymans, and the additional separation from Saab Automobile led to the discontinuation of production of the European model BLS.

Sales in Europe are now carried out by the Cadillac Europe subsidiary in Zurich. In the first ten months of 2010, the brand had sold almost 300 vehicles in Germany. In 2017 the Cadillac House in Munich brought the Letters to Andy Warhol exhibition to Europe.

  • Cadillac BLS Wagon

  • Cadillac Escalade (2006)

  • Niche in Europe: Cadillac CTS (2008)

  • Cadillac STS (2008)

  • Cadillac Escalade as a Hybrid (2009)

European models for the USA

In addition to its own products, Cadillac also sold modified Opel vehicles under its own name, which were placed in the entry-level segment, including the Cimarron (1982 to 1989) and from 1996 to 2001 the Cadillac Catera . The aim was to have a technically similar product to the European brands in the portfolio, this strategy turned out to be wrong.

Cadillac and Pininfarina

Over the decades there has been repeated collaboration between Cadillac and Pininfarina . In 1959 and 1960, Pininfarina designed the brand's top models, each of which was sold under the name Fleetwood Brougham . Pininfarina's Fleetwood-Brougham models were stylistically independent; however, they anticipated the design development of Cadillac's standard models in the early 1960s. During these two years, the bodies were manufactured at Pininfarina in Italy. At US $ 13,075, these Fleetwood Broughams were more than twice as expensive as a technically identical Cadillac 60 Special. They were only made in 99 (1959) and 101 copies.

In 1986 the connection to Pininfarina was revived with the Allanté . The Italian company not only designed the exterior of the open two-seater, but also manufactured the bodies in a newly built plant in Grugliasco . The cars were transported from Italy to the USA by air. Chrysler pursued a similar concept at the same time with the TC by Maserati , but was as unsuccessful as Cadillac with the Allanté.

  • 99 times built at Pininfarina: Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (1959)

  • Cadillac Allante

  • With a hardtop, the Allanté was reminiscent of the Mercedes SL presented in 1989

Others

literature

Web links

Commons : Cadillac Vehicles  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ LAWRENCE ULRICH: Cadillac Has New Boss, New Address and Big Plans. The New York Times , accessed August 25, 2017 .
  2. ↑ Bernd Kirchhahn: "Cadillac: In ten steps to a legend", heise Autos July 25, 2017
  3. ^ Georg Amtmann: Cadillac . Lechner Verlag, Geneva 1990, ISBN 3-85049-071-8 , p. 4.
  4. ↑ a b Georg Amtmann: Cadillac . Lechner Verlag, Geneva 1990, ISBN 3-85049-071-8 , p. 6.
  5. ^ A b Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 78.
  6. ^ Overview in Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 96.
  7. ↑ a b Georg Amtmann: Cadillac . Lechner Verlag, Geneva 1990, ISBN 3-85049-071-8 , p. 9.
  8. ^ Georg Amtmann: Cadillac . Lechner Verlag, Geneva 1990, ISBN 3-85049-071-8 , p. 11.
  9. ^ A b Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 87.
  10. ↑ a b Description of the 1959 Cadillac on the website www.100megsfree4.com (accessed on October 18, 2016).
  11. ↑ http://www.autobild.de/klassik/artikel/cadillac-series-62-sedan-3492291.html
  12. ^ A b c Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 90.
  13. ↑ Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 92.
  14. ^ A b Richard M. Langworth: Encyclopedia of American Cars 1930–1980 . Beekman House, New York 1984, ISBN 0-517-42462-2 , p. 94.
  15. ↑ http://www.autonews.com/article/20111122/BLOG06/111129975/1499§ioncat=product Cadillac plans diesel engine on the home market
  16. ↑ Harald Linz, Halwart Schrader: The great automobile encyclopedia . 100 years of history, 2500 brands from 65 countries. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft München 1985, ISBN 3-405-13217-7 , p. 24 f.
  17. ↑ GM increases sales and market share in Europe in 2005 . auto top news. January 9, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  18. ↑ Cadillac Switzerland more than 30 percent up . auto top news. August 8, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  19. ↑ Guesswork around the car dealer Kroymans . Media group Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung . January 29, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  20. ↑ Kroymans also insolvent in Germany . Media group Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. March 23, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  21. ↑ Almost half of the Kroymans locations saved . Media group Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. November 27, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  22. ↑ GM makes a new attempt for US models in Europe . Rhein newspaper . January 12, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  23. ↑ https://www.heise.de/autos/artikel/Schatten-Wirtschaft-Neuzulassungen-im-Oktober-2010-1136641.html?bild=5;view=bildergalerie